Lecture 7: Sedimentary Rocks
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1 Lecture 7: Sedimentary Rocks 1. Read: Chapter 8 2. Homework #7 due Thursday 12pm 3. Midterm #1 Thursday, September 24 iclicker assignments pick yours up 001 Abreu 003 Agena 004 Albert 006 Araki 091 Atiburcio 008 Buck 010 Byce 011 Clements 012 Colle 013 Comilla 014 Cuadrado 015 Dang 016 Duncan 080 Fujihara 018 Ganther 021 Guerrero 022 Haupt 025 Hedden 027 Higa 028 Hipolito 090 Inserra 031 Jadu 030 Johnasen 034 Kaaihue 036 Keanini-White 037 Kipi 089 Lee 039 Lockett 040 Manion 041 McTigue 042 Meyers 043 Mitamura 044 Morikawa 047 Nassiri 048 Ota 088 Pavao 067 Peahu 068 Santiago 069 Shigemitsu 070 Soares 084 Teramura 086 Tomaszek 073 Wu 074 Yamamoto 075 Yanagi 077 Yokota 079 Zoller
2 Learning Objectives (LO) Lecture 7: Sedimentary Rocks" ** Chapter 8 **" What we ll learn today:" 1. Understand why geologists study sedimentary rocks" 2. Compare 3 types of sediment" 3. Describe processes that act on sediments" 4. List primary clastic sedimentary rocks " 5. List primary chemical sedimentary rocks" 6. List primary biogenic sedimentary rocks"
3 Fundamental Rock Types Igneous Rocks: form when magma solidifies Sedimentary Rocks: form when sediment becomes cemented into solid rock Metamorphic rocks: form when heat, pressure, or hot water alter a rock
4 The Rock Cycle
5 Sedimentary Rocks Generally, made from older rocks Make up only ~5% of Earth s crust, but.. Make up 75% of all rocks exposed at the surface
6 Why Study Sedimentary Rocks? Reflect physical and chemical characteristics of source environments Contain direct and indirect evidence of life Can be interpreted to recreate Earth history May contain important minerals Source of fossil fuels
7 Sedimentary Rocks Preserve Evidence of Past Environments
8 Sedimentary Rock Types Clastic broken down rocks (clasts) Ex.: sandstone Chemical directly! precipitates out of water! Ex.: rock salt! Biogenic remains of living! organisms!!!!!!! Ex.: limestone, chalk, coal!
9 Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation! Four steps: #1! #4! #3! #2!
10 Step 1: Weathering Breaks down a pre-existing rock Physical Chemical Turns rock into sediment Gravel, sand, silt, clay Physical! Chemical!
11 Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation! Four steps: #1! #4! #3! #2!
12 Step 2: Transport of Sediment Sediment carried by Wind Water Ice
13 Step 2: Transport of Sed. (cont.)! Indicators of distance traveled:! Rounding! Sorting! Rounded?! Sorted?!
14 Sediment Roundness The longer a sediment is transported, the rounder it gets Short distance! Long distance!
15 Sorted Sediment The longer a sediment is transported, the more sorted it becomes Short distance! Long distance!
16 Think: roundness?! Distance Traveled?!
17 Distance Traveled?! Think: roundness? sorting?!
18 Distance Traveled?! Think: roundness? sorting?!
19 Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation! Four steps: #1! #4! #3! #2!
20 Step 3: Deposition Layering of sediments by any natural agent (water, wind, ice, etc.)
21 Particle Size & Depositional Environment Large particles deposited in higher energy environments Gravel - need fast moving water, glaciers Sand - wind, wave action (beaches), rivers Silt & Clay - lakes, swamp, deep oceans Depositional! environments!
22 Clastic Sedimentary Rock Formation! Four steps: #1! #4! #3! #2!
23 Step 4: Lithification Def.: when loose sediment becomes compacted & cemented Compaction: pressure of overlying sediments packs grains & squeezes water from pores! Cementation: pore spaces fill with ions that precipitate from water (calcite, quartz, iron oxide)!
24 Types: Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Composition - mostly quartz, feldspars, & clay Classified by particle size (= its travels)
25 From Sediments to Rocks! sediment + compression + time = rock!
26 Conglomerate Lithified gravel Origins: Fast moving river Severe storm in shallow ocean bulldozed by glacier
27 Lithified sand Origins: River Beach Dune field Sandstone
28 Shale Lithified silty mud Origin: Deep ocean Quiet, deep lake
29 Sedimentary Rock Types Clastic broken down rocks (clasts) Ex.: sandstone Chemical directly! precipitates out of water! Ex.: rock salt! Biogenic remains of living! organisms!!!!!!! Ex.: limestone, chalk, coal!
30 Types: Chemical Sedimentary Rocks! Precipitation of minerals from a solution Ex.: Salt, gypsum salt! Salt deposit! gypsum!
31 Types: Chemical Sedimentary Rocks! rock salt rock gypsum limestone travertine micrite dolostone chert
32 Sedimentary Rock Types Clastic broken down rocks (clasts) Ex.: sandstone Chemical directly! precipitates out of water! Ex.: rock salt! Biogenic remains of living! organisms!!!!!!! Ex.: limestone, chalk, coal!
33 Types: Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks! Lithification of organic (plants, etc.) material Ex.: Coal is formed from preserved plant material in swamps Coal swamp forest! coal! chert!
34 How is oil made?
35 Fracking Shale Video!
36 Types: Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks! skeletal limestone coal chalk coquina
37 Sedimentary Structures Features that developed during! or shortly after deposition of! sediment! Ripple marks! Ripple marks Cross bedding Cross bedding! Mud cracks Mud cracks!
38 Development of Ripples
39 Particle Size & Depositional Environment Large particles deposited in higher energy environments Gravel - need fast moving water, glaciers Sand - wind, wave action (beaches), rivers Silt & Clay - lakes, swamp, deep oceans Depositional! environments!
40 Continental Deposition Environments! glacier desert! alluvial fan! wetland! stream! lake!
41 Coastal Deposition Environments! delta! beach! barrier! island! lagoon! tidal wetland!
42 Marine Deposition Environments! reef! continental shelf! deep sea environment! continental margin!
43 Sedimentary Process on Mars!!
44 Mars Exploration Video
45 Action Items for Thursday, Sept Read Chapter 8 2. Complete homework assignment #7 What you learned today:" 1. Understand why geologists study sedimentary rocks" 2. Compare 3 types of sediment" 3. Describe processes that act on sediments" 4. List primary clastic sedimentary rocks " 5. List primary chemical sedimentary rocks" 6. List primary biogenic sedimentary rocks"
iclicker assignments pick yours up 001 Abreu 003 Agena 004 Albert 006 Araki 091 Atiburcio 008 Buck 082 Byce 011 Clements 012 Colle
iclicker assignments pick yours up 001 Abreu 003 Agena 004 Albert 006 Araki 091 Atiburcio 008 Buck 082 Byce 011 Clements 012 Colle 013 Comilla 014 Cuadrado 015 Dang 016 Duncan 080 Fujihara 018 Ganther
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