POTENTIAL SEISMICITY OF YANGON REGION (GEOLOGICAL APPROACH)

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1 Advances in Geosciences Vol. 26: Solid Earth (2010) Ed. Kenji Satake c World Scientific Publishing Company POTENTIAL SEISMICITY OF YANGON REGION (GEOLOGICAL APPROACH) HLA HLA AUNG Member, Myanmar Earthquake Committee, MES Building, Hlaing University Campus, Yangon, Myanmar hhlaaung@gmail.com Yangon sits on the southeast corner of Ayeyarwady Delta Basin, 35 km from the west of Sagaing fault and on the southern spur of NNW SSE trending Bago anticlinal ridge. Yangon is mostly covered with alluvial deposits. Bago anticline is threatening Yangon with seismic disturbances. This disturbance might not be a significant one but the movement along Sagaing fault that was believed to bring severe damage to buildings and loss of human lives in Bago and Yangon in 1930 may have potential of causing a catastrophic earthquake in the future. The prevailing geological structures, along with surface geological condition, soil characteristics, and tectonic setting have made Yangon an earthquake prone area. In this paper, an effort is made to examine Yangon region with respect to geological knowledge, existing historical earthquake records, recent investigation of seismic activity and seismotectonic of Yangon region to give information on earthquake hazard for the region. Geological knowledge is very important for analyzing geological site characteristics to consider for urban development. To-date Yangon has annual increase in population and expanding urban development. If an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 on Richter scale occurs in Yangon, there would be higher damage to the buildings and more loss of human lives. 1. Introduction This paper is the first attempt to give relevant information about potential seismicity of Yangon region from the point of view of geological knowledge. Owing to spare population and traditional construction of buildings, no historical earthquake records had shown a catastrophic earthquake in Myanmar. A basic element to mitigate the effect of potential damaging earthquakes is the geological understanding of built environment, which involves potential earthquake source areas related to rupture mechanism and surface geology. Geological aspects are also important for earthquake 139

2 140 H. H. Aung zonation mapping, which can provide reliable and practical outcomes for natural disaster planning projects for future earthquake, land-use planning, and building code revision. 2. Location Yangon is located between latitudes N 17 4 N and longitudes 96 1 E E, on the southeastern corner of the Ayeyarwady Delta basin, at the mouth of three rivers: Yangon, Ngamoyeik and Bago rivers and 34 km from the sea in the coastal area. It has a tropical monsoon climate with annual precipitation of 2366 mm. The average temperature is 27 C. It has population of about six million people. Owing to the annual increase in population, the size of the city has expanded several times than its prewar size. Yangon s pride: the Shwedagon Pagoda was built on the top of Singuttara Hill, on the southern spur of Bago Yoma (Fig. 1). Town plan map of Yangon is shown in Fig Fig. 1. Location and general geological map of the Ayeyarwady Delta Basin (adapted from Geological Map,1:1,000,000). 1

3 Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region 141 Fig. 2. Town plan map of Yangon City. 3. Tectonic Setting Yangon region is tectonically located on the southern spur of the NNW SSE trending Bago anticlinal ridge, which lies immediately on the western site of Sagaing Fault. Bago Yoma is a ridge of both geological and geomorphical prominence ridge with 400 miles long and 40 miles wide and is composed of Miocene rocks. Bago Yoma extends toward south into the gulf of Motamma and might be connected to Alcock Rise. 2 Yangon is 35 km in the west of Sagaing fault. The Bago Yoma, Sagaing fault, and Central Andaman spreading center are the most significant structures of shear band of Sagaing fault with 100 km width. 3

4 142 H. H. Aung 4. Geology Yangon area is underlain by alluvial deposits (Pliestocene to Recent), the non-marine fluvialtile sediments of Irrawady formation (Pliocene), and hard, massive sandstone of Pegu series (early late Miocene). Alluvial deposits are composed of gravel, clay, silts, sands and laterite, which lies upon the eroded surface of Irrawaddy formation at m above sea level. The central part of Yangon area is occupied by the anticlinal ridge as a backbone, 30 m above mean sea level and covered with sands, sand rock, soft sandstones, shale, clays, and laterite of Irrawaddy formation. The hard compact sandstone and shale of Pegu series can be found at the northwest corner of Hlawga lake with NNW SSE strike dipping to the east. 4 Alluvial deposits are found in the surrounding areas of the ridge (Fig. 3), whereas lateritic soils can be found along the ridge (Fig. 4). 5. Structure In the geological map (Fig. 2), two anticlines can be seen trending NNW SSE and are cut by NNE SSW trending transverse fault. The folds of Bago Anticlinorium plunge gradually to the south and finally disappear under the deposits of Ayeyarwady delta. 5 Eastern fold approaches Bago whereas western fold extends south to Yangon and further south into the Mottama basin. The structural trends here include Twante, Kawhmu, Yangon, and Hlegu-Thanlyin trends. They are NNW SSE trending and are double-plunging anticlines, cut by transverse faults trending NNE SSW. Folds are aligned with axes parallel to the direction of maximum extension and are arranged as en-echelon and oblique to the main Sagaing fault zone (Fig. 5). These structures are the southern most continuation of the Bago Yoma and are located quite close to the Gulf of Mottama. Twante anticline is a symmetrical and doubleplunging anticline with gentle dip 7 15 on both flanks. It is made up of Irrawaddian rocks and alluvium in places. Kawhmu anticline is an elongated, asymmetrical and doubly plunging anticline with NNW SSE strike. NNE SSW trending en-echelon tranverse faults cut the anticline into slices. Sabagyisan anticline is a symmetrical anticline with dips 5 20 plunging to NNW. Miocene and Pliocene rocks are folded and quarternary pebbles and terraces are uplifted. These deformation found in Yangon region should be

5 Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region 143 Fig. 3. Geological map of Yangon. 6 considered due to the mobility of Bago anticline. Two terraces are found near Yangon with 10 m thick of alluvial clays. They are situated 70 km north from Yangon and raised 20 m above the sea level due to the uplifting connected to the development of Bago anticline.

6 144 H. H. Aung Fig. 4. Soil map of Yangon. (Source: Land Use Bureau of Yangon). 6. Seismicity Background In 17 December 1927, a six-grade earthquake hit Yangon and caused certain amount of damages. It was felt 15,000 sq.km from Kyangin to Dedaye along the western slope of Bago Yoma. In July 1930 Bago earthquake with M = 7.3 affected Yangon, vibration spread caused damage to the buildings and 500 persons and 50 persons were killed in Bago and Yangon, respectively. 6 The last record of the earthquake that struck Yangon is 1978, M =5.7. In the recent seismicity map (Fig. 6) two significant clusters of

7 Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region 145 Fig. 5. Structural trends in Yangon Region (derived from Oil map). 1 epicenters draw our attention: one is along N S trending Sagaing fault and second one is along NNW SSE trending Bago anticline. These distributions of epicenters imply the tectonic movement along these structures, which are tectonically active. The Yangon earthquake in 1927 probably originated from the uplifting of Bago Yoma caused movement along the lines of weakness below the deltaic alluvium and Bago earthquake in 1930 was originated from the displacement on Sagaing fault. As seen in this seismic intensity map, seismicity is high in the south of Yangon area, which

8 146 H. H. Aung Fig. 6. Seismic intensity map of Myanmar region. (Source: NEIC). indicates that the Andaman sea region is a zone of high seismicity zone originated at shallow depth of less than 30 km. In seismic intensity map of Modified Mercalli Scale (U.S.G.S. earthquake catalog ) (Fig. 7) and earthquake zonation map of Bago Yangon region (Fig. 8), there are three earthquake hazard zones according to their relevant magnitude, in which Yangon falls in seismic zone VI whereas Bago falls in seismic zone VIII. Based on the lithology and the structure of the area, two areas are divided in the micro-zonation map (Fig. 9). The area along fault and fold covered with sand rock is a critical area and the area covered with loose sand and alluvial deposits are the most critical area because such alluvial

9 Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region 147 Fig. 7. Seismic intensity map of Bago Yangon region. (Source: USGS earthquake catalog). soil are the most vulnerable area for earthquake hazard. As earthquake can trigger landslides, slope stability studies are very important for future urban development. In Yangon area, most of the areas are flat-lying lowland in the deltaic region where slope gradient is gentle so that landslide can only be taken account along the river bank (Fig. 10). To define which area in Yangon

10 148 H. H. Aung Fig. 8. Seismic zone of Bago Yangon. has the highest risk is super-imposing the seismic hazard micro-zone map on the slope stability map. For Yangon area, the most suitable area for further urban development sits outside the most vulnerable seismic zone and landslide-prone area.

11 Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region 149 Fig. 9. Microzonation map of Yangon Area. 7. Active Structures and Seismicity The historical seismicity background along the Sagaing fault, shown in Geology of Burma by Chibbher (1983), and recent seismic investigation 3 show that Myanmar lies within the broad, which is seismically active Sagaing transform belt between India and Indochina plate. A series of pull-apart basins from Central Andaman Basin in the south to Hukawng Basin in the northernmost part of Myanmar and other related

12 150 H. H. Aung Fig. 10. Landslide hazard map of Yangon area. structures such as NW SE trending thrust faults, NW SE and NNW SSE trending en-echelon folds, the basin bounding faults of ENE WSW trending normal faults, and N S trending strike-slip faults are formed by the NNW-oriented extension and ENE-oriented compressive deformations. Within through-going deformation zone, the structures formed by these deformations as Neogene is active and these active structures are capable of generating future earthquakes and these are the potential source areas in Myanmar. 7

13 Potential Seismicity of Yangon Region Conclusions The aim of this brief paper is to give a profile of seismic hazard in Yangon region from a geological approach. Geo-morphologically speaking, Yangon lies in a coastal area of Ayeyarwady delta region, at the mouth of three rivers and mostly covered with alluvial deposits. Tectonically, it is located on the southern extension of Bago anticline and 35 km from the west of Sagaing fault. Structurally, spur of Bago anticlinal ridge passes through the center of Yangon city as a backbone and extends to the south. There are many en-echelon folds in Yangon region trending NNW SSE and are cut by NNE SSW trending transverse faults. On the seismic aspect, Yangon falls in seismic zone VI. The prevailing geological structures along with surface geological condition, soil characteristics, and tectonic setting have made Yangon an earthquake prone area. As the population increases in Yangon, urban development has been taking place, at present, mostly on alluvial deposits. Now there are many high-rise buildings in many parts of Yangon. Damage potential to the buildings and loss of lives in a future earthquake with magnitude of 6 or 7 on Richter scale in Yangon would be much larger than that in 1927 and References 1. F. Bender, Geology of Burma (Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin Stittgart, Germany, 1983). 2. J. R. Curray, J. Asia Earth Sci. XX (2005) C. Rangin, GIAC Conf. Yangon, Myanmar ( ). 4. W. Naing, M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Yangon (1970), unpublished. 5. G. P. Gorshkov, Byull. Sovj. Seim. 12 (in Russ.) (1959). 6. H. L. Chhibber, The Geology of Burma (Macmillan and Co. Limited, St. Martin s Street, London, 1934). 7. H. H. Aung, Advance in Geosciences 13 (2009).

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