A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

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1 A B C P Q D E F R S G H I T U J K L V W M N O Supplemental Figure 1. A-F: Continental margin sediments from the Kaikoura Canyon (reprinted with permission from de Leo et al. 2010); G-O: Chile margin (reprinted with permission from Sellanes et al. 2010); Indian margins (P, Q,S,U,V.W) and Pakistan margin (R, T) (reprinted with permission from Gooday et al., 2010 [P,R,T], and unpublished images courtesy of H. Kitazato [ Q, S, U,V,W]).

2 Supplemental Figure 2. Bathymetric maps showing canyons and other forms of topographic heterogeneity. A) Catalan margin (reprinted with permission from Danovaro et al. 2009); B) W. Africa Margin (IFREMER); C) California margin (Image courtesy of L. Pratson; D) Mexico margin (image courtesy of J. Helly).

3 Supplemental Figure 3. A) Interquartile Temperature Range (IQR) on West of Shetland (WoS) and North of Shetland (NoS) transet; B) Cumulative generic turnover with depth on the West and North of Shetland transects in the NE Atlantic; C) Generic beta diversity of genera on the West and North of Shetland transects. Beta diversity increases at strong temperature gradients formed at the interface of water masses (from Narayanaswamy et al. 2010).

4 Supplemental Figure 4. Zonation of margin biota based on 37 studies. Reprinted with permission from Menot et al. (2010) and Carney (2005).

5 Supplemental Figure 5. Regional, cross margin patterns of diversity at regional scales (reprinted with permission from Menot et al. 2010). Regions 1-7 exhibit a unimodal pattern with mid-slope diversity maxima are oxygen minimum zones which do not.

mussels bordering a brine pool, Gulf of Mexico C)

Mediterranean ridge, 1950 m depth, copyright

MEDECO_BrinePool&Sponge: Napoli mud volcano,

Biozaire_Regab : large pockmark at 3200 m depth

6 A B C D E F Supplemental Figure 6. Seep geomorphic environments: A-B) Bathymodiolin mussels bordering a brine pool, Gulf of Mexico C) Subducting Seamount, Jaco Scar, Costa Rica, sabellid & serpulid polychaetes D) MEDECO_BrinePool: Napoli mud volcano, central Mediterranean ridge, 1950 m depth, copyright Ifremer / MEDECO (2007) / Victor 6000 E) MEDECO_BrinePool&Sponge: Napoli mud volcano, central Mediterranean ridge, 1950 m depth, copyright Ifremer / MEDECO (2007) / Victor 6000 F) Biozaire_Regab : large pockmark at 3200 m depth near Congo canyon, SE Atlantic, copyright Ifremer / BIOZAIRE 2 (2001) / Victor 6000

Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2012.

Fauna using hard substrate habitat at seeps.

at Hydrate Ridge, Oregon; B) Anthozoans, octocorals

Seep, California (500 m); C) Bathymodiolin shell as

(1000 m); D) Provanna as substrate for sulfur

aggregations of seep Yeti crabs (1000 m), Costa Rica;

burrow into gas hydrates, Gulf of Mexico (photo

7 Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci : A B C D E F G Supplemental Figure 7. Fauna using hard substrate habitat at seeps. A) Neptunia amianta laying egg towers on carbonates at Hydrate Ridge, Oregon; B) Anthozoans, octocorals and asteroids on carbonates at Eel R. Seep, California (500 m); C) Bathymodiolin shell as substrate for limpets and a yeti crab, Costa Rica (1000 m); D) Provanna as substrate for sulfur bacteria, Hydrate Ridge, Oregon; E) Carbonates host aggregations of seep Yeti crabs (1000 m), Costa Rica; F) Hesionid polychaetes (Hesiocaeca methanicola) burrow into gas hydrates, Gulf of Mexico (photo courtesy of C. Fisher); G) Coral on dead coral, New Zealand, 1000 m (photo courtesy of A. Rowden, NIWA, New Zealand).

8 Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci : A B C D Supplemental Figure 8. Bacterial mats at methane seeps. A) Hydrate Ridge, Oregon, 770 m; B) Quespos Landslide, 400 m, Costa Rica; C) Hakon Moseby, 1287 m, copyright IFREMER; D) On active authigenic carbonates at Eel R., California, 500 m.

9 A B C D E Supplemental Figure 9. Organic falls that generate reducing assemblages on margins: A) kelp; B) wood; C) whale skeleton. Habitat endemics: D) Xylophaga; E) Osedax.

10 Supplemental Figure 10. Zonation of habitats along an elongated Lophelia reef off Norway. A) Reef tail consisting of Lophelia rubble, with the gorgonian Primnoa resedaeformis B) Blocks of dead Lophelia colonies with Paragorgia arborea and P. resedaeformis. C) Transition zone with recently dead Lophelia colonies and gorgonians. D) The living head of the reef with half moon -shaped colonies facing the main current. Reprinted with permission from Buhl Mortensen et al. (2010).

11 Supplemental Figure 11. Faunal abundance patterns across the Pakistan margin oxygen minimum zone (reprinted with permission from Gooday et al. 2009). Note depressed abundance in the OMZ core and maxima near the base of the OMZ as oxygen increases. Depth of this maximum increases with taxon body size, reflecting greater tolerance to hypoxia for foraminifera and metazoan meiofauna.

12 Supplemental Figure 12. The relationship between sponge diversity (richness) and substrate heterogeneity as indicated by backscatter variability. Reprinted with permission from Schlacher et al., 2007.

Characteristics of the Deep- Sea environment II. Malcolm Clark

Characteristics of the Deep- Sea environment II Malcolm Clark 4 th Regional Training Workshop, Environmental Perspectives of Deep Sea Mineral Activities, Nadi, Fiji. December 2013 Bathyal and Abyssal regions-the