Conseguenze genetiche della frammentazione

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1 Conseguenze genetiche della frammentazione Ettore Randi Laboratorio di Genetica ISPRA, sede di Ozzano Emilia (BO) The most important direct drivers of change in ecosystems are habitat change (land use change, fragmentation, water withdrawal from rivers and wetlands), overexploitation, invasive alien species, pollution and climate change. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 THIERRY BORNIER/THE INTERNATIONAL LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHER OF THE YEAR 2015 Images dowloaded for non-profit educational presentation use only

2 Ancient fragmentations Ancient fragmentations speciation in allopatry phylogenetics Pleistocene fragmentations geographical diversity phylogeography Recent fragmentations anthropogenic effects population genetics

3 Pleistocene fragmentations Ancient fragmentations speciation in allopatry phylogenetics Pleistocene fragmentations geographical diversity phylogeography Recent fragmentations anthropogenic effects population genetics

4 Anthropogenic fragmentations Ancient fragmentations speciation in allopatry phylogenetics Pleistocene fragmentations geographical diversity phylogeography Recent fragmentations anthropogenic effects population genetics

5 Natural or anthropogenic fragmentations Generation & destruction of biodiversity

6 Molecular systematics DNA sequences, genetic distances, phylogenetic trees

7 Phylogenetics: Divergence without gene flow

8 Molecular systematics: Detecting unknown species Tringa solitaria Solitary sandpiper

9 Phylogenetics in practice The Barcoding-Of-Life project (BOL)

10 Known and estimated biodiversity? Scientists have only classified approximately 2 million of the estimated 10 million plus life forms on the planet; many will go extinct before we can even catch a glimpse of their wonder. Approximately new species named during the 2014

11 New species discovered in 2015 Pufferfish Torquigener albomaculosus Scientists recently solved a 20-year-old mystery under the sea and discovered a new fish.intricate circles with geometric designs about six feet (2 meters) in diameter, found on the seafloor off the coast of Amami-Ōshima Island, were as weird and unexplained as crop circles. They turn out to be the work of a new species of pufferfish, Torquigener albomaculosus. Males construct these circles as spawning nests by swimming and wriggling in the seafloor sand. The nests, used only once, are made to attract females. The nests have double edges and radiating troughs in a spoke-like geometry. The design isn t just for show. Scientists discovered the ridges and grooves of the circle serve to minimize ocean current at the center of the nest. This protects the eggs from the turbulent waters and possibly predators too.

12 Phylogeography geographic distributions genealogical lineages Phylogeography is a field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species (JC Avise 1987)

13 Phylogeography = Phylogenetics + Biogeography Genetic structure Urals Geographic structure

14 Phylogeography in the Northern Hemisphere Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM = 20 ky BP) Ice caps Permafrost Arctic tundra Broadleaf forest Mediterranean evergreen forest

15 Phylogeographic models Southern Mediterranean Refuges Iberia Italy Balkans

16 Post-glacial recolonization routes & phylogeographic structure

17 Hedgehog mtdna phylogeography

18 Glacial refuges and biodiversity in Sicily Unique rock partridge population (Alectoris graeca whitakeri; ESU) in Sicily

19 Postglacial recolonization in Scandinavia

20 Recolonization routes in Scandinavia M. musculus Lemming Plants Fish Cerastium alpinum Silene dioica Thymallus thymallus Cottus gobio Reptiles Bird Virus!!! Vipera berus Phylloscopus trochilus Puumala virus

21 Brown bear (Ursus arctos) distribution

22 mtdna phylogeography of the brown bear in EU

23 Brown bear post-glacial recolonization routes and contact zones Clade Eastern - Post-glacial brown bears in N. Scandinavia from c ybp Danish-Sweden land-bridge for 400 y from ybp, and for y from ybp Clade Western Iberian - Postglacial brown bears in S. Scandinavia from ybp Clade Western Iberian - Post-glacial brown bears in Denmark from ybp

24 Phylogeographic models Colonizations from eastern refuges (first wave) Mid Pleistocene

25 Colonizations from eastern refuges: second wave Early Holocene LGM

26 1st 2nd

27 Spanish and Alpine chamois - Rupicapra Spanish chamois R. pyrenaica Alpine chamois R. rupicapra

28 Phylogeography of the chamois R. pyrenaica first colonization R. rupicapra second colonization

29 Statistical phylogeography

30 Nm Nm

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