LOCAL SITE EFFECTS BASED ON IN SITU MEASUREMENTS IN BUCHAREST CITY, ROMANIA IN THE FRAME OF NATO SfP PROJECT
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1 LOCAL SITE EFFECTS BASED ON IN SITU MEASUREMENTS IN BUCHAREST CITY, ROMANIA IN THE FRAME OF NATO SfP PROJECT A. Bala 1, J.R.R. Ritter 2, D. Hannich 3, S.F. Balan 1, C. Arion 4 SUMMARY Bucharest, the capital of Romania, with more than 2 million inhabitants, is considered, after Istanbul, the second-most earthquake-endangered metropolis in Europe. It is identified as a natural disaster hotspot by a recent global study of the World Bank and the Columbia University. Four major earthquakes with moment-magnitudes between 6.9 and 7.7 hit Bucharest in the last 65 years. The most recent destructive earthquake of 4. March 1977, with a moment magnitude of 7.4, caused about casualties in the capital alone. All disastrous earthquakes are generated within a small epicentral area the Vrancea region - about 150 km north-east of Bucharest. Thick unconsolidated sedimentary layers in the area of Bucharest amplify the arriving seismic shear-waves causing severe destruction. Thus, disaster prevention and mitigation of earthquake effects is an issue of highest priority for Bucharest. There are only a few sites which were investigated geophysical and geotechnical to relate the local geology with seismic wave propagation properties in Bucharest City (especially amplitude-amplification properties). Therefore, the main purpose of the NATO SfP Project is to obtain a unique, homogeneous dataset of soil-mechanic and elasto-dynamic parameters of the subsurface of Bucharest from 8 new boreholes to model the so-called seismic site responses. 1. NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE PROJECT TECHNICAL PROGRESS State of the art The zoning of the metropolitan area of Bucharest for seismic amplification pattern (microzonation) has been pursued since the 1977 disastrous event with great effort. Geophysical groups at the National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP) and civil engineers at the National Institute for Building Research worked on this problem, as well as foreign institutions like the University of Karlsruhe, the University of Trieste and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency. Their work resulted in an improved seismic database obtained from modern seismic observation networks as well as several borehole analyses. Based on these observations recent microzonation studies were done by e.g. [Aldea et al., 2004], [Cioflan et al., 2004], [Kienzle et al., 2004], [Wirth et al., 2003]. However, all of these studies could cover only fraction of the microzonation problem, because either seismic data alone [Wirth et al., 2003 and 2004] or numerical modelling based on the assumed geological layering [Cioflan et al., 2004] and assumed velocity values [Mandrescu et al., 2004] was done. Sokolov et al., 2004, used spectral amplification factors and a probabilistic method to determine ground motion site effects in Bucharest. A major drawback of all studies is missing geophysical and geotechnical information from well-distributed boreholes in the Bucharest City area. New high-quality seismic data were acquired during the URS (URban Seismology) Project from October 2003 to August Within this project 32 state-of-the-art broadband stations were continuously recording in the metropolitan area of Bucharest [Ritter et al., 2005]. This unique dataset provides important information on the seismic amplitude variation across the area. Additionally there is a modern ground acceleration observation network (K2-network) which have been upgraded in the last years by the University of Karlsruhe and NIEP and which is run by NIEP. From this network a database with valuable strong motion recordings emerged. 1 National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest - Magurele, Romania, bala@infp.ro 2 University of Karlsruhe, Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany 3 University of Karlsruhe, Dept. of Applied Geology, Karlsruhe, Germany 4 Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest (UTCB), Romania.
2 Objectives of the project The main objective of the project is earthquake risk mitigation and better seismic safety of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. As there is a major gap in knowledge concerning seismic and geotechnical parameters in the shallow (< 100 m), unconsolidated soil and sediment layers, some 8 boreholes are scheduled to be done. By conducting seismic measurements in these boreholes and geotechnical analysis of the core samples, we want to determine dynamic parameters of soils and rocks. These dynamic parameters will be used as input for linear and non-linear waveform modelling to estimate the seismic amplitude amplification at specific sites in Bucharest. These modelled waveforms will be compared and calibrated with observations from seismic stations in the city. The results from the site-effect analysis will be gathered in an updated seismic microzonation map of Bucharest which will be disseminated to the public and especially to the end-users who will introduce our results in the future city planning. According to the proposed plan of the project eight new boreholes with a depth of 50 m are to be drilled in the metropolitan area of Bucharest in order to obtain the necessary data for a new and modern map with site effects related to earthquake wave amplification. The boreholes are placed near URS stations (Urban Seismology project 2003/2004 [Ritter et al., 2005] or K2 stations (a strong-motion recording network) of the National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest (NIEP) to allow a direct comparison and calibration of borehole data with actual seismic measurements. Six of the eight proposed boreholes are placed like that, two boreholes are placed in the proximity of K2 stations of NIEP. The positions of the eight proposed boreholes are also chosen in order to fill geophysical information gaps in the central part of Bucharest City. Technical Progress Careful selection of the boreholes sites according to the proposed plan and also according to the real situation - in this case being an area of a very populated and rapidly changing city. Finally two borehole sites were chosen in public places, belonging to the City Hall ( Titan 2 Park and Tineretului Park). The other two places are situated at private places - at the Ecologic University, near Dambovita River, and at the Astronomic Institute of Romania, near the Carol Park. Thus all four sites are situated inside the central part of Bucharest. In 2006 the first four boreholes were successfully drilled in the central part of Bucharest City, thoroughly sampled for each sedimentary layer. In situ measurements to investigate compressional and shear waves velocity were successfully completed in each borehole and the dynamic tests at the soils and rocks of the drilling cores were started. The site exact positions are given in the Table 1. Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest (UTCB) was chosen as third party, which performed the drillings, the sampling of sedimentary rocks and also the Vp and Vs (seismic compressional and shear wave velocities) situ measurements in the boreholes employing the down-hole method. The drilling and the seismic measurements were done by a team of specialists from UTCB/CNRRS. The boreholes were protected with plastic tubes down to 50 m depth to ensure their stability for the following in situ seismic measurements. In June and July 2006 the specialists from UTCB performed the seismic measurements in the four boreholes, in order to determine the Vp and Vs values. All the technical aspects of the measurements and the obtained results were presented in the NATO Annual Technical Report. Table 1. Names and positions of the four boreholes in central Bucharest City. No. Name of the borehole Latitude Deg 0 min sec Longitude Deg 0 min sec 1 Tineretului park , Ecologic University Astronomic Institute Titan 2 park
3 2. DOWNHOLE SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS 2.1 Equipment Technical details concerning the equipment used for seismic wave velocity measurements is produced by Tokyo Soil Research Co., Ltd: 1. Acquisition equipment (seismic station) type GEODAS: Preamplifier; AD convertor; laptop Compaq. 2. PS Logging Sensor (SPUM) Moving coil type velocity seismometer: 3 components; sensitivity: V/cm/s; frequency band: Hz; weight 4.4kg; dimensions: Φ60x420 mm 2. The acquisition program, PsLogE which is installed on the seismic station GEODAS has the following main features: Measurements are made on 3 channels; Sampling rate : 1 khz - 5 khz; Waveforms for each measurement are shown on the laptop; Stacking of the seismic signal can be employed to enhance signal/noise ratio. Downhole measurements connections design is presented in the Figure Downhole seismic measurements 2.2 Software Figure 1. Downhole seismic measurements connections design. The software used to analyze the data with GEODAS seismic station is called PS Start and include the following features: Reform the wave (filter) ; Set the travel time empirically reading of travel time for each wave form. From the wave of P and S-wave recorded, the first break of each wave form (travel time) can be read. Calculate the travel time ; Plot the PS travel curve ; Plot the time-distance curve The final diagram plotted by the program uses initial values which are automatically calculated in the basis of observed values and these values are representing the initial points of each wave, but sometimes the initial points must be corrected in order to obtain the accurate velocity values.
4 Vp Vp &Vs seismic velocity 10 Astronomic Inst. Titan2 Park H [m] Tineretului Park Ecologic Univ. Mean value Figure 2. Seismic velocity values computed in the 4 sites in Bucharest City.
5 2.3 Results of the downhole seismic measurements The Vp seismic velocities recorded are in a narrow range; only the velocities recorded in the Ecologic University site being a bit larger. The Vs seismic velocities are in a very close range: between m/s and at 50 m depth. The relations between Vp and Vs recorded are presented in the Figure 3. Results obtained by the down-hole method in the 4 boreholes drilled in Bucharest City are presented graphically in Figure 2. They were used as input data in the program SHAKE2000 and the following spectral acceleration were obtained in the 4 particular sites in the Figure Boreholes Tineretului Univ_Ecologica 400 Inst_Astronomic Titan2 Vs Vp Figure 3. Relation between Vs and Vp in the 4 boreholes drilled in Bucharest City area Spectral Acceleration [g] Astronomic Inst. Ecologic Univ. Park Titan2 Tineretului Park Period [s] Figure 4. Spectral acceleration computed for the 4 sites in Bucharest City.
6 Geologic stratum type Table 2. Mean weighted seismic velocities for the first 5 (of 7 types) of Quaternary layers in 4 new sites from Bucharest City Mean weighted seimic velocities for the first Mean weighted Vp Vs Vp Vs Vp Vs Vp Vs Vp Vs Vs _30 Vs _50 seismic velocities Tineretului_ Park Ecologic_Univ Inst_Astronomic Titan2_Park m 50 m Mean weighted seismic velocities The mean weighted seismic velocities for the first 5 (of 7 types) of Quaternary layers are computed and given in the Table 2 for all the sites, in order to be compared with seismic velocity values obtained from previous seismic measurements. Weighted mean values for Vp and Vs are computed according to the following formula: v n i= 1 s = n i= 1 d i d v i si Where d i and v Si denote the thickness (in meters) and the shear-wave velocity (in m/s) of the i-th layer, in a total of n layers, existing in the same type of stratum (NEHRP Recommended Provisions, 2000 Edition). At present, the following classification is adopted by National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, 2000 for SEISMIC REGULATIONS FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES in USA. The shear wave velocity near surface V S-30 had been used to divide the site types. They are: A type V S >1 500 m/s; B type 750~1 500 m/s; C type 360~750 m/s; D type 180~360 m/s ; E type V S <180 m/s. All the V S-30 values in Table 2 belong to type D soil after this classification [NEHRP RECOMMENDED PROVISIONS, 2000]. Seismic velocities in the Table 3 (column 4) are obtained by [Hannich et al. 2005] using Multi-Offset Vertical Seismic Profiling (MOVSP) technique applied in 7 boreholes in Bucharest for the sedimentary layers 4-7. The Multi-Offset VSP measurements in Bucharest / Romania were carried out by the Deutsche Montan Technologie GmbH (DMT) in May 2002 [Orlowski, D. et al., 2003]. To enhance and complete the results obtained through the applied MOVSP-techniques in Bucharest, especially for the near-surface layers (Layers 1-3 in Table 3- gray area), additional V S -values, previously determined by different research groups through usual measuring techniques (by seismic downhole measurements in some boreholes and laboratory tests like the resonant column method, the triaxial cyclic method) were used [Hannich et al., 2005]. Depth of the main geologic layers and averaged density of the sedimentary layers in Table 3 are averaged values from many borehole measurements in Bucharest area [Ciugudean and Stefanescu 2005]. A thoroughly description of the 7 main Quaternary layers in Bucharest is given by [Ciugudean and Stefanescu, 2005]. Seismic velocities shown in Table 3/column 5 were reported by [Bala et al., 2007]. These in situ seismic velocities were obtained also by down-hole measurements in 11 sites in Bucharest area, with depth interval from m. The measurements were done in pre-existing boreholes and with great inconveniences of such kind of measurements in a big city area. (1)
7 Table 3. Averaged and mean weighted values of Vs characteristic to the 7 main Quaternary sedimentary in Bucharest City. Main geologic layer no. After Ciugudean and Stefanescu, 2005 Depth of the Density upper limit [g/cm3] of the geologic layer [m] Averaged Vs in 7 boreholes (6 sites) after Hannich et al., 2005 Averaged values of the mean weighted seismic velocity Vs in 11 boreholes After Bala et al., 2007 Mean weighted seismic velocity Vs in 4 boreholes After Report for NATO SfP Project Oct Backfill Upper Clay Layer Colentina Aquifer (sand+gravel) 4. Intermediate Clay Layer Mostistea Aquifer (fine to medium sand) Lacustrine Layer Fratesti aquifer A (sand+gravel) The downhole seismic measurements in the 4 sites in Bucharest City (Table 3/column 6) area provided good seismic velocity values (Vs), characteristic for the first 5 Quaternary sedimentary layers. In the layers 3-5 they are very near from the values obtained by [Hannich et al., 2005], also close to other seismic measurements (Table 3/column 4). In the same time these values are higher by 8-15% compared with the seismic velocity values obtained by [Bala et al., 2006 and 2007] in 11 boreholes from Bucharest area (Table 3/column 5), which is also a good result. The values obtained in the first 3 layers are very important and among the first results measured in situ in Bucharest City in these types of Quaternary sedimentary layers. CONCLUSIONS 1. A new international research project was initiated - NATO SfP Project and began in 2006: Site-effect analyses for the earthquake-endangered metropolis Bucharest, Romania. This project has as target to fill the gap in the knowledge concerning seismic and geotechnical parameters in the shallow (h < 50 m), unconsolidated soil and sediment layers in Bucharest, especially in the geologic layers 1-5. This project is conducted by Karlrsuhe University, Germany, and National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest, Romania and it has as main objective earthquake risk mitigation and better seismic safety of Bucharest City [Ritter, 2006]. 2. The present computed values for seismic velocities are in the same range with others obtained by seismic in situ measurements of different types. They are added to the already organized database, which is a valuable collection of elastic and dynamic parameters of the sedimentary rocks obtained by direct measurements and which will be used for further studies on the seismic microzonation of Bucharest City using liner and nonlinear approach [Annual Technical Report for NATO SfP ]. The values obtained in the first 3 layers are very important and among the first results measured in these sedimentary layers and reported for Bucharest City.
8 3. The mean weighted values of shear-wave velocity are computed from the 4 sites investigated by down-hole measurements in Bucharest City (Table 2) and presented in Table 3 for comparison with other results from seismic measurements. Depth of the main geologic layers and average unit weight of the sedimentary layers are also average values from many borehole measurements in Bucharest area [Ciugudean and Stefanescu, 2005]. Data from Table 2 and Table 3 can be used as valuable input data for further studies of the equivalent linear analysis of the soil package. 4. The spectral acceleration computed for the 4 new sites in Bucharest present many similar aspects due to the rather uniform recorded velocities and also due to the curves G/Gmax and attenuation curves used in the calculation. However the site Tineretului Park show some increased values in the same range period. 5. New geotechnical laboratory measurements are now performed on the rock samples extracted from the 4 boreholes. Computed curves for G/Gmax and attenuation curves are thoroughly obtained from these laboratory tests for each type of sedimentary unit. These curves together with share waves velocity values obtained from in situ measurements and natural unit weight of the samples will be gathered in a unique set of data to be further used for studies of the equivalent linear analysis and nonlinear analysis of the seismic site amplification in Bucharest based on real geophysical and geotechnical. REFERENCES Aldea, A., Lungu, D. & Arion, C. (2004), GIS mapping of seismic microzonation and site effects in Bucharest based on existing seismic and geophysical evidence. In: Lungu, D., Wenzel., F., Mouroux, P. & Tojo, I. (eds.), Earthquake loss estimation and risk reduction 1, Bala A., Raileanu V., Zihan I., Ciugudean V., Grecu B. (2006), Physical and dynamic properties of the shallow sedimentary rocks in the Bucharest Metropolitan Area, Romanian Reports in Physics, Vol. 58, no. 2, Bala A., Zihan I., Ciugudean V., Raileanu V., Grecu B. (2007), Physical and dynamic properties of the Quaternary sedimentary layers in and around Bucharest City, ISSRR-2007, paper 7, Bucharest. Cioflan, C.O., Apostol, B.F., Moldoveanu, C.L., Panza, G.F. & Marmureanu, G. (2004), Deterministic approach for the microzonation of Bucharest, Pure appl. geophys., 161, Ciugudean, V., Stefanescu, I.(2006), Engineering geology of the Bucharest city area, Romania, paper no. 235 submitted to IAEG , Engineering Geology for tomorrow s cities. Hannich, D., Bonjer, K. P., Hoetzl, H., Lungu, D.,Ciugudean, V., Moldoveanu, T.,Dinu, C.,Orlowsky, D. (2005), Evaluation of soil parameters through Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) in Bucharest, Romania, paper submitted to SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford. Hannich D., Huber G., Ehret D., Hoetzl H., Balan S., Bala A., Bretotean M., Ciugudean V. (2006), SCPTU Tecniques Used for shallow geologic/hydrogeologic Site Characterization in Bucharest, Romania, 3-rd International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France, 30 Aug. - 1 Sept. 2006, paper 71. Kienzle, A., Hannich, D., Wirth, W., Ciugudean, V., Rohn, J. & Czurda, K., (2004) Seismic zonation of Bucharest. In: Lungu, D., Wenzel., F., Mouroux, P. & Tojo, I. (eds.), Earthquake loss estimation and risk reduction 1, Liteanu, E. (1951), Geology of Bucharest city area, Technical studies, Series E, Hydrogeology no.1, Bucharest, (in Romanian). Mandrescu, N., Radulian, M. & Marmureanu, G. (2004). Site conditions and predominant period of ground motion in the Bucharest urban area. Rev. Roum. Geophys., 48, Orlowski, D., Witte, C., Loske, B. (2003), Execution and evaluation of seismic measurements in Bucharest by the Multi-Offset- Vertical-Seismic-Profiling method (MOVSP). Internal Report, DMT, Mines & More Division, Essen, (in German). Ritter J.R.R., Balan, S., Bonjer, K.-P., Diehl, T., Forbriger, T., Marmureanu, G., Wenzel F. and Wirth, W. (2005), Broadband urban seismology in the Bucharest metropolitan area, Seism. Res. Lett., 76, Ritter J.R.R., Balan, S., Bala A., Rohn J. (2006), Annual Technical Report for the NATO SfP Project (Oct. 2006), Bucharest and Karlsruhe. Ritter, J.R.R. (2006), Tiefe Einblicke - NATO finanziert Bohrprojekt im erdbebengefährdeten Bukarest, In UNIKATH, Karlsruhe, Germany, 3, p. 31. Sokolov, V.Y., Bonjer, K.-P. & Wenzel, F. (2004), Accounting for site effect in probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard for Romania and Bucharest: a case study of deep seismicity in Vrancea zone. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24, Wirth, W., Wenzel., F., Bonjer, K.-P. & Kienzle, A. (2004), Ground motion interpolation for Bucharest first steps towards an urban shakemap. In: Lungu, D., Wenzel., F., Mouroux, P. & Tojo, I. (eds.), Earthquake loss estimation and risk reduction 1, Wirth, W., Wenzel., F., Sokolov, V.Y. & Bonjer, K. (2003), A uniform approach to seismic site effect analysis in Bucharest, Romania. Soil Dynam. Earthq. Engineer., 23, NEHRP RECOMMENDED PROVISIONS (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) FOR SEISMIC REGULATIONS FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES 2000 EDITION, Prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Washington, D.C., 2001.
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