Structural Classification of Minerals. Volume I

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Structural Classification of Minerals. Volume I"

Nickolas Walters
6 years ago
Views:

1 Structural Classification of Minerals Volume I

2 Solid Earth Science Library Volume 11

3 Structural Classification of Minerals Volume I: Minerals with A, Am Bn and ApBqC r General Chemical Formulas by J. LIMA-DE-FARIA Centro de Cristalografia e Mineralogia, Instituto de Investigagiio Cientifica Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Printed on acid-free paper Cover illustration: Packing drawing of a possible binary compound AB (Barlow, 1898, Fig. 8, p. 453); today knuwn tu correspond to halite, NaCI AII Rights Rese rved 2001 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 No part of the material protected hy this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or hy any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or hy any information storage and retrieva l system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

5 To my family Classification, as the author insists, has been proved to be not only an important but an integral part of the scientific enterprise. Kathleen Lonsdale" A good classification is a research tool. It is the base of any theoretical work. Jean Orcel h To change is always seeming fickleness. But not to change with the advance of science is worse; it is persistence in error... James Dwight Danae a In "Origins of Science of Crystals". Chemistry and industry, 1967,57-58 (p. 57). h In "Essai sur Ie concept d'espece et les classifications en Mineralogie et Petrographie", Mineralogie, Cristallographie, Aspects actuels. Soc. Miner. Crist. de France, 1954, (p. 404). C In the Preface of his "System of Mineralogy" (third edition). John Wiley, New York, 1850.

6 Contents Foreword D. Yu. Pushcharovsky LX 1.9. The similarity between the time Preface and acknowledgements Xl of James Dwight Dana and the present The structural classification of minerals Introduction 2. Presentation of the data The structural classification of 2.1. Selection and presentation of the minerals has to fit the general mineral data; systematic tables 11 structural classification of inorganic 2.2. The layer description of close-packed compounds 2 structures. The use of condensed 1.3. The scheme of the structural models and the systematic derivation classification of minerals 2 of mineral structures The structural notation; chemical 2.3. The tables of mineral structure types 97 and structural formulas; the symbol of the structure type 3 3. Conclusions Structural derivatives. The measure of the symmetry of crystal structures 6 References The representation of crystal Abbreviations used in the tables 129 structures 6 Mineral index The crystalline structure and Subject index 141 properties 7 Author index The structural classification of minerals is a natural classification 9 VII

7 Foreword In his foreword to Structural Mineralogy. An Introduction (Lima-de-Faria, 1994) P.B. Moore emphasized that this book "is really not an end in itself. Rather it is a rallying call to urge further clarification, representation and systematization of already known structures". If we consider the new book by Lima-de-Faria, Structural Classification of Minerals, in this context, we can ask what kind of new mineralogical data it contains. The twentieth century was characterized by great progress in the study of minerals. Less than 100 minerals were known up until Since that time, the rate of discovery of new minerals is steadily increasing. Now it is found that natural processes select some 4000 mineral species, and this number is increasing by minerals every year. These data extend the scientific ideas about the forms of concentration of chemical elements, about transformations of minerals during different processes, about classifications of minerals, etc. A classification is one of the fundamental aspects of modern mineralogy. Facts and phenomena must be put in order before we are able to understand them. Classification in mineralogy provokes one's imagination and helps to discover the parameters which control the formation of definite structural types. It is well known that the classification of minerals has changed throughout the ages. Its criteria followed the development of mineralogical science. The main criterion was first based on practical purposes, then on physical properties, later on chemical properties. Mineral classification today is largely structural, where the relation and hierarchy between minerals are based on structure similarity. This approach began to develop after 1913, when the first structures of minerals were determined, and the structural criterion for classification was taken into account. The first classification of this type, which takes into consideration the distribution of bonds in a structure, was that of silicates proposed by Machatschki (1928) and developed by Bragg (1930) and Naray Szabo (1930). The pure structural classification of minerals was first proposed by J. Lima-de-Faria in It corresponds to the application of the general structural classification of inorganic compounds (Lima-de-Faria & Figueiredo, 1976) to minerals, which are an integral part of them. The most general approach of the structural systematics is based on the analysis of the strength distribution and of the directional character of the bonds in crystal structures. There are atoms that are more tightly bound, and these assemblages are called structural units. They are considered as the main basis for the structural classification of minerals. Thus there are five main categories of structures: atomic or close-packed, group, chain, sheet and framework, according to their dimensionality. This approach to the analysis of the crystal structures was approved by the IUCr Commission on Crystallographic Nomenclature in Later on, in 1994, J. Limade-Faria applied the structural classification to the most common minerals (about 500 minerals organized into 230 structure types). Now his task has become much more ambitious: to cover approximately 3500 mineral species. I am sure that some mineralogists will be confused when they discover in the same section of the classification chemically different minerals such as periclase, halite, galena, osbornite, etc. One can agree or disagree with such an approach, however everybody should accept that there are clear and logical principles in the system of IX

8 x minerals proposed by Jose Lima-de-Faria. Several chapters of his new book explain many crystal chemical terms and phenomena, which were not defined clearly enough in earlier publications and which are used by mineralogists in their everyday work. It includes structural notation, chemical and structural formulas, the mode of presentation of crystal structures, the correlation between crystalline structure and properties of minerals, and some other problems. Consequently this work is of particular interest to teachers, students and researchers in crystallography, mineralogy and inorganic crystal chemistry in academia. Sir James Barrie ( ) once noted that "a man of science appears to be the only man who has something to say - and the only man who does not know how to say it". This new book written by Jose Lima-de-Faria justifies only the first part of this statement and proves that the author really knows how to explain his ideas about the mysterious world of minerals. D. Yu. Pushcharovsky Professor at Moscow State University

9 Preface and Acknowledgements Now that the structural classification of minerals has been proposed and schematized (Lima-de Faria, 1983) and applied to the most common minerals (Lima-de-Faria, 1994), it is necessary to extend it to the whole domain of minerals (approximately 3800). As Fedorov said in 1913 "the structural classification of minerals is the natural classification". Such a large project has to be undertaken in several stages, and we chose to tackle this problem by ordering the minerals from the simple to the more complex general chemical formulas, like Machatschki did in Consequently this first part is concerned with minerals of general chemical formulas: A, A B, and ABC, involvm n p q r ing 960 mineral species. Of these, 922 correspond to this first part, 2 are amorphous, and 36 have structural formulas of the type ApB CrD s ' and consequently will not be included in this first part of our study. We want to give credit to the many mineralogists and crystallographers who, since 1913, have contributed to the determination of mineral structures. Their work has, in many cases, remained of very little use. It is now time to awake and do it justice. Grateful acknowledgement is made of the support facilities afforded by the Instituto de Investigac;ao Cientifica Tropical, in particular by its President, Professor Joaquim Cruz e Silva, and by the Director of the Crystallographic and Mineralogical Center, my colleague Professor Maria Ondina Figueiredo. Thanks are due to my wife Natasha for assistance in the computer work, and to my friend Arnaldo Silverio for helping with the English. Professor Dmitry Pushcharovsky, besides having agreed to write the Foreword, has encouraged this work from the beginning, and I am very much indebted for his collaboration. I had to ask permission of some authors and publishers to reproduce the figures and tables. I am grateful to Professor EC. Hawthorne and to the following publishers: American Mineralogist, Plenum Publishing Corporation, Mineralogical Society of America, and the Institut fur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. We are convinced that the structural classification of minerals will open new avenues in the development of mineralogical science. The relationship between structure and properties has to be improved, in order that we may take more advantages of this classification. The present situation is similar to that at the time of James Dwight Dana (1850) when he proposed the general use of the chemical classification, instead of the physical classification. Like him we have to face many difficulties and oppositions. Let us hope that the new structural classification will not take too long a time to be understood and widely accepted. Xl

OSCILLATION THEORY FOR DIFFERENCE AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

OSCILLATION THEORY FOR DIFFERENCE AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Oscillation Theory for Difference and Functional Differential Equations by Ravi P. Agarwal Department of Mathematics, National University