Mechanical Engineering Division June 1, 2010
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1 Mechanical Engineering Division June 1, 2010 Mr. Jimmy H. Allen Leading Edge Group, Inc. 33 Lynn Batts Lane, Suite #4204 San Antonio, TX Subject: SwRI Final Report Project cal and 20mm FSP Testing of Compressed Soil Block Wall Dear Mr. Allen, Please find the attached report for the ballistics testing conducted on May 28, This report contains detailed results from the ballistic testing of your compressed soil block wall. Please feel free to contact me at or via at if you have any technical questions. SwRI looks forward to assisting Leading Edge Group, Inc. with their future development and testing programs. Regards, James A. Dodson Engineer Ballistics and Explosives Range APPROVED: cc: Record Copy A Record Copy B Donald Grosch Manager Ballistics and Explosives Range
2 20mm and.50cal FSP Testing of Compressed Soil Block Wall Final Report SwRI Project No Prepared for: M r. Jimmy H. Allen Leading Edge G roup, Inc. 33 Lynn Batts Lane, Suite #4204 San Antonio, T X Prepared by: J. Austin Dodson Southwest Research Institute 6220 Culebra Road San Antonio, Texas May 2010 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
3 Background Southwest Research Institute (SwRI ) was contracted by Leading Edge Group, Inc. (LEGI) to conduct the ballistic testing of a small-scale compressed soil block wall. The purpose of this effort was to subject the wall, built with compressed soil blocks, to large caliber ballistic threats and observe the resulting damage. This study provided preliminary data on target performance versus the 20mm and.50cal fragment simulating projectiles ( ) at relatively high velocities. The tests were conducted May 28, 2010 in the Medium Caliber Range at SwRI and witnessed by Jimmy Allen of LEGI. This report encompasses the testing performed on the soil block wall sample. Target The test article was brought to the SwRI campus by LEGI personnel on the day of testing. One small scale soil block wall was provided. The 100% soil-only blocks used to construct the test article were produced by the LEGI S480 Compressed Soil Block Machine distributed by Leading Edge Group, Inc. According to LEGI, the blocks were not modified or altered in any manner, nor were they reinforced with additives, binders, or polymers, and no stabilizing agents such as lime or cement were incorporated into the test blocks. The as-delivered sample was 14-inches deep by 24-inches wide by 22-inches tall, and was constructed out of 18 compressed soil blocks of three different sizes: 4-inch x 3.5-inch, 7-inch x 3.5-inch, and 10-inch x 3.5-inch. The soil blocks were surrounded by a wood frame constructed out of 1.5-inch x 12-inch wooden planks. A lifting eye was attached to the top of the frame for ease of maneuverability. Since the wooden frame was smaller than the depth of the block wall, there was an overhang of approximately 1.25-inches on the front and back. Figure 1 displays the test article. Strike Face 2 Side View (1.25-inch overhang on each side) Figure 1 Small Scale Compressed Soil Block Wall.
4 Threat Rounds The.50cal and 20mm FSP was used as the threat round during this effort. All projectiles were manufactured according to MIL-P-46593A. These hardened steel projectiles are machined out of 4340 steel and have a blunt nose. FSPs are commonly used to simulate fragments formed during the detonation of cased munitions. Tolerances for the.50cal and 20mm FSP can be found in MIL-P-46593A. Typical.50cal and 20mm FSPs are shown below in Figure 2. Technical drawings for both threat rounds can be found in Appendix A. Table 1 FSP Information Round Weight Material / Body Diam. Body Length (grains) Hardness (inches) (inches).50 cal FSP / RC mm FSP / RC Figure 2 20mm,.50cal,.30cal F ragment Simulating Projectiles (units in mm). Test Methodology All testing was conducted at the Medium Caliber Range located at SwRI. The FSPs were fired from rifled barrels without the use of sabots. Impact location was confirmed using a bore mounted laser for the 20mm test, and by bore sighting for the.50cal test. Testing was done in an indoor facility where the muzzle of the gun was approximately 22 feet from the target. 3
5 Figure 3 Medium Caliber Gun System. Projectile impact velocities were measured using two sets of Oehler Model 57 photoelectric chronographs located between the gun and the target (Figure 4). The spacing between each set of chronographs was 48 inches. Calibrated Hewlett Packard HP 53131A universal counters, triggered by the chronographs, record the projectile travel time between screens. Projectile velocity was then calculated using the recorded travel times and the known travel distance. An average of the two calculated values was recorded as the screen velocity. The distance from the center of the screens to the impact location is approximately 4.75 ft. Unlike bullets, FSPs tend to slow down relatively quickly due to their non ideal shape. SwRI accounts for this deceleration by determining the deceleration between the two sets of chronographs for each of the shots. This deceleration is then plotted with respect to the average recorded velocities at the screens. A curve fit on this data is then performed to determine the deceleration to be used for each of the shot values to find the estimated strike velocity. Estimated strike velocity is calculated as follows, based on the exponential decay law with constant drag coefficient. where X is the distance from the measurement point to the target is the air density (1.225 kg/m 3 at sea level), D is the projectile caliber, m is the projectile mass, and Cd is the average drag coefficient for the effective velocity range. 4
6 Figure 4 Chronographs used for Velocity Measurements. Target Holder ed the targets on all four sides as is shown in Figure 5. The target holder was constructed out of 2 inch x 3 inch x 1/4 inch structural tubing forming a window frame with two long horizontal supports which were clamped to a large, massive frame. The target was centered on the opening in the target holder which was 20- inches x 20-inches. This supported the soil by 2-inches on each side and 1-inch on the top and bottom. The article was secured to the test frame using 2-inch ratchet straps on the top and bottom. In order to prevent the target from falling if the straps became loose during testing, a hoist was used to support the article on top during the tests. Pass/Fail for this program was based on the ability of the soil block wall to stop the threat round and protect an aluminum witness plate located behind the target. MIL-STD-662F requires the use of aluminum witness panels to determine the success or failure of a target sample against a given threat. If the witness panel was damaged such that light can pass through it, a complete penetration (or fail) of the target was recorded. Damage to the witness panel can be caused either by the projectile or by spall from the target. A partial penetration (or pass) was recorded if the witness plate was not perforated during the test. The witness panels used during the tests were 12 inch x 16 inch 2024-T3 aluminum panels and measured inches thick. Witness panels were held approximately six inches behind the rear face of the target. 5
7 Test Results Front Isometric View Rear View (Red Target Holder) Figure 5 Test Setup for Soil Block Wall Sample. The following section is divided by threat type..50cal FSP One shot was taken using the.50 cal FSP threat. The shot location was towards the bottom of the soil block wall sample on a middle 10-inch x 3.5-inch block (See Figure 6). Strike velocity was 3,358 ft/s for this test, taking into account the adjustment for projectile drag. Post-test, material spalled from the strike face leaving a 4-inch x 5-inch x 1-inch surface crater along with. The FSP penetrated the target to a depth of 4.75-inches, and remained fully contained within the compressed soil block wall. The back face of the test article directly behind the impact location was unscathed. The witness plate was not impacted. Figure 7 details the damage to the soil block wall. The back face damage above the tested block seen in the figure was due to a previous test on the wall which will not be discussed in this report. 6
8 Figure 6.50 cal FSP Shot Location. (Note: Actual target was pre-damaged by first test) 20mm FSP Strike Face Post-.50 cal FSP Test 7 Back Face Post-.50 cal FSP Test Figure 7.50cal FSP Post-Test Images of Soil Block Wall Sample. One shot was taken using the 20mm FSP threat. The shot location was towards the top of the soil block wall sample, 6-inches from the left edge, on a 10-inch x 3.5-inch block (See Figure 8). Strike velocity was 4,509 ft/sec for this test, taking into account the adjustment for projectile drag. Post-test, material spalled from the strike face leaving an approximately 1.5-inch deep crater. The FSP was still fully embedded in the target and could be seen on the back face at a depth of 2.75-inches. Depth of penetration of the FSP was inches based on the 14-inch depth of the wall and the location of the FSP in the target. Spalled material from the back face impacted the witness plate, but no perforation occurred. Figure 9 details the damage to the soil block wall.
9 Figure 8 20mm FSP Shot Location. (Note: Actual target was pre-damaged by first two tests) Strike Face Post-20mm FSP Test Back Face Post-20mm FSP Test (FSP Circled) Figure 9 20mm FSP Post-Test Images of Soil Block Wall Sample. 8
10 Summary A small scale compressed soil block wall was tested against fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs). Single shots were fired using the.50 cal and 20mm FSPs. Neither test resulted in perforation of the witness plate, though the 20mm test generated some back face spall. Both rounds remained entirely encapsulated within the test article post-test. Table 2 gives a summary of the shots taken on the soil block wall. Appendix B displays additional post-test photos from the FSP shots. Threat Screen Velocity (ft/s) Estimated Strike V elocity (ft/s) Table 2 Summary of Tests Pass/ F ail Comments.50cal FSP 3,401 3,358 Pass 4.75-inch depth of pen., witness clean 20mm FSP 4,544 4,509 Pass inch depth of pen., witness hit by spall, no perfs 9
11 Appendix A Detailed Drawing of F ragment Simulating Projectiles A-1
12 .50cal FSP Detailed Drawing 20mm FSP Detailed Drawing A-2
13 Appendix B Photos of Overall Target Condition, Post-Test B-1
14 Soil Block Wall Strike Face Soil Block Wall Back Face B-2
15 20mm FSP Strike Face C rater (FSP Removed F rom Target).50 cal FSP Strike Face Damage B-3
16 Left Side of Back Face, 20mm Hole on Top Right B-4
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