Optimizing Vaca Muerta Development

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1 Optimizing Vaca Muerta Development What can be applied from seismic experiences in the Eagle Ford and other unconventional plays? Wednesday, September 19, :50 PM Murray Roth, President Transform Software and Services

2 Transform Unconventional Credentials > 70 Unconventional Projects across 18 Unconventional Oil and Gas Plays

3 How relevant is seismic data in unconventional plays? The answers varies with geology and development strategy

4 Why do we need seismic data at all?

5 Eagle Ford Oil/Gas/Condensate Well Production Production data converted to Barrels of Oil Equivalent (BOE) Edwards Reef Trend Sligo Shelf Margin

6 Eagle Ford Initial Well Production 130 wells BOE What drives well production? 1270 BOE Median 5-fold range in production What drives well production?

7 What should drive well production? Fracture Effectiveness Fracture Conductivity Natural Fractures Rock Mechanics, Mineralogy and Stress Drilling and Completions Hazards Well Parameters Length of treated well Flow constriction Reservoir Quality Porosity Permeability Oil/Gas Saturation Thickness Pressure

8 Engineering drivers of fracture conductivity Fracture Conductivity F CD = k f w f k X f w f = fracture half width X f = fracture ½ length k f = fracture permeability k = formation permeability Related Engineering Parameters: Treatment pressure / fluid rate / total fluid Proppant type and amount Hydraulic fracture technique

9 What else should drive well production? Where is seismic contributing in other plays? (seismic) Fracture Effectiveness Fracture Conductivity Natural Fractures FMI/seismic anisotropy/curvature Rock Mechanics, Mineralogy and Stress YM/PR/elastic inversion/seismic anisotropy/curvature Drilling and Completions Hazards fault probability/incoherence/curvature Well Parameters Length of treated well horizontal/frac stages Flow constriction choke size Reservoir Quality Porosity phi/density/seismic inversion Permeability core analysis/sem Oil/Gas Content TOC/R0/Sw/depth Thickness isochore/isochron (converted to isochore) Pressure pressure meters/depth

10 Seismic value tied to geologic complexity and reservoir size Let s look at some seismic challenged examples

11 Green River/Wind River/Piceance Basins Where seismic is least useful stacked pay of sub-seismic features VSP or cross-well tomography required to resolve geologic features ~1500 ft

12 Bakken Seismic Where seismic is of more marginal value 8.5 mi 400 ms

13 Bakken Seismic Where seismic is of more marginal value thin reservoir, although 8.5 mi 400 ms 3D Seismic Challenges - Resolving Middle Bakken from Upper/Lower - Simple geology limited fault hazards 3D Seismic Opportunities - Interpreting Bakken and Three Forks Markers - Fracturing correlation with surface lineaments - Multi-bench development in the Three Forks Bakken 5000 ft 3 Forks

14 Bakken Seismic Where seismic is of more marginal value thin reservoir, although 8.5 mi 400 ms 3D Seismic Challenges - Resolving Middle Bakken from Upper/Lower - Simple geology limited fault hazards 3D Seismic Opportunities - Interpreting Bakken and Three Forks Markers - Fracturing correlation with surface lineaments - Multi-bench development in the Three Forks Bakken 10,000 ft 15,000 ft 3 Forks

15 North Dakota Bakken Well Database ~9000 horizontal wells and ~23,000 total wells

16 26 Most Active Bakken Operators Production (size) variable by location and engineering of operator (color) Continental EOG Whiting Hess Conoco Marathon Statoil Slawson Denbury Petro-Hunt Exxon Mobil Oasis Oxy SM Energy Murex WPX Hunt Newfield Kodiak Fidelity Enerplus Zenergy QEP Helis Zavanna Samson

17 Initial 24-hour Production versus Horizontal Length General correlation of.353 with dominant 1or 2-section drilling

18 Bakken Depth, Thickness and Sweetspot Map Reservoir quality driven by depth, thickness, thermal maturity, TOC Depth to Bakken Bakken-3 Forks Sweetspot Map

19 Bakken and Three Forks well proximity Approximately 1500-foot spacing for ,000 foot wells

20 Bakken and Three Forks well interference Bakken wells have frac interference Three forks positive frac interference Oil per Day Production Rate TTT Ranch 12-6H TTT Ranch 11-6H TTT Ranch 4-6TFH Water per Day Production Rate TTT Ranch 12-6H TTT Ranch 11-6H TTT Ranch 4-6TFH

21 Horizontal well log with YM/PR and microseismic Microseismic extends farther for larger Young s modulus (i.e. brittle rock) There is higher density of microseismic points and the extents are wider where the Young s Modulus and Poisson s Ratio well logs identified the more brittle rock Poisson s Ratio Young s Modulus Ductile Rock Brittle Rock Transform proprietary information Correlations between the microseismic events and well logs can be identified

22 Crossplot of Young s Modulus and Poisson Ratio Blue regions on well logs indicate more brittle rock red and green ductile

23 Horizontal well with Young s modulus well log Young s modulus varies due to wellbore path through different facies Transform proprietary information Brittle Rock Ductile Rock Brittle Rock

24 Density field calculated from microseismic energy Hotter values represent larger amount of fracture energy Event density and Energy density fields can be interpreted from the microseismic events

25 Stimulated reservoir volume from energy density Single fracture stage compared with six overlapping fracture stages The stimulated reservoir volume can be calculated for each individual fracture stage of each well

26 Seismic value tied to geologic complexity and reservoir size Seismic excels as a fault hazard detector in many examples..

27 Barnett Shale Seismic Seismic has clear value when geologic hazards are present 7 mi Courtesy: Devon 400 ms

28 Barnett Shale Seismic Seismic has clear value when geologic hazards are present 7 mi Caddo 5000 ft Upper Barnett Ellenberger Courtesy: Devon 400 ms

29 Barnett Shale Seismic Seismic has clear value when geologic hazards are present Karst Collapse Chimneys and Faulting Courtesy: Devon

30 Karst Hazard Avoidance Using Microseismic and Seismic Attributes

31 Hazard detection seismic examples Horn River, Woodford, Marcellus, Eagle Ford Horn River - Canada Woodford - OK Marcellus - PA Eagle Ford - Texas

32 Eagle Ford comparison with Vaca Muerta Good quality seismic can make a large difference

33 Eagle Ford/Vaca Muerta Comparison Parameter Eagle Ford Vaca Muerta Geologic Age Cretaceous Jurassic-Cret Lithology Calcareous shale Siliceous Marl Total Area Size (sq mi) Total Gas (tcf) GIP (bcf/sq mi) Producable Gas (tcf) 9 (3 BBOE) 240 Depth (feet) Thickness (feet) Hor Well Cost ($M) 4.8 $7M vertical? Average EUR Source: Matador/ Easton Wren/EIA/Harts Pressure (psi) Temperature (F) C Ro TOC (%) Porosity (%) Matrix Permeability (nd) Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) Clay Content (%) Adsorbed Gas (%) 20

34 Eagle Ford fault and fracture seismic attributes Fault probability seismic attribute Faults Fractures Buda Source: Global Geophysical Services

35 Fault interpretation and early Eagle Ford wells Prior to 3D seismic, wells drilled through faults of various sizes

36 Filtering of attributes to highlight fault/fracture trends Generally, faults with seismic throw (>10 feet) are hazards

37 Eagle Ford Oil/Gas/Condensate Well Production Production data converted to Barrels of Oil Equivalent (BOE) Edwards Reef Trend Sligo Shelf Margin

38 BOE versus well length Production only has a correlation with horizontal length! Transform proprietary information

39 BOE versus choke size Choke size has a large impact on production Good and bad Transform proprietary information

40 BOE versus Fracture Stage Length Increased production with smaller fracture stage spacing (.202 cc)

41 BOE versus total proppant Increased production with amount of proppant pumped (.405 cc) Transform proprietary information

42 Eagle Ford depth and thickness variation Thickness and Depth vary dramatically across the play Eagle Ford Depth Lower Eagle Ford Thickness Depth ~ R0 + Pressure

43 Production versus extracted depth and thickness Thickness and Depth are important sweetspot drivers Depth Thickness

44 Fault proximity seismic attribute Extract along each well as a hazard detector Source: Global Geophysical Services Source: Global Geophysical Services

45 Analytic production model using engineering and geology Depth, well length, choke size, fault/fracture proximity important Predicted Production Depth, Length, Azimuth, Choke Size Actual Production

46 Analytic non-linear transforms drive optimization Identify optimal engineering and geologic sweetspots 5500 ft optimal? Larger choke >30/64? <350 stage length optimal? > ft Well depth Thickness >120 ft

47 Eagle Ford sweetspot map normalized engineering Identify productive rocks based upon depth, thickness, etc.

48 Summary What can be applied from North American analogs? No unconventional reservoir is the same Fundamental engineering and geology apply Seismic data is a very valuable tool when: It is good quality and designed for the unconventional target High fold, good offset and azimuth sampling (to support elastic inversion) Footprint removal, high-bandwidth processing (>60 Hz) Thickness is > 40 m Geologic hazards like faults and karsts are a problem Natural fracturing and stress are important and expressive It is calibrated with geology! Analytic methods can integrate seismic, geology and engineering data to make production prediction models: Identify impact of engineering parameters Construct a reservoir quality (sweetspot) map, unbiased by engineering An exploration approach, transitioning to pilot optimization and then to factory deployment guided by sweetspot trends is ideal

49 Thank You

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