Habitable Worlds. DarthVader forces Princess Leia to witness the destruction of her home planet of Alderaan.
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1 Habitable Worlds DarthVader forces Princess Leia to witness the destruction of her home planet of Alderaan. If forced to find a new planet for your people to live on what would you look for.
2 List the 3 most important abiotic requirements for life
3 Living Things Require: 1. Liquid Water 2. Raw Materials (note: living things are made mostly of CHNOPS) 3. An Energy Source
4 Matter and Energy Life
5 Energy Sources for Life Solar Chemical Organic molecules (carbon based (has C and H)) Inorganic molecules (Ex: forms of sulfur and iron redox reactions energy for some bacteria))
6 Liquid Water Dissolves and moves things Helps maintain balances (homeostasis) Balances temperature Balances concentrations of dissolved things
7 Raw materials = Nutrients Living things are made up of CHNOPS = 6 most important elements of life What do you know about CHNOPS????
8 Nutrients must be recycled Decomposers recycle nutrients ROCK CYCLE AND PLATE TECTONICS IMPORTANT Earth = only planet with plate tectonics
9 Origins of the Earth
10 The world as we know it starts as a large cloud of gas and dust
11 A star is born when gravity pulls molecules so close they begin to fuse
12 Define fusion
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15 Fusion reactions within stars all of the elements up to iron
16 Eventually stars (including our sun) will run out of fuel 6.5 billion years from now
17 They explode with a massive amount of energy heavier elements like silver and gold
18 Origin of our solar system timeline
19 4.9 billion years ago
20 4.5bya Sun and Planets are Born
21 Earth ~ 4.3 billion years old
22 4bya
23 Life??? ~ 3.8 billion years ago
24 3.7bya fossils found in Greenland (2016 NBC News article)
25
26 Define Evolution
27 Steps of evolution Must have variation different phenotypes (inc by mutation and sexual reproduction) Competition and environmental stress natural selection survival of the fittest Best adapted survive and reproduce
28 What is necessary for evolution to occur Sexual reproduction and mutations variation in populations Change in environment Competition natural selection Best adapted survive and reproduce
29 Things that limit the ability to adapt Genetic drift (random changes in gene pool good genes can be lost) Limited genetic variability in population Time delays (cannot adapt fast enough) Low reproductive capacity (not enough males and females, long gestation period)
30 Define Extinction Background extinction rate - relatively constant rate of extinction in the fossil record Mass extinction - major loss of many species climate change, catastrophic events, humans
31 Former Mass Extinctions Fossil evidence suggest 5 mass extinctions Most recent mass extinction = 65mil years ago (dinosaurs) Theory = caused by large asteroid falling in Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) massive dust clouds global cooling Supported by huge global deposits of iridium(rare on earth common on meteors) in K-T boundary clay deposits
32 Current crisis According to Conservation International extinction rates = 1000x s higher than background Human activities account for most of these extinctions
33 How humans increase extinction rates 1. HABITAT LOSS = #1 cause of extinction Simplify ecosystems (ex: monocultures food deserts) 2. Introducing new species (ex: emerald ashborer, purple loosestrife) 3. Direct harvest / Overhunting 4. Pollution (ex: DDT killed bald eagles, GHGs climate change)
34 Why we should care about high extinction rates 1. Diversity stability 2. Loss of species = loss of resources
35 The Dynamic Earth
36 Earth s Internal Zones CORE mostly iron 2 parts inner core solid due to hi pressure, outer core liquid due to hi temps C MANTLE (Fe, O, Si, Mg ) Mostly solid Asthenosphere = low velocity zone slows down seismic waves
37 Crust = km thick 1mile = 1.6 km How many miles thick is the crust? Show math no calculators
38 Answers 10 km = 6.25mi 65 km = mi
39 Crust (10-65 km thick) Most abundant element in crust (most mass) = OXYGEN 2 types (71% surface = oceanic, remainder = continental) Crust and upper mantle = lithosphere
40 Lithosphere is divided into 20 plates that float on the athenosphere
41 Plates move (~1 inch/year) what happens at boundaries???? Volcanoes
42 Earthquakes occur at boundaries The map above shows the distribution of earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.0 that occurred between 1965 and
43 Support for plate movement At plate boundaries volcanoes and earthquakes Plate tectonics 3 geomorphologic features (spreading centers, arc volcanoes, and subduction trenches)
44 Matching Coastlines and Glacier Evidence
45 Fossil Evidence
46 Plate Tectonics The theory that describes these plates and their movement Earth is the only planet in the solar system with plate tectonics HOW do we know??? Plate boundaries unique features (spreading centers, arc volcanoes, and subduction trenches)
47 Divergent boundaries Spreading Centers Occur where plates come apart Youngest parts of the ocean
48 Ex: Mid-Atlantic Ridge Runs thru Iceland lots of geothermal energy Volcanoes circulate hot water hydrothermal vent communities at rift Poseidon and Mt. Atlantis hydro_vents/images/galapagos.jpg
49 Ex: Africa s Great Rift Valley y/large/ riftvalleygallery3l. gif Note Lake Victoria between the rift valleys (Tall rift mtns. depression 2 nd largest freshwater lake in world (by area) (Lake Superior = largest) Kilimanjaro formed near a spreading center
50 Convergent boundaries Subduction Zones Arc volcanoes and trenches Plates move toward each other Often: oceanic plate subducted under continental plate
51 Subduction Ring of fire (most volcanically active belt on Earth) The Pacific Ring of Fire. Courtesy of NOAA.
52 Ex: Subduction zone Aleutian Islands
53 Cleveland Volcano - Aleutian Islands - May 2006 ISS JN Williams - NASA
54 Cascades of Washington
55 Subduction zones deep ocean trenches Mariana trench = deepest part of the ocean (~11km =?? miles)(1mi = 1.6km)
56 Different types of convergent boundaries Continent to continent ( Himalayas) Continent to ocean ( Andes Mountains) Ocean to ocean ( arc islands (Aleutians))
57 Transform Faults Plates slide past each other Mostly earthquakes Ex: San Andrea Fault
58 Convection of heat in mantle Define convection Convection = transfer of heat within a substance in currents plate movement
59 Hot Spots Some volcanoes not associated with plate boundaries or plate movement Ex: Hawaii
60 Life exists in the vents near hot spots Carbonate chimney (8 m) Off-axis vent (~60 o C) Aragonite and brucite flange Lost City ventfield Black smokers sulfides, ash and energy SEM picture of b Filamentous microbial communities Kelley et al. (2001) Other vents methane 24
61 Mars has a large plateau (Tharsis) with large volcanoes Most likely due to hot spots But no spreading centers, subduction trenches or arc volcanoes Mars???
62 Why not Venus and Mars? Mars?? Probably cooled too fast crust too thick for convection to develop Venus??? Probably too hot water boiled away from the crust (water acts as a lubricant and decreases melting temps subduction)
63 Jupiter s moon Ganymede??? Evidence of past movement
64 So what????
65 Plate tectonics involved in geochemical cycling Cycling = necessary for life
66 Tsunami s Practice APES free response 2014#3
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Announcements Lithospheric plates not as brittle as previously thought ESCI 322 Meet in Env. Studies Bldg Rm 60 at 1 PM on Tuesday One week (Thursday): Quiz on Booth 1994 and discussion. (Lots of odd terms
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PLATE TECTONICS 11/13/ Investigations of glaciers also indicated that the land masses on Earth were once a supercontinent.
PLATE TECTONICS Alfred Wegener thought that the landmasses fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. He called the land mass Pangaea. Meaning all land Continental Drift Wegener theory first coining the word -
Full file at
Chapter 2 PLATE TECTONICS AND PHYSICAL HAZARDS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What direction is the Pacific Plate currently moving, based on the chain of Hawaiian Islands with only the easternmost island
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Unit 4 - Water. Earth s Interior. Earth s Interior. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Crust. Mantle. Core.
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1. The slow movement of the continents across the Earth s surface is defined as - A Newton s 1 st Law of Motion B Continental Drift C Law of Transformation of Energy D Earth s movement 2. The scientist
6. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent.
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
Dynamic Crust Practice
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
LIGO sees binary neutron star merger on August 17, 2017
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A) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge?
1. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C)