Origin of the Blue Hills State Natural Area #74, Rusk County, Wisconsin
|
|
- Malcolm Lyons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Origin of the Blue Hills State Natural Area #74, Rusk County, Wisconsin by Andrew H. Thompson and Kent M. Syverson Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI ( Information in this report is modified from a poster presented at the North-Central Geological Society of America meeting in Akron, OH, on April 15 th, Official presentation reference: Thompson, A.H., and Syverson, K.M., 2006, Origin of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer State Natural Area #74, Rusk County, Wisconsin: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 38, no. 4, p. 25.
2 Abstract (from Thompson and Syverson, 2006) A felsenmeer exhibits angular boulders of uniform size resting on low-angle slopes. Felsenmeers may indicate intense freeze-thaw processes during periglacial conditions. The Blue Hills Felsenmeer State Natural Area in Rusk County, Wisconsin, was set aside to preserve an unusual boulder-covered valley. The aim of our study is to determine if this site is a true felsenmeer (rocks frost-shattered in place) or if it is a talus deposit (associated with falling rocks). The valley at the Blue Hills site (NW1/4 Sec. 31, T35N, R9W; Strickland 7.5' quadrangle) is 25 m deep, 300 m long, and trends east-west. The Blue Hills site was not glaciated during the late Wisconsinan Glaciation. The valley walls are covered by angular quartzite boulders with an average diameter of 0.7 m. The boulders are derived from subhorizontal beds of the underlying Precambrian Barron quartzite. The quartzite beds are up to 0.5 m thick and vertical joints trend approximately north-south and east-west. Valley-floor elevations decrease approximately 18 m from the head of the valley to the mouth. The midpoint of the longitudinal profile displays a bulge up to 9 m above the adjacent valley floor. Typical valley-wall slopes are about 25 degrees. These slopes are much higher than reported for other felsenmeers (<10 degrees). A few quartzite outcrops form flat benches 5 m wide and tens of meters long parallel to the valley's long axis. These are present along the walls of the felsenmeer valley approximately two-thirds of the way up the slope. Block fields are present above and below the benches. The block fields are indented slightly below the bedrock benches. This might indicate the deflection of falling rocks around the bedrock benches and suggest a rock-fall (talus) origin for the boulders. Angular quartzite blocks on gently sloping uplands around the site might represent a true felsenmeer. The steep slopes and indentations suggest a gravity-fall origin for the block fields within the valley and a feature that is a talus, and not a true felsenmeer. A ground-penetrating radar survey is planned for spring 2006 to determine the depth to bedrock below the boulders in the valley. If the feature is a talus, the boulders should be thicker at the base of the valley wall. Using these results it should be possible to determine the genesis of the site. Introduction A felsenmeer (German for sea of rocks ) is a feature that exhibits fairly uniformly sized, angular rocks resting on a low-angle slope (Washburn, 1973:191). Felsenmeers are generally caused by intense freeze-thaw processes in an area that shatter existing bedrock. The Blue Hills Felsenmeer State Natural Area (Fig. 1) is defined by two valley walls strewn with angular boulders that meet for approximately 300 meters (Fig. 2; Cahow, n.d.). Page 1
3 Figure 1A. Location of the Blue Hills State Natural Area. Extent of the Barron quartzite is from Ostrom (1995). Figure 1B. Topography surrounding the east-west-trending Blue Hills Felsenmeer valley. From Strickland USGS 7.5' Quadrangle, Wisconsin. The bedrock in the Blue Hills and blocks in the felsenmeer are made of the Barron quartzite, a rock approximately 1.63 to 1.75 billion years old (Fig. 1A; Holm and others, 1998). The angular quartzite blocks in the valley walls are up to 0.7 meters in diameter and generally tan to grey in color (Fig. 2). The Blue Hills were entirely covered by glacial ice during the early Chippewa Phase of the late Wisconsinan Glaciation (Johnson, 1986; Syverson and Colgan, Page 2
4 2004), and the valley might have been eroded at that time. Portions of the Blue Hills were subsequently covered during the late Chippewa Phase, but it is uncertain if the Blue Hills ice margin was sufficiently high to supply water for valley erosion. Cahow (n.d.) theorizes that the Blue Hills Felsenmeer valley was eroded initially by a normal stream, and then glacial meltwater quickly deepened the valley 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. After the valley was abandoned, periglacial conditions enhanced frost-wedging and shattered the quartzite seen in the valley today. The aim of this study is to determine if the site is a true felsenmeer (rocks frost-shattered in place) or if it is talus (a gravity-fall deposit, Fig. 3). If it is a true felsenmeer, this could be further evidence of permafrost conditions that existed in the area during the late Wisconsinan Glaciation from about 25,000-10,000 years ago (Clayton and others, 2001). Our research is also intended to supply the WDNR with quality geological interpretive materials for the Blue Hills Felsenmeer State Natural Area. Figure 2. Picture looking to the west down the Blue Hills Felsenmeer valley. Page 3
5 Methods Worked in the field for five days during the summer and fall of Performed reconnaissance investigation of uplands surrounding the felsenmeer valley. Measured elevation of valley floor and adjacent channel with a surveying rod, Brunton compass, and steel chain (Fig. 2). Measured orientation of joints and bedding in quartzite outcrops. Compared morphology of boulder-strewn valley walls to exposed bedrock outcrops. Analyzed and plotted elevation data using Microsoft Excel to produce a longitudinal profile of the felsenmeer valley. Results The slopes of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer valley walls are significantly higher (25 degrees, Fig. 3) than for other felsenmeers that more typically slope approximately 10 degrees (Davis, 2001:164). Angular blocks imply that water or glaciers did not transport the boulders in the felsenmeer (Fig. 4B). The crest in the valley floor near the center of the valley profile likely represents more the significant accumulation of talus (Fig. 5). If that is not true, then the valley needed to form beneath the glacier in order to allow water to flow uphill under hydraulic pressure. The tributary channel (Fig. 6) slopes upward toward the east and heads at a flat plain going uphill. This suggests a meltwater origin for the valley. Indentations in the block field on the north valley wall are located below bench-like bedrock outcrops (Fig. 6). These bedrock "benches" are present in the block field itself (Figs. 8, 9). Gently sloping uplands north of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer valley display angular quartzite boulders protruding from the forest litter. These boulders did not fall onto these uplands. Page 4
6 The thickness of the boulder accumulation on the uplands is unclear. These boulders might represent a true felsenmeer similar to those described elsewhere (Sugden and Watts, 1977). Figure 3. Formation of talus and felsenmeer. Both methods of formation are driven by mechanical weathering (breakage) of the rock -- something that would be accelerated by freeze-thaw processes acting under periglacial conditions. The primary difference is that talus blocks move downslope by gravity (Fig. 3B), and then accumulate in a thick deposit (talus) at the base of the cliff (Fig. 3C). Felsenmeer blocks form as rocks shatter during numerous freeze-thaw cycles, but the blocks remain in place (Figs. 3D, 3E). Thus, a felsenmeer covers the entire landscape with a relatively uniform thickness of angular blocks (Fig. 3F). Page 5
7 Figure 4A. Bedrock outcrop on the north side of the valley. Horizontal bedding and near-vertical joints are visible. Joints make freeze-thaw processes more effective. Figure 4B. Angular quartzite boulder near the valley floor. The size and shape of the boulder is typical to others in the block field. The angular shape implies breakage of the rock without transport by water or glacial ice. Page 6
8 Figure 5. Longitudinal profile of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer valley floor. The valley-floor profile is convex with a crest rising 9 m (30 ft) above the valley floor to the east. If this profile represents the original valley floor (yellow outline), then the valley had to be incised subglacially because surficial water cannot flow uphill. However, other data suggests that this crest probably formed as rock falls filled more of the valley in this area and obscured the original valley floor (red outline). Figure 6. Map of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer valley with only the block field on the north valley wall represented graphically. All indentations in the valley wall are below bedrock outcrops. The tributary channel to the east is generally dry, slopes into the main valley, and heads at a flat surface to the east. This tributary channel must have been fed by glacial meltwater that helped incise the felsenmeer valley. Certainly ice of the early Chippewa Phase reached this elevation, but it is unclear if ice of the late Chippewa Phase could have supplied water to this tributary channel. Page 7
9 Figure 7. Looking west from midway up the southern talus slope. Photo taken near the crest in the central part of the longitudinal profile (Fig. 5). A bedrock bench is hidden in the area of the X" (Fig. 8). The depth of the valley in the foreground is approximately 25 m (80 ft). Figure 8. Photo of bedrock "bench." The flat bench surface is controlled by subhorizontal bedding in the quartzite bedrock. To the left ("Y") is a steep block field at the head of the bench. Just off the picture to the right ("Z") is the head of the main block field extending down to the valley floor. This bench is approximately two-thirds of the way up the north valley wall. Figure 9 shows how this "bench" may have influenced block field morphology. Page 8
10 Figure 9. Falling rocks accumulate on the bedrock bench from steeply sloping area. These blocks do not reach the felsenmeer valley floor to the right. Thus, the valley wall is indented slightly below the bedrock bench (Fig. 6). Conclusions and Future Work The steeply sloping block fields in the valley, the convex longitudinal valley profile, and the indentations below some bedrock benches are all indicative of a talus origin for the felsenmeer. The angular boulders on the rounded uplands north of the felsenmeer valley are likely a true felsenmeer. A GPR survey of the felsenmeer valley is planned for summer 2006 to determine if the boulder thickness is uniform (thus implying a felsenmeer) or if boulder thickness is greater at the base of the slope (implying a gravity-fall origin for the blocks). Further work will be done during summer/fall 2006 to study the glacial history of the Blue Hills region. The maximum extent of the Chippewa Lobe during the late Chippewa Phase will be mapped to determine if meltwater of this phase could have eroded the valley now containing block fields. Page 9
11 Acknowledgments Adam Cahow, Professor Emeritus - UWEC Geography (For his guidance and assistance in the field) Wayne Tappon, DNR Liaison Forester to the Rusk County Forest (For his advice in the early stages of planning for the research) Paul Teska, Rusk County Forest Administrator (For his help throughout the project in getting access to the site) UW-Eau Claire Center of Excellence for Faculty and Undergraduate Student Research Collaboration (For funding this study) Bibliography Cahow, A.C., no date, The Blue Hills Felsenmeer State Natural Area: Unpublished manuscript available from the Wisconsin DNR Bureau of Endangered Resources office, 7 p. Clayton, L., Attig, J.W., and Mickelson, D.M., 2001, Effects of late Pleistocene permafrost on the landscape of Wisconsin, USA: Boreas, v. 30, no. 3, p Davis, N., 2001, Permafrost: A guide to frozen ground in transition: Fairbanks, University of Alaska Press, 351 p. Holm, D., Schneider, D., and Coath, C.D., 1998, Age and deformation of Early Proterozoic quartzites in the southern Lake Superior region: Implications for extent of foreland deformation during final assembly of Laurentia: Geology, v. 26, no. 10, p Johnson, M.D., 1986, Pleistocene geology of Barron County, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular 55, 42 p. Ostrom M.E., 1995, Bedrock Geology of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Sugden, D.E., and Watts, S.H., 1977, Tors, felsenmeer, and glaciation in northern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 14, p Syverson, K.M. and Colgan, P.M., 2004, The Quaternary of Wisconsin: a review of stratigraphy and glaciation history: Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology, Part II, p Thompson, A.H., and Syverson, K.M., 2006, Origin of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer State Natural Area #74, Rusk County, Wisconsin: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 38, no. 4, p. 25. Washburn, A.L., 1973, Periglacial processes and environments: New York, St. Martin's Press, 320 p. Page 10
Detailed Surficial Geologic Mapping and Terrain Analysis of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer Valley, Rusk County, Wisconsin
Detailed Surficial Geologic Mapping and Terrain Analysis of the Blue Hills Felsenmeer Valley, Rusk County, Wisconsin Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54702 Jeremy Hinke and
More informationLecture 10 Glaciers and glaciation
Lecture 10 Glaciers and glaciation Outline Importance of ice to people! Basics of glaciers formation, classification, mechanisms of movement Glacial landscapes erosion and deposition by glaciers and the
More information4. The map below shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom.
1. Sediment is deposited as a river enters a lake because the A) velocity of the river decreases B) force of gravity decreases C) volume of water increases D) slope of the river increases 2. Which diagram
More informationPeriglacial Geomorphology
Periglacial Geomorphology Periglacial Geomorphology Periglacial: literally means around glacial - term introduced in 1909 to describe landforms and processes around glaciated areas. Periglacial environments:
More informationName. 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different soil horizons, A, B, C, and D, are shown.
Name 1. In the cross section of the hill shown below, which rock units are probably most resistant to weathering? 4. The diagram below shows a soil profile formed in an area of granite bedrock. Four different
More informationBe able to understand the processes which occurred during the last ice age.
Glaciation Learning Intentions Be able to understand the processes which occurred during the last ice age. Be able to describe and explain the formation of features formed during glacial periods. 1 Water
More informationGlacial Modification of Terrain
Glacial Modification Part I Stupendous glaciers and crystal snowflakes -- every form of animate or inanimate existence leaves its impress upon the soul of man. 1 -Orison Swett Marden Glacial Modification
More informationMatch up the pictures and key terms
Match up the pictures and key terms 1 Plucking Striations 3 Roche Mountonnees 2 Chatter Marks 4 What is the difference between plucking and abrasion? Glacial Processes Erosion, Weathering and Deposition
More informationPat Dryer Half Moon Lake: A True Oxbow Lake? Geography 364 April 1 st, 2007
Pat Dryer Half Moon Lake: A True Oxbow Lake? Geography 364 April 1 st, 2007 Appendix Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Methods 3 Results 3 Discussion 5 Conclusion 11 1 Abstract Half Moon Lake appears to be an
More information3. GEOLOGY. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Results and Discussion Regional Geology Surficial Geology Mine Study Area
3. GEOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the baseline study of the geology and mineralization characteristics of the mine study area. The study consolidates existing geological data and exploration
More informationPeriglacial processes, features & landscape development /4 Glacial Systems and landscapes
Periglacial processes, features & landscape development 3.1.4.3/4 Glacial Systems and landscapes What you need to know Where periglacial landscapes are found and what their key characteristics are The
More informationUNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SYSTEM SOLID WASTE RESEARCH PROGRAM Student Project Report. A Search for Industrial Waste and Buried Logs in Rib Lake
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SYSTEM SOLID WASTE RESEARCH PROGRAM Student Project Report A Search for Industrial Waste and Buried Logs in Rib Lake July 2015 Student Investigators: Drake Bortolameolli and Sean
More informationLowland Glaciation North Wales
Lowland Glaciation North Wales Background Although there have been many glaciations and advances in ice, the most significant for this are was the Dimlington Stadial which was a period of glacial advance
More informationLandforms and Rock Structure
Landforms and Rock Structure Rock Structure as a Landform Control Landforms of Horizontal Strata and Coastal Plains Landforms of Warped Rock Layers Landforms Developed on Other Land-Mass Types Landforms
More informationLandscape. Review Note Cards
Landscape Review Note Cards Last Ice Age Pleistocene Epoch that occurred about 22,000 Years ago Glacier A large, long lasting mass of ice which forms on land and moves downhill because of gravity. Continental
More informationTerrain Units PALEOGEOGRAPHY: LANDFORM CREATION. Present Geology of NYS. Detailed Geologic Map of NYS
NYS TOPOGRAPHY Why so? PALEOGEOGRAPHY: LANDFORM CREATION Prof. Anthony Grande AFG 014 Present Geology of NYS Detailed Geologic Map of NYS Generalized Geology Detailed Geology Hot links to the fold out
More informationCh 10 Deposition Practice Questions
1. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below. Six identical cylinders, A through F, were filled with equal volumes of sorted spherical particles. The data table shows the particle
More informationMAPPING BEDROCK: Verifying Depth to Bedrock in Calumet County using Seismic Refraction
MAPPING BEDROCK: Verifying Depth to Bedrock in Calumet County using Seismic Refraction Revised December 13, 2011 Dave Hart Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey INTRODUCTION Seismic refraction
More informationThe Niagara Escarpment extends from western New York, through the GTA all the way up to Manitoulin Island and into Michigan and Wisconsin.
is southern Ontario s most prominent topographic feature, extending more than 500 kilometres from western New York, through Niagara Falls and the western part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and north
More informationName: Mid-Year Review #2 SAR
Name: Mid-Year Review #2 SAR Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on on the diagram below, which shows laboratory materials used for an investigation of the effects of sediment size on permeability,
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 7 Glaciers, Desert, and Wind 7.1 Glaciers Types of Glaciers A glacier is a thick ice mass that forms above the snowline over hundreds or thousands of
More informationmountain rivers fixed channel boundaries (bedrock banks and bed) high transport capacity low storage input output
mountain rivers fixed channel boundaries (bedrock banks and bed) high transport capacity low storage input output strong interaction between streams & hillslopes Sediment Budgets for Mountain Rivers Little
More informationSome Periglacial Morphology in the Sagarmatha. (Everest) Region, Khumbu Himal*
Seppyo, 1976 S. Iwata 115 Some Periglacial Morphology in the Sagarmatha (Everest) Region, Khumbu Himal* Shuji Iwata** Abstract The periglacial morphology in the Sagarmatha region, Khumbu Himal, was surveyed
More informationGlacial Geology of Moose Point State Park, ME
Geologic Site of the Month May, 2013 Glacial Geology of Moose Point State Park, Maine 44 o 25 59.18"N, 68 o 56 37.11"W Text and photos by Woodrow B. Thompson, Department of Agriculture, Conservation &
More informationThe Geology of Sebago Lake State Park
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities September, 2002 43 55 17.46 N, 70 34 13.07 W Text by Robert Johnston, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Map by Robert Johnston Introduction Sebago
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) Which property would best distinguish sediment deposited by a river from sediment deposited by a glacier? thickness of sediment layers age of fossils found in the sediment mineral composition
More informationThe Palmer Hill Glacial-Marine Delta, Whitefield, Maine
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities December, 2010, Maine 44 o 10 12.16 N, 69 o 37 18.93 W Text by Woodrow Thompson, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Introduction The most recent continental
More informationHow do glaciers form?
Glaciers What is a Glacier? A large mass of moving ice that exists year round is called a glacier. Glaciers are formed when snowfall exceeds snow melt year after year Snow and ice remain on the ground
More informationIs Bald Hill the Hill of a Hill-hole Pair?
Introduction The purpose of this research is to test whether the Bald Hill complex, located in Farmingville, Long Island, which is part of the Ronkonkoma Moraine, is a glaciotectonic feature, possibly
More informationPrehistoric Clay Sources: A Forensic Exercise in Geoarchaeology
Prehistoric Clay Sources: A Forensic Exercise in Geoarchaeology Lynn Ketterhagen Faculty Sponsor: Dean Wilder, Department of Geography and Earth Science ABSTRACT The prehistoric Oneota culture of the Upper
More informationWeathering, Erosion, Deposition
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition The breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth s Surface. Physical Chemical - The breakdown of rock into smaller pieces without chemical change. - Dominant in moist /cold conditions
More information2. What type of rocks would you expect in this area, based on the topography? What is your reasoning?
Geology 101 Bonus Lab Name Topographic maps are useful in helping us interpret the history of the landscape of an area. The questions below are designed to help you learn to interpret topographic maps.
More informationA Geological Tour of Tumbledown Mountain, Maine
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities April, 1998 A Geological Tour of Tumbledown Mountain, Maine 44 45 3.21 N, 70 32 50.24 W Text by Robert G. Marvinney, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry
More informationTHE BEDROCK SURFACE AND FORMER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO 1
THE BEDROCK SURFACE AND FORMER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO 1 STANLEY E. NORRIS, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio INTRODUCTION The bedrock surface of Montgomery County,
More informationExamining the Terrestrial Planets (Chapter 20)
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS NAME: Examining the Terrestrial Planets (Chapter 20) For this assignment you will require: a calculator, colored pencils, a metric ruler, and your geology
More information1. Any process that causes rock to crack or break into pieces is called physical weathering. Initial product = final product
Weathering 1. Any process that causes rock to crack or break into pieces is called physical weathering. Initial product = final product End Result of physical weathering is increased surface area. 2. Physical
More informationFigure 1 The map shows the top view of a meandering stream as it enters a lake. At which points along the stream are erosion and deposition dominant?
1. In which type of climate does chemical weathering usually occur most rapidly? 1. hot and dry 3. cold and dry 2. hot and wet 4. cold and wet 2. Figure 1 The map shows the top view of a meandering stream
More informationWhich landscape best represents the shape of the valleys occupied by glaciers? A) B) C) D)
1. Glaciers often form parallel scratches and grooves in bedrock because glaciers A) deposit sediment in unsorted piles B) deposit rounded sand in V-shaped valleys C) continually melt and refreeze D) drag
More informationExcursion guide NW Skåne, NGEA 01, 2018 PART 3. ASSIGNMENTS
Excursion guide NW Skåne, NGEA 01, 2018 PART 3. ASSIGNMENTS by Associate Prof. Jonas Åkerman 1 Cover photo; The NW exposed coastline at Josefinelust with coarse beach boulders (Sw. malar ), gneiss is the
More informationWhat are the different ways rocks can be weathered?
Romano - 223 What are the different ways rocks can be weathered? Weathering - the breakdown of rocks and minerals at the Earth s surface 1. 2. PHYSICAL WEATHERING Rock is broken into smaller pieces with
More information3/5/05 Dr. Stewart 1
I. Physiography of Appalachian Mountains A. Introduction 1. These mountains extend from NE Canada to Georgia 2. They are the remains of a deeply eroded, ancient mountain chain once larger than the Himalayans
More informationPage 1 of 9 Name: Base your answer to the question on the diagram below. The arrows show the direction in which sediment is being transported along the shoreline. A barrier beach has formed, creating a
More informationAmazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages Updated by: Rick Oches, Professor of Geology & Environmental Sciences Bentley University Waltham, Massachusetts Based on slides prepared by: Ronald L. Parker, Senior
More informationMoosehead Lake and the Tale of Two Rivers
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities June, 2005 45 o 53 5.09 N, 69 o 42 14.54 W Text by Kelley, A.R.; Kelley, J.T.; Belknap, D.F.; and Gontz, A.M. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Maine, Orono,
More informationDay 3 Weathering and Erosion.notebook. October 02, Section 7.2. Erosion and Deposition. Objectives
Objectives Describe the relationship of gravity to all agents of erosion. Contrast the features left from different types of erosion. Analyze the impact of living and nonliving things on the processes
More informationEROSIONAL FEATURES. reflect
reflect Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered what processes shaped what you see? Perhaps you see mountains, valleys, rivers, or canyons. Do you know how long these geologic features
More information4. What type of glacier forms in a sloping valley between rock walls? a. firn glacier b. ice sheet c. cirque d. alpine glacier
Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term means the loss of snow and ice by evaporation and melting. a. sublimation b. ablation c. erosion d. abrasion 2. What condition must be met for a glacier to begin flowing
More information1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart.
1. The diagram below shows the stump of a tree whose root grew into a small crack in bedrock and split the rock apart. 4. Which process involves either a physical or chemical breakdown of earth materials?
More informationClast fabric in a Stony Brook campus moraine: Testing models for the process of glacial lobe dynamics
Clast fabric in a Stony Brook campus moraine: Testing models for the process of glacial lobe dynamics Jennifer DePaoli, Charles Regulinski, Josh Timlin, Dan Davis and Elliot Klein Department of Geosciences
More informationPROMISED LAND STATE PARK PIKE COUNTY ANCIENT RIVERS AND AGES OF ICE
PENNSYLVANIA TRAIL OF GEOLOGY PARK GUIDE 18 PROMISED LAND STATE PARK PIKE COUNTY ANCIENT RIVERS AND AGES OF ICE Promised Land State Park is located on a broad upland surface known as the Pocono Plateau.
More informationCattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16
Cattaraugus Creek: A Story of Flowing Water and the Geology of the Channel It Flows Through Presentation to West Valley Citizen Task Force 4/27/16 Raymond C. Vaughan, Ph.D. What happens if you drop a
More informationW he natural resources of Adams
Above: Houghton Rock, Town of Adams. Following Page: "The Hole in the Rock" on Rattlesnake Mound--both remnants of rock formed by ancient seas hundreds of millions of year5 ago. (Courtesy, H.H. Bennett
More informationNew Mexico Geological Society
New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/34 Rock glaciers on the west slope of South Baldy, Magdalena Mountains, Socorro County, New Mexico John W. Blagbrough
More informationWonder as you Wander up the Carding Mill Valley
Wonder as you Wander up the Carding Mill Valley Spot clues to the 600 million year old history of the Long Mynd. Consider how the Earth has evolved since the rock you are walking over first formed. Welcome
More informationAnswers: Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy)
Answers: Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy) 1. Analyse the adjustment of the crust to changes in loads associated with volcanism, mountain building, erosion, and glaciation by using the concept
More informationLandscape evolution. An Anthropic landscape is the landscape modified by humans for their activities and life
Landforms Landscape evolution A Natural landscape is the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture. An Anthropic landscape is the landscape modified by humans for their activities
More informationChapter 2. Wearing Down Landforms: Rivers and Ice. Physical Weathering
Chapter 2 Wearing Down Landforms: Rivers and Ice Physical Weathering Weathering vs. Erosion Weathering is the breakdown of rock and minerals. Erosion is a two fold process that starts with 1) breakdown
More informationEvidence for Permafrost on Long Island
Evidence for Permafrost on Long Island By Vesna Kundic and Gilbert N. Hanson Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Permafrost or permanently frozen ground is soil or rock that remains below
More informationLandforms. Why does the land look like it does? 1. Controlled by water 2. Controlled by the rocks
Landforms Why does the land look like it does? 1. Controlled by water 2. Controlled by the rocks Landforms Made by Running Water Stream erosion The evolution of a river system Entrenched meanders Fluvial
More informationHiking the Bold Coast, Cutler, Maine
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities June, 2010 Hiking the Bold Coast, Cutler, Maine 44 o 39 36.34 N, 67 o 12 46.99 W Text by Robert A. Johnston, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Map
More informationGuided Notes Surface Processes. Erosion & Deposition By: Glaciers
Guided Notes Surface Processes Erosion & Deposition By: Glaciers K. Coder 2015 26) How does moving ice erode and deposit sediments? Glaciers (Movement of Ice): a naturally formed mass of ice and snow that
More informationErosional Features. What processes shaped this landscape?
Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered what processes shaped what you see? Perhaps you see mountains, valleys, rivers, or canyons. Do you know how long these geologic features have been
More informationLecture Outline Lecture Outline Monday April 9-16, 2018 Questions? Announcements:
Lecture Outline Lecture Outline Monday April 9-16, 2018 Questions? Announcements: Geology 101 Night Video: The Day After Tomorrow Hollywood disaster movie about the onset of a glacial period When: Monday
More informationPratice Surface Processes Test
1. The cross section below shows the movement of wind-driven sand particles that strike a partly exposed basalt cobble located at the surface of a windy desert. Which cross section best represents the
More informationGIFFORD PINCHOT STATE PARK DIABASE (MOLTEN LIQUID ROCK)
PENNSYLVANIA TRAIL OF GEOLOGY PARK GUIDE 10 GIFFORD PINCHOT STATE PARK DIABASE (MOLTEN LIQUID ROCK) Gifford Pinchot State Park contains examples of the three major rock classes: igneous, metamorphic, and
More informationMaximum Extent of Pleistocene Glaciation - 1/3 of land surface Most recent glacial maximum peaked 18,000 years ago and is considered to have ended
Glaciers Maximum Extent of Pleistocene Glaciation - 1/3 of land surface Most recent glacial maximum peaked 18,000 years ago and is considered to have ended 10,000 B.P. Current Extent of Glaciation - about
More informationWeathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development I. Weathering - the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, also called sediments, by natural processes. Weathering is further divided into
More informationBell Ringer. Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants.
Bell Ringer Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants. 5.3 Mass Movements Triggers of Mass Movements The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity is
More informationMichigan s Geology and Groundwater
Michigan s Geology and Groundwater Ralph J. Haefner Deputy Director U.S. Geological Survey Michigan-Ohio Water Science Center Lansing, Michigan Outline About the USGS Geology 101 Michigan s geology Bedrock
More informationThe boulder was most likely moved to this location by A) glacial ice B) prevailing wind C) streamfiow D) volcanic action
1. Which rock material was most likely transported to its present location by a glacier? A) rounded sand grains found in a river delta B) rounded grains found in a sand dune C) residual soil found on a
More informationCURRICULUM TR AILING ICE AGE M YST ERI E S
MIDDLE SCHOOL CURRICULUM TR AILING ICE AGE M YST ERI E S THE Driftless Area CONTENTS I. Enduring Knowledge... 3 II. Teacher Background... 3 III. Before Viewing the Video... 5 IV. Viewing Guide... 5 V.
More informationClyde River Landslide
Clyde River Landslide Department of Geology, Perkins Hall, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 Abstract: This paper investigates a landslide on the Clyde River in Newport, Vermont. The landslide
More informationAreal Scour vs. Selective Linear Erosion
Erosional Forms and Landscapes Erosional Landscapes Areal Scour vs. Selective Linear Erosion Cirques Form and Morphology Many Forms Red Tarn Cirque Basin English Lake District Red Tarn Cirque Basin, English
More informationPALEOGEOGRAPHY of NYS. Definitions GEOLOGIC PROCESSES. Faulting. Folding 9/6/2012. TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF MAP of NYS GRADATIONAL TECTONIC
TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF MAP of NYS PALEOGEOGRAPHY of NYS Prof. Anthony Grande AFG 2012 Definitions GEOLOGIC PROCESSES Geography: study of people living on the surface of the earth. Geology: the scientific study
More informationGeology and New England Landscapes
Geology and New England Landscapes Jim Turenne, CPSS USDA-NRCS Warwick, RI. http://nesoil.com Why Geology? Provides the big picture of site conditions. Major part of soil formation (parent material and
More informationWhat is weathering and how does it change Earth s surface? Answer the question using
7 th Grade Lesson What is weathering and how does it change Earth s surface? Answer the question using the sentence frame. You have 4 minutes. Weathering is. This changes the Earth s surface because. 1
More informationPreliminaries to Erosion: Weathering and Mass Wasting
Preliminaries to Erosion: Weathering & Mass Wasting All things deteriorate in time. Virgil 1 Preliminaries to Erosion: Weathering and Mass Wasting Denudation The Impact of Weathering and Mass Wasting on
More informationThe Montauk Peninsula: Data and Preliminary Interpretations of the Ditch Plains Area Introduction
The Montauk Peninsula: Data and Preliminary Interpretations of the Ditch Plains Area John A. Black GSI Patchogue, New York R.S. Welch Suffolk Community College Selden, New York Introduction Sirkin, (1982)
More informationUnit 3 Review - Surface Processes
Unit 3 Review - Surface Processes 1. Why is the surface of Mercury covered with meteor impact craters, while Earth s surface has relatively few craters? A) Mercury is larger than Earth, so it gets hit
More informationTopic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p ) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 WEATHERING
Topic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p. 95-125) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 THE BIG PICTURE: Weathering, erosion and deposition are processes that cause changes to rock material
More informationSurficial Geologic Mapping Proposal for STATEMAP FY2019
Surficial Geologic Mapping Proposal for STATEMAP FY2019 presented by David Grimley Illinois State Geological Survey Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois IGMAC meeting, September 6 th, 2018
More informationChanges to Land 5.7B. landforms: features on the surface of Earth such as mountains, hills, dunes, oceans and rivers
All the landforms on Earth have changed over time and continue to change. Many of the changes were caused by wind, moving water, and moving ice. Mountains have grown and shrunk. Rivers have cut away land
More informationScience Olympiad Dynamic Earth: Glaciers
Science Olympiad Dynamic Earth: Glaciers Write the appropriate response next to the corresponding number on the answer sheet. 1. Name 2 aspects of a glacier that define it as such (questions #1-2, 1 point
More informationThink about the landforms where you live. How do you think they have changed over time? How do you think they will change in the future?
reflect All the landforms on Earth have changed over time and continue to change. Many of the changes were caused by wind, moving water, and moving ice. Mountains have grown and shrunk. Rivers have cut
More informationLithosphere Features Of Glacial Erosion. Corrie;
Corrie; Lithosphere Features Of Glacial Erosion These are bowl like hollows in the sides of mountains formed by glacial erosion A small hollow on the side of a mountain will start to fill with snow all
More informationJune 9, R. D. Cook, P.Eng. Soils Engineer Special Services Western Region PUBLIC WORKS CANADA WESTERN REGION REPORT ON
PUBLIC WORKS CANADA WESTERN REGION REPORT ON GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION PROPOSED MARTIN RIVER BRIDGE MILE 306.7 MACKENZIE HIGHWAY Submitted by : R. D. Cook, P.Eng. Soils Engineer Special Services Western
More informationBradbury Mountain, Pownal, Maine
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities August, 2008 Bradbury Mountain, Pownal, Maine 43 o 53 56.56 N, 70 o 10 45.11 W Text by Henry N. Berry IV, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry 1 Introduction
More informationStarting at Rock Bottom
Starting at Rock Bottom At rock bottom of the Brushy Creek site s geological column lies the first clue to human habitation: A smelting and heattreating furnace, and mold, carved into Bed Ked: Figure 15
More informationRIVERS, GROUNDWATER, AND GLACIERS
RIVERS, GROUNDWATER, AND GLACIERS Delta A fan-shaped deposit that forms when a river flows into a quiet or large body of water, such as a lake, an ocean, or an inland sea. Alluvial Fan A sloping triangle
More informationC) use of nuclear power D) number of volcanic eruptions
3121-1 - Page 1 Name: 1) The graph below shows the change in carbon dioxide concentration in parts per million (ppm) in Earth's atmosphere from 1960 to 1990. The most likely cause of the overall change
More informationGround-Water Exploration in the Worthington Area of Nobles County: Summary of Seismic Data and Recent Test Drilling Results
Ground-Water Exploration in the Worthington Area of Nobles County: Summary of Seismic Data and Recent Test Drilling Results Jim Berg and Todd Petersen Geophysicists, DNR Waters January 2000 Table of Contents
More informationEvidence of Ice Retreat, East Shore of Sabattus Pond
Maine Geologic Facts and Localities November, 2002 Evidence of Ice Retreat, East Shore of Sabattus Pond 44 7 25.14 N, 70 5 21.69 W Text by Michael E. Foley, Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry
More informationFrom Punchbowl to Panum: Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain
From Punchbowl to Panum: Leslie Schaffer E105 2002 Final Paper Long Valley Volcanism and the Mono-Inyo Crater Chain Figure 1. After a sequence of earthquakes during the late 1970 s to the early 1980 s
More informationSTAAR Science Tutorial 40 TEK 8.9C: Topographic Maps & Erosional Landforms
Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: STAAR Science Tutorial 40 TEK 8.9C: Topographic Maps & Erosional Landforms TEK 8.9C: Interpret topographic maps and satellite views to identify land and erosional features and
More information1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below
1. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? A) a wet climate in which temperatures remain below freezing B) a wet climate in which temperatures alternate
More informationPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas GLACIAL PROCESSES Glacial Processes The Impact of Glaciers on the Landscape Glaciations Past and Present Types of Glaciers Glacier Formation and Movement The Effects of
More informationContinental Landscapes
Continental Landscapes Landscape influenced by tectonics, climate & differential weathering Most landforms developed within the last 2 million years System moves toward an equilibrium Continental Landscapes
More informationUsing High-Resolution Airphotos for Assessing Landscape Change. Torre Jorgenson
Using High-Resolution Airphotos for Assessing Landscape Change Torre Jorgenson It s All a Matter of Scale Landsat TM 28-m pixel Ikonos Fused 1-m pixel Digital Camera 0.2-m pixel Examples of Landscape
More informationLandslides and Ground Water Permeability with Respect to the. Contact Point of Glacial Lake Vermont and the Champlain Sea
Landslides and Ground Water Permeability with Respect to the Contact Point of Glacial Lake Vermont and the Champlain Sea Sediments at Town Line Brook, Winooski, VT Michala Peabody Lara Vowles Abstract:
More informationEvidence for distribution and thickness of Athens Sub-episode and older sediments in Ottawa County, Michigan
Evidence for distribution and thickness of Athens Sub-episode and older sediments in Ottawa County, Michigan Patrick M. Colgan Department of Geology Grand Valley State University With thanks to Al Kehew
More information