Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India

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1 UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS RESEARCH JOURNAL Volume University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India Dr Wasi Ahmad Zaidi Department of Geology Faculty of Science Aligarh Muslim University Paper Accepted on 18 September 2012 Abstract The use of Remote Sensing and GIS technology is very useful for the preparation of Geological, Hydrogeomorphological and ground water quality prospective areas mapping & management plan on a scientific basis. The information generated on prospects, of Geomorphology and, quality in map will be helpful for the planners and decision makers and also feasible to groundwater development and Management. The information derived from the different hydro geomorphological layers suggests that the different layers of groundwater potential in the Gurgaon and Mewat Districts are Part of NCR, Delhi. The following table shows that the intermontane valley fill and alluvial plain in the region shows excellent conditions for groundwater extraction however the water quality in the intermountain valley fill deposits is not good hence care should be taken at time of choosing the well site in the region. The Aeolian sandy plain intermountain basin and buried pediment provide a good opportunity for Groundwater prospect in the region. Among these intermountain basin and buried pediment unites have limited size area and therefore on these two units have only limited groundwater possible developments in the region. The other units pose poor to moderate opportunity for Groundwater development in the region, Zaidi The other units shows poor to moderate opportunity for groundwater development in the region, but a some place near to fault plane and joints in structural hills of Delhi and denudation hill in Mewat region shows moderate chances of groundwater exploration. 99

2 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India Keywords: Geology, Hydrogeology, Remote sensing, GIS, Groundwater Prospects& Management. 1. INTRODUCTION The Groundwater prospecting is conducted in the study area with the help of topographic maps LandsatTM images GLFC various geological and hydrogeomorphological structures were delineated in the study area. The entire area has been divided in to various hydro geomorphological zones and units having varying runoff and recharge characteristics. These zones are which intimately related with the various hydro geomorphological and geological layers in the study area each zone is endowed with characteristics of its own and behaves differently due to heterogeneity, of the surface and sub-surface material Landsat TM images GLFC various geological and hydrogeomorphological structures have been visualized interpretation in order to understand about the geology and geomorphology with their bearing capacity of groundwater prospect zones in study area, Reddy The hydrogeomorphological map of the study area has been prepared based on the image interpretation with limited field check, different geomorphological layers structural features like fault, lineament and joints have been identified from the images which help to get. Assessment the groundwater prospect conditions and map of the study area is shown below. 100

3 W A Zaidi Fig.1 Map of Study Area 2. GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA The geological sequence of lithology of rock types in study area as built up on the basis of exposures. The Ajabgarh Formation mainly consists of massive to thick bedded quartzite with phyllite and slate. The quartzite is hard and light to dark grey in color. It is made up of 95% of tightly packed, re-crystallized quartz grains with minor feldspars, garnet and biotite.limestone is also present in the basement below the quaternary overburden in the study area.gurgaon and Mewat districts are part of NCR Delhi, occupied by quaternary alluvium and Precambrian meta-sediments of Delhi System. Delhi super group is represented by Alwar quartzite s, mica schist and 101

4 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India pegmatite intrusive of the Alwar series and slates Philties and quartzites of the sub recent alluvium and sand dunes. The study area is covered by meta-sediments belonging to the Ajabgarh and Alwar formation of the Delhi Super Group. The general Stratigraphic succession of rock formations and the geological sequence of lithology of rock types in study area as built up on the basis of exposures, Khan & Zaidi Some faults as evident from displacement in to litho units, developed of fault breccias, presence of crushed material and shift of crest lines have been mapped. One major fault trending NW-SE and passing near the Siva Temple of Ferozpur JHirka, could be picked up on aerial photograph s on the basis of change in the strike of the bed and one dug well located near the Shiva Temple stands exactly on the fault zone in the study area, District Gazetteer The depth to water table in this well is generally about 10 meter below ground level. A perennial spring also exists close to this well. Another major fault has been observed near Sohna, which may be continuing village and CGWB has drilled a bore well up to depth of meters. This well is a flow well having temperature of about 360 0c and the water gives sulphur smell. It may be assumed that it is located on the extension of sohna fault and some faults as evident from displacement in to litho units, developed of fault breccias, presence of crushed material and shift of crest lines have been mapped. One major fault trending NW- SE and passing near the Siva Temple of Ferozpur JHirka, could be picked up on aerial photographs on the basis of change in the strike of the bed. The Ajabgarh group and Alwar group has described in geological map which is given below. 102

5 W A Zaidi Fig.2 Geological Map of Study Area 3. HYDROGEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA The Gurgaon and Mewat districts are mainly underlain by alluvium of quaternary age which forms the principal ground water reservoir. Some amount of ground water also occurs in fractures joints and lineaments of hard rocks found as strike ridge in these districts. Granular zones of sand which occur interbedded with clays in alluvial formation form the main aquifer system, Karanth The upper surface of zone of saturation is represented by water levels in dug wells. The ground water in the upper zone, the thickness of which varies from place to place is known to exist down to 70 m below ground level. The aquifers that occur at deeper levels are normally interbedded by sub regionally to regionally extending alternating impervious to pervious layers of clays, Khan The data shows that 103

6 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India alluvial sediments consist of clay, sand and kankar. The sand percentage is more in the shallow depth and clay percentage increase with depth and kankar beds are more predominant in Sohna Block, and the sand horizons are more in Tauru block and central part of the district comprising Panchgaon, Kharkhari, Baslambi and surrounding areas the depth to water is the deepest (23.43 to mbgl) while the major parts of the northern part of study area, the water table is 10 to 20 mbgl and is very deep in Gurgaon Chakrapur and surrounding area. In the north-western and western parts comprising Farrukhnagar and Pataudi blocks the water table is 5 10 mbgl. In southern segment of the study area, the water table is between 2 5 m, while in south eastern parts of southern segment water table is between 5 to 10 m. The ground water in these aquifers occurs confined to semi-confined conditions, Freeze & Cherry Ground water in shallow aquifers is exploited through shallow tube wells where as deep exploited by medium tube wells and the map of hydrogeology is shown below. Fig.3 Hydrogeological Map of Study Area 104

7 W A Zaidi 4. MATERIALS & METHODS The available hydrogeological information s from the published literature and unpublished reports of Geological Survey of India, Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) and State Groundwater Department, have been collected and incorporated. Land sat TM, geocoded, standard False Color Composite (FCC), GLCF (Global Land Cover Facility, University of Maryland, USA).The raster and vector formats, which are compatible for the geographical information system, have been stored in the form of hard copy and used for viewing the information, ESRI India The base map prepared from the survey of India toposheets on 1:50,000 scale and relevant information transferred on it after visual interpretation of satellite imagery. The study area is visually interpreted from remotely sensed data on basis of photo recognition elements in the study area. The integrated studies of Remotely Sensed data, ground truth data and GIS have revealed their usefulness in identifying groundwater quality and potential zones in study area. The Remote Sensing and GIS techniques provided information pertaining to hydrogeomorphoical features was very useful in the understanding the nature and water potentiality of different landforms in the Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Bajpai, & Mahanta The integration of geomorphological and land use/land cover information is important in preparing hydrogeomorphoical potential map and the various landform units discussed are the result of different geomorphical processes. The study revealed the capability of remote sensing technology for preparing hydro geomorphological map and this study shows the interrelationship of hydrogeomorphoical layers and topographical features and their importance in delineating the ground water potential and quality zone in the rock terrain in the study area. The characteristics of the different hydrogeomorphological layers and their ground water bearing prospects in the Gurgaon and Mewat Districts have been described in map. 105

8 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India Fig.4: Hydrogeomorphological Map of Study Area Structural Hills Structural hills are identified on basis of its sudden high relief structure with definite pattern and displacement of same litho units. Structural hills are the linear or accurate hills exhibiting definite trend lines and are dominated by the Delhi quartzite s with high relief and steep slope represents high run-off zone with very poor recharge. Hardly any well exists in this unit due to very poor groundwater potential and their unit localized on Land sat TM images. Tone/color- dark green to light white, texture-course, shape and size- irregular and linear, Sparse or no vegetation in the study area. 106

9 W A Zaidi Denudational Hills Denudational hills are identified on basis of its sharp to blunt crest lines with rugged tops indicating that the surface run off at the upper reaches of the hills has caused rill erosion. These Denudational hills are located in the southwestern part of the area. This unit behaves in a similar way as the structural hills and having very poor ground water potential. Tone/color- light grayish to greenish. Texture is coarse, shape and size- irregular and rounded pattern-contiguous in the study area, Khan & Qureshi Pediments The pediments are associated with hills or mountain in the region and identified on basis of its fan like shape and rough texture. Owing to the prevalent slope and limited weathered thickness, pediment forms a run-off zone, Aronoff It possibly provides nominal recharge along fracture plains and partially weathered zone to lower pediment zone. Quality of groundwater is generally good, but yield is not satisfactory and the ground water bearing prospects in the pediment is moderate to poor. Tone/color, light grey to medium grey, texture is medium shape and size is irregular in the study area. Buried Pediment This unit consists of clay, silt and sand cover with nominally at depth below this weathered material and the rocks are encountered about 20 meters. The thickness of porous material varies from place to place. This unit is identified on the basis of its co-lateral association of pediments hills light gray tone with rough texture. This zone may have the requisite potential for good groundwater development. Depth to water table in this zone varies from 8-20 m. The quality of water ranges from potable to brackish. Tone/color, light red to red, texture fine, shape and size irregular and elongated pattern contiguous in the study area. 107

10 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India Intermontane Basin The area lies between the Alwar group of rocks and Ajabgarh group of rocks forming ridges. This geomorphic unit comprises natural levee, valley fill, Palaeochannel and waterlogged area. In the basin, the water logged area has been identified on the basis of dark patches because of high moisture content in soil. Groundwater potential in this unit is reasonably good. The water table ranges from 0.75 to 6.9 m. below ground level but the quality of groundwater is generally poor. A few pockets of fresh groundwater are available along Palaeochannel and piedmont alluvial fan deposits and sandy plains along Alwar hill slopes. Tone/color- light to dark reds, texture is coarse, shape and size-irregular and pattern is linear and contiguous in the study area, Ali & Pirasteh, Aeolian Sandy Plain Aeolian sandy plain is identified on basis, of its high reflection and some dune like features. A major part of the area is covered by Aeolian sands and is being cultivated by well irrigation. The sand is fine grained, well round with high porosity and permeability. Some kankar pockets have been noticed and depth to water level in the study area varies between 8-20m. Tone grey to light dark, texture-fine, shape/size irregular and linear, pattern is elongated in the study area, Bajpai Alluvial Plain Tone-Lightered. Texture -smooth, shape irregular outlines linear and patterncontiguous. Extensive cultivation is observed as land use. This unit comprises old flood plain deposits, palaeo, channels, alluvial plain and closed basin. The feature identified on basis of co-lateral association of alluvial geomorphic units along with good vegetation growth. The palaeo channels were identified on basis of its curvy shape with comparative dark gray than surrounding, Chaudhary & Ruhal The alluvial plain is composed of clay, silt and sand. Water table varies from a few 108

11 W A Zaidi meters 10 to 30 m. below ground level. The western part of the study area is having shallow water table and good recharge prospects because of its proximity to Gurgaon canal system. Groundwater of good quality is found along Palaeochannel. Table 1: Hydro-Geomorphology of Study Area Location Lithology Geomorphological layers Sohna Gently undulating planes consisting of Fluvial origin and clay, silt, fine to coarse sand of varying alluvial plain lithology Water prospects Excellent Nagina Undulating plains comprising sand, silt and clay. Sand is dominant but stabilized Alluvial plain with sand cover Good Nuh Channels, which are cut off from main course of the river, which are buried or abandoned. Comprises of fluvial deposits. (Sands, silt and clay particles) Palaeochannel / abandoned channel Very good Gurgaon Occurring near to structural hills gently sloping area comprising Alluvial material and medium to fine grained sand and silt. This unit has higher thickness near ridges and laterally merge with alluvial plains Denudational origin pediment Moderate to good Punhana Depression between mountains, formed as broad basin consisting of Alluvial deposits covered with alluvial Intermontane valley / basin Excellent Firozpur- Jhirka Unconsolidated material coarse to fine sand, silt and clay Valley fill Good Farrukh Nagar Pataudi Tauru Isolated low relief hill formed due to differential weathering consisting of meta-sediments Structurally controlled steep sides hills associated with folds, faults, fractures and joints these are meta sediments of Delhi super group Long narrow low lying linear to accurate hills rising from alluvial plains acting as barriers of ground water flow Residual hills Structural origin structural hills Linear ridges Poor Poor to moderate (moderate along fault planes) Poor 109

12 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India Fig.5 Ground Water Prospects in Study Area 5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The Remote Sensing and GIS techniques provided information pertaining to hydrogeomorphoical features was very useful in the understanding the nature and water potentiality of different landforms. The integration of geomorphological and land use/land cover information is important in preparing hydrogeomorphoical potential map. The information generated on prospects, and depth in a single map will help the planners and decision makers for devising sound and feasible groundwater development plans. The main advantages in using remote sensing and GIS techniques for ground water exploration for getting information on the occurrence of ground water, to select promising areas for further ground water exploration thus reducing field work and provides information on ground water prospects, depth and quality. This type of information is very helpful in the areas where more emphasis is on ground water quality of drinking purposes and 110

13 W A Zaidi irrigation in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts is parts of NCR, Delhi. The potential zones for groundwater exploration were identified and delineated after integrating the information on geology and geomorphology, condition of the terrain. The groundwater quality prospect zones (Excellent, Very Good, Good, Moderate and poor) have been identified in the study area that the image interpretation of the remote sensing Data along with field check is also useful for groundwater prospecting in semiarid and arid region. Hydro-geomorphological layers in table-1 explain alluvial plain, inter-mountain valley and valley fill deposits are good targeting the groundwater occurrences in the region Information generated about the water quality, water depth along with potential groundwater prospect sites will help for developing the feasible groundwater development and Management plans. The use of Remote Sensing and GIS technology is very useful for the preparation map of ground water prospective zone, Hydrogeology, Hydrogeomorphology& management.the integrated studies of Remotely Sensed data, ground truth data and GIS have revealed their usefulness in identifying groundwater quality and prospects zones in study area. The various landform units discussed are the result of different geomorphological processes. The study revealed the capability of remote sensing technology for preparing a hydrogeomorphological map. The study also shows the interrelationship of hydrogeomorphoical layers and other topographical feature and their importance in delineating the ground water prospects zone in the terrain of rocks of the study area. This paper is part of my thesis work and present study is useful for Geologists, Hydrogeologists, Geophysicists, Planners, Research Scholars, Geoscientists and Managers, etc. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is very much thankful to the Professor Soonil D.D.V.Rughooputh, Head of Department of Physics, GIS Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Mauritius, for his valuable suggestions. 111

14 Application of Remote Sensing & GIS Data in Groundwater Prospecting in Gurgaon and Mewat Districts, Haryana, India 7. REFERENCES ANJI REDDY, M. (1997). Study on Selection of Optimum IRS LISS Pixel Configuration for Development of Water Quality Models. Journal of Remote Sensing 18, ALI, S.A. & PIRASTEH, S. (2005). Evaluation of Ground Water potential zones in parts of Pabdeh anticlive Zagros Fold Belt, Southwestern Iran. Ethiopian Journal of Water Science and Technology Ethiopia9, ARONOFF, S. (1989). Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. WDL Publication, Ottawa, Canada, BAJPAI, V.N. & MAHANTA, C. (2003). Hydrogeomorphoical classification of the terrain in relation to the aquifer disposition, a case study from Gurgaon- SohnaRegion Haryana. Journal of Geological Society of India, Bangalore 62(4), BAJPAI, V. (1989). Surface and Subsurface evidences of Neotectonic and aquifer disposition in Central alluvium terrain of Kanpur and Unnao region in Uttar Pradesh, India. Photonirvachak, Journal of Indian society of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, 17, CHAUDHARY, B.S, & RUHAL, D.S. (1996). Application of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Ground Water investigations in Sohna block, Gurgaon district, Haryana, India. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vienna, Austriaxxxi Part-B, DISTRICT GAZETTEER (2001). District Gurgaon, Haryana ESRI INDIA (1993). National GIS for the Real Estate Industry. ARC News, Journal of GIS, Hyderabad. 17(4),

15 W A Zaidi FREEZE, R.A. & CHERRY, J.A. (1979). Ground water. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA, 606. GEORGE, N. (1996). GIS & Information Technology, GIS Asia Pacific. Journal of GIS, Malaysia.9, KHAN, S.A. (2008). Study of Hydrogeology in parts of Mewat district, Haryana. CGWB, Report, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, Chandigarh, KHAN, S. & QURESHI, M.A. (1998). Integrated approach for Eco-development planning using Remote Sensing and GIS A case study for Aravalli degraded forests, in Gurgaon, Haryana and Alwar Rajasthan. Report, NISTADS, (CSIR) New Delhi, KARANTH, K.R. (1997). Ground water assessment, development and management. Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi, KHAN, S. & ZAIDI, W.A. (1997). Application of GIS in Eco-development planning at Micro-level, A case study of districts Gurgaon, Haryana and Alwar Rajasthan. Organized by JNTU. Proceedings of ICORG-97, Hyderabad, ZAIDI, W.A. (2011). GROUNDWATER, published by APH, Publication, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-India,

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