Rocks. Basic definitions. Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
|
|
- Garey Cain
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Rocks Basic definitions Rock: a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or glass. Igneus Rocks: all rocks that form by cooling and/or crystalization of molten material within the crust or at the Earth s surface. Sedimentary Rocks: all rocks formed by deposition and consolidation of mineral grains and those formed from precipitation of minerals from solution in water. The grains and solutions derived from the breakdown of pre-existing rocks at the Earth s surface. Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks: all rocks formed when pre-existing rocks are subjected to high temperatures and/or pressure and interaction with chemically active fluids. The Earth can be considered as being made up of a series of concentric spheres, each made up of materials that differ in terms of composition and mechanical properties. Igneous rocks make up the majority of the Earth s crust. Sedimentary rocks dominate the Earth s surface. The temperature increases from the surface of the crust to the centre of the core (7000 degrees C). 1
2 Igneous Rocks All rocks that form from cooling of a mass of molten rock (melt or magma). Includes crystalline rocks (interlocking mineral crystals) and glasses (lacking crystalline minerals). Igneous Rock First order classification: based on average crystal size (termed texture). Coarse-grained: 1 mm or larger. Fine-grained: less than 1 mm. Phaneritic: mineral grains can be seen with the unaided eye. Aphanitic: mineral grains cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Coarse-grained igneous rocks are formed as intrusive rock bodies: They crystallize relatively slowly within the Earth s crust. Fine-grained igneous rocks are formed as extrusive rock bodies: They crystallize relatively quickly at or very near the surface of the Earth. In general, the size of the crystals depends on the rate of cooling; the slower the rate of cooling the larger the crystals that form. Magma that is extruded to the Earth s surface is called lava. Many lavas crystallize so quickly that there is no time for the organized structure of crystals to develop. The texture of such rocks is termed glassy and the rocks lack discrete minerals. Gas trapped in the magma when it cools quickly forms bubbles that remain after cooling and solidification; the resulting void spaces in the rock are termed vesicules Obsidian is an igneous rock that cooled very quickly at the Earth s surface and displays a glassy texture and conchoidal fracture. Pumice is a glassy igneous rock that is characterized by many small vesicules. 2
3 Additional terms related to crystal size: The world s largest crystals: gypsum crystals found in caves near a zinc and silver mine in Mexico. Pegmatite: very coarsegrained igneous rock with crystals exceeding 2.5 cm in size. Porphyritic: large crystals set in a matrix of finer crystals. The large crystals are termed phenocrysts. Igneous rocks are classified more precisely on the basis of the relative proportions of their minerals. Silicic or Felsic rocks: white, grey or pink in colour; rich in quartz, potassium feldspars and sodium plagioclase feldspars and biotite/muscovite. Intermediate rocks: salt and pepper for coarsegrained rocks, dark grey for fine-grained rocks; rich in amphiboles and calcium plagioclase feldspars. Mafic rocks: dark grey to black in colour; rich in calcium plagioclase feldspars and pyroxene. Ultramafic rocks: green to black in colour; rich in olivine. 3
4 Igneous rock names based on texture and composition. Coarse-grained Fine-grained Silicic or felsic Granite Rhyolite Diorite Andesite Intermediate Gabbro Basalt Mafic Ultramafic Peridotite Komatiite Crystallization from Magma Magmas begin deep within the crust or the upper mantle where temperatures are high enough to melt rock. Geothermal Gradient: the rate of increase in temperature with depth beneath the Earth s surface. On average: 3 C per 100 m depth. The melting or crystallization temperature depends on: The pressure exerted on the material (which depends on the depth of burial). The amount of water that is present within the magma. The chemical composition of the magma. the world's deepest mine, 3,585 m below surface at the East Rand mine, SA. 4
5 Melting/Crystallization temperature increases with depth beneath the Earth s surface (if the rocks are dry) due to the increase in pressure with depth. Melting of dry rocks will normally not occur beneath continents because temperature do not become sufficiently high. Water, under pressure, substantially reduces the melting temperature. The greater the pressure that is exerted on the water the lower the melting temperature. In the presence of water melting will take place beneath continents. Melting/crystallization temperature varies widely depending on the composition of the magma. Complete melting of a mixture of potassium feldspar (Kspar) and quartz occurs at a minimum of 1000 C when there is 42% Quartz and 58 % K-spar. The melting temperature increases with decreasing quartz to 1300 C for pure K-spar. The melting temperature increases with decreasing K-spar to over 1500 C for pure Quartz. 5
6 The melting or crystallization temperature depends on: The pressure exerted on the material (which depends on the depth of burial). Some magmas begin within the mantle as semisolid masses. Even though the temperature is very high the extreme pressure inhibits melting. These masses may slowly rise towards the crust due to convection within the mantle. The amount of water that is present within the magma. The chemical composition of the magma. At a depth of about 50 km from the Earth s surface pressure is low enough to allow melting to form a magma. The rising plume of magma remains hotter than the ambient mantle, retaining heat from greater depths. The plume rises into the overlying crust and continues to migrate upwards. It continues to cool as it moves through the crust. 6
7 Higher in the crust temperatures are lower and the magma cools and crystallizes into a body of igneous rock. If it doesn t cool within the crust it reaches the surface to form a volcano. The temperature at which a mineral crystallizes from a magma depends on its composition. Bowen s Reaction Series describes the sequence in which minerals will crystallize with decreasing temperature in the magma or melt. The rock type that forms from the crystallization of a magma depends on: The initial composition of the magma. The stage at which the minerals crystallized. When a rock heats up the minerals melt in the reverse order to Bowen s Reaction Series. 7
8 The wide variety of igneous rocks is due to three primary processes: 1. Crystal settling and magmatic differentiation. 2. Assimilation of host rock. 3. Magma mixing. Time 2. As the first crystals begin to form in the magma (olivine) they remove iron and magnesium from the magma, changing the composition of the magma as the crystals settle to the bottom of the magma chamber. 1. Crystal settling and magmatic differentiation. Time 1 While the magma body is first emplaced into the crust it has an initial composition. The first igneous rocks may be mafic rocks with abundant iron and magnesium. Time 3 As successive minerals crystallize, following Bowen s series, the composition of the magma continues to change or differentiate. 2. Assimilation of host rock: if the rock into which the magma has intruded is melted by the high temperatures, its inclusion in the magma will change its composition; the rock type that forms will similarly change. Over the period of crystallization of the magma the types of igneous rock change due to the changing chemical composition of the magma. The last rocks to form with have a felsic or silicic composition, reflecting the composition of the differentiated magma. 8
9 3. Magma mixing: if two magmas with different compositions become mixed, the resulting magma will have a different composition and different rocks will crystallize from it. Igneous Structures Volcanoes are structures that are produced by extrusive igneous activity (when magma is extruded to the surface). Plutons are solitary masses of igneous rock within the crust. Over millions of years the surface of the crust is eroded away. If the surface rocks are softer than the igneous rocks of the pluton it will form a topographic high as it resists erosion. When many plutons are emplaced into the crust they coalesce to form a larger structure called a batholith. Batholiths form extensive masses of igneous rock that may become exposed at the surface following erosion of the land surface. 9
10 Exposed batholiths form broad uplands when they are exposed by erosion. Mt. Evans Batholith, Colorado Mt. Rushmore is likely the best known batholith! Smaller intrusive structures commonly extend away from major bodies such as batholiths and plutons. Dikes cut across layered strata that they intrude. Sills intrude along planes that are parallel to associated strata. 10
11 A vertical dike forms a resistant ridge of igneous rock that intruded softer sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks include those that are made up of discrete particles of minerals or rock fragments (termed clastic sedimentary rocks) and those made up of interlocking crystals (termed chemical sedimentary rocks). Individual grains in clastic rocks are surrounded by cement (normally of calcite, dolomite or quartz) Igneous Rock Clastic Sedimentary Rock Image by Dr. Roger Bain. Thin sections are 30 micron (30/1000 mm) thick slices of rock through which light can be transmitted. Click here to see how a thin section is made. Weathering, transport and deposition of sediment Sedimentary rocks: composed of the products of weathering of source or parent rocks. Weathering: the process by which a rock breaks down when exposed at or near the Earth s surface. Physical or mechanical weathering involves the physical breakdown of the source rock. Frost wedging, unloading expansion, thermal expansion, biological activity. Solid particles are produced. 11
12 When a granitic pluton is deep within the crust it is compressed by the great weight of overlying rock. Frost wedging produced the scree or talus at the base of this mountain in the Northwest Territories. When erosion of the land surface exposes the pluton the weight is removed and it expands. As it expands it exfoliates like the skin of an onion into sheets of rock. Tree roots can grow into the fractures in rocks. As they grow they exert considerable pressure and cause the fractures to expand. Eventually the roots may break the surface rocks entirely into large boulders. Chemical weathering takes place when the source rock undergoes chemical reactions with surface water in contact with it. Chemical weathering produces: Solutions. Stable mineral grains (e.g., quartz) as detrital grains. New minerals grains (e.g., clay minerals, oxides). 12
13 The resistance of igneous minerals to chemical weathering is similar to the Bowen s Reaction Series. The most stable minerals are those that crystallize last (quartz, k- spar and muscovite). Minerals that crystallize under high temperature are more prone to chemical weathering. Solid grains may be transported by: Rivers Wind Glaciers Ocean currents Volcanic explosions Solutions are transported largely by rivers. Clastic sediment: made up of the solid products of weathering. Deposition takes place when medium ceases to move the particles. Clastic sedimentary rocks include: Sandstone Conglomerate Shale Clastic sediment becomes a sedimentary rock following compaction and cementation. Compaction involves the pushing together of the particles by the weight of overlying sediment that is subsequently deposited. Cementation involves the precipitation (crystallization) of minerals that are in solution in waters flowing through the sediment. The precipitate forms a cement in the void spaces between particles and binds them together. Calcite and quartz are common cements in sedimentary rocks. 13
14 Chemical sediment: made up of material that is transported in solution. Chemical sediment is deposited when material in solution is precipitated Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of their average grain size. Sediment Name Rock Name (particle shape) Gravel Conglomerate (rounded) Breccia (angular) Sand Sandstone/Arenite Silt Siltstone/Lutite Clay Claystone/shale Precipitation may take place: Due to changes in water chemistry. Average Grain Size > 2 mm Due to evaporation (e.g., halite). Due to shell production by organisms. Many limestones are made up of calcite produced by organisms. Conglomerate is made up of well-rounded gravel mm mm <0.004 mm Sandstone: Individual grains can be seen with the naked eye. Breccia is characterized by angular gravel. Siltstone is very fine-grained but feels gritty to the touch. The shape of the gravel indicates that it has not traveled far from where it formed. 14
15 Shale is smooth to the touch and weathers into thin flat slabs. Chemical sediments are classified on the basis of their chemical composition. Halite (NaCl) and Gypsum (CaSO4 +H20) form by precipitation of salt water. Ions dissolved in water form crystals as the water evaporates. Halite accumulations in Death Valley Halite hopper crystal Gypsum formed in a playa lake. Limestone (CaCO3) forms most commonly by the accumulation of whole and/or broken shell material. Dolomite (MgCO3) commonly forms from limestone when a magnesium ion replaces the calcium ion bonded to the carbonate ion. Gypsum rosettes Limestone and dolomite are commonly very fossiliferous. 15
16 The reaction of limestone to hydrochloric acid. CaCO 3 + 2H + Ca 2+ + CO 2 (gas) + H 2 O Primary Sedimentary Structures Many clastic rocks, limestones and dolomites display structures that formed at the time that the sediment was deposited. Sun cracks: formed when previously wet muds dry out to form a polygonal pattern of cracks. Modern sun cracks Sun cracks on an ancient sandstone Wave ripples are straight-crested, symmetrical mounds of sand that form when waves act on the water above a deposit of sand. They indicate that the sediment was laid down in an environment that was influenced by waves (a lake or sea). Current ripples are asymmetric in cross section and have short, curved crests. The upstream side has a gentle slope whereas the downstream side is steep. Wave ripples on a vertical rock face. 16
17 Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks form when pre-existing rocks are subjected to high temperatures and/or pressure and interaction with chemically active fluids. Metamorphic Grade is reflected by Index minerals: minerals that form under a limited range of pressures and temperatures. Original minerals may not be stable under the changed P/T conditions so new minerals form that are stable. Metamorphic Grade: a measure of the degree to which a rock has changed during metamorphism. Types of Metamorphism Burial metamorphism: occurs when rocks become buried within the crust due to subsequent deposition. Contact metamorphism: takes place when an igneous intrusion heats up the rocks into which it intrudes. Only rocks near the intrusion are affected. As they are buried deeper the temperature and pressure increases. Metamorphism begins at temperatures above 200 C (about 8 km depth). 17
18 The type of rock that forms with contact metamorphism varies with the composition of the original rock and the distance from the intrusion (cooling away from the intrusion). The zone of contact metamorphism is termed a metamorphic aureole. Sandstone Quartzite Limestone Marble 18
19 Regional Metamorphism: The most common metamorphic rocks; formed over extensive areas due to high temperatures and pressures associated with the interaction between tectonic plates. Under a directed pressure crystals that grow will grow more readily in the direction that is perpendicular to the applied force. Unlike burial metamorphism, pressures have a preferred direction. Foliation: the tendency in regional metamorphosed rocks to have minerals that are preferentially oriented parallel to each other. A directed pressure may align minerals into an orientation that is perpendicular to the applied force. Pressure and temperature ranges for different types of metamorphism. 19
20 Burial and Contact metamorphic rocks are not foliated and include: View pictures of the metamorphic rocks described below at: A site created by Pamela J.W. Gore of Georgia Perimeter College Quartzite: metamorphosed sandstone. Marble: metamorphosed limestone. Hornfels: a general term for low pressure metamorphic rocks. Foliated rocks formed by Regional Metamorphism (in order of increasing metamorphic grade): Slate: produced by low grade metamorphism of shale. Schist: a metamorphic rock with abundant large micas minerals up to several millimetres across. Phyllite: characterized by a silky sheen due to the presence of very fine grained muscovite. Pamela Gore points to the similarity of the sheen to frosted eye shadow and notes that many cosmetics have ground up muscovite to produce such a sheen. Gneiss: (pronounced "nice") - a banded rock characterized by alternating layers of dark and light minerals. The dark layers commonly contain biotite, and the light layers commonly contain quartz and feldspar. 20
21 Folded gneiss on Greenland Igneous Rocks Migmatite: a very high grade metamorphic rock that is intermediate between metamorphic and igneous rocks (i.e., they have undergone partial melting). Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks The geologic cycle A concept that relates the three rock types through processes that act in their formation. Involves: Cooling of magma (to form igneous rocks). Heat and pressure inside the earth (metamorphism or melting to form a new magma). Uplift of buried rocks by tectonic processes (e.g., mountain building). The geologic cycle. Weathering: the breakdown of a rock exposed at the Earth s surface. Transport of weathering products (e.g., by rivers). Deposition of transported material (as loose sediment) to where it can no longer be transported. 21
22 The geologic cycle. Burial and compaction: covered by subsequent deposition and pushed into close contact due to the weight of overlying sediment. Cementation: the binding together of sedimentary particles by minerals that act as a cement. 22
23 23
Rocks. Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks. Igneous Rocks. All rocks that form from cooling of a mass of molten rock (melt or magma).
Rocks Igneous rocks make up the majority of the Earth s crust. Sedimentary rocks dominate the Earth s surface. Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Igneous Rocks All rocks that form from cooling
More informationChapter 10. Chapter Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Rocks. Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Chapter 10 Rocks 1 Chapter 10 Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 2 10.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Magma is the parent material for all rocks. Once the magma cools and hardens, many changes can occur. Geology:
More informationRocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way.
Rocks Rock- A group of minerals, glass, mineroid bound together in some way. All rocks fit into one of three categories: Igneous- formed by the cooling and hardening of hot molten rock Sedimentary- formed
More informationName Class Date. In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements.
CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
More informationChapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks
Chapter 4 Rocks & Igneous Rocks Rock Definition A naturally occurring consolidated mixture of one or more minerals e.g, marble, granite, sandstone, limestone Rock Definition Must naturally occur in nature,
More informationPage 1. Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks?
Name: 1) Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? 1663-1 - Page 1 5) The flowchart below illustrates the change from melted rock to basalt. 2) Which processes most likely
More informationRocks. Rocks are composed of 1 or more minerals. Rocks are classified based on how they formed (origin). 3 classes of rocks:
ROCKS Rocks If a mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composi:on and a crystalline structure then what is a rock? Rocks Rocks are composed
More informationReview - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals
Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.
More informationTopics that will be discussed
Topics that will be discussed The Rock Cycle Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock The Rock Cycle -Rocks The parent material for all rocks is MAGMA. What is MAGMA? -Rock forming Minerals Are:
More informationVersion 1 Page 1 Barnard/George/Ward
The Great Mineral & Rock Test 1. Base your answer to the following question on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A,
More informationEssentials of Geology, 11e
Essentials of Geology, 11e Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity Chapter 3 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Characteristics
More informationA. IGNEOUS Rocks formed by cooling and hardening of hot molten rock called magma (within crust or at its surface).
EARTH SCIENCE 11 CHAPTER 5 NOTES KEY How Earth's Rocks Were Formed Early geologists believed that the physical features of the Earth were formed by sudden spectacular events called CATASTROPHES. Modern
More informationAs compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D
1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,
More informationEvolution of the Earth
Evolution of the Earth http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/f/fe/geologic_clock.jpg Evolution of the Earth Solar system, 4.6 byr Collapse of a nebula Star forms as gravity concentrates material at center
More informationWhich sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D
1 Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of (1) white quartz (3) pink feldspar (2) aluminum (4) iron 2 The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks
More informationInstructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 8 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
More informationRR#7 - Multiple Choice
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? 1) hematite 2) fluorite 3) galena 4) talc 2. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated? 1) limestone 2) dolostone
More information2 Igneous Rock. How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture of igneous rock? BEFORE YOU READ. Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
CHAPTER 4 2 Igneous Rock SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture
More informationEarth Science Chapter 6 Rocks
Earth Science Chapter 6 Rocks I. Rocks and the Rock Cycle * Material that makes up the solid part of the Earth. * Made of a variety of different combinations of minerals and organic matter. A. Three Major
More informationPlate tectonics, rock cycle
Dikes, Antarctica Rock Cycle Plate tectonics, rock cycle The Rock Cycle A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 6.1 g/cm 3 C) 1.8 g/cm 3 B) 5.7 g/cm 3 D) 12.2 g/cm 3 2) In which two Earth
More informationRocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline Foundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Natalie Bursztyn Utah State University Focus Question 2.1 What processes can transform a rock
More informationThe 3 types of rocks:
Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity The 3 types of rocks:! Sedimentary! Igneous! Metamorphic Marble 1 10/7/15 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Come from rocks sediments (rock fragments, sand, silt, etc.) Fossils
More informationTHE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS. Subtitle
THE ROCK CYCLE & ROCKS Subtitle 3. Three rocks that do not have minerals or are composed of nonmineral matter. Coal Pumuce Obsidian THE ROCK CYCLE Why do scientists study rocks? Rocks contain clues about
More informationRock Identification. invisible rhyolite andesite basalt komatiite. visible granite diorite gabbro peridotite
Rock Identification The samples in this lab are arranged into four groups: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and unknown. Study the igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic collections to get an idea of
More informationWhich rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite
1. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 2. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure
More informationCEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 10 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Igneous Origins Intrusive Batholithic or plutonic: phaneritic Dikes or sills that chill rapidly: aphanitic Extrusive deposition as melt (lava) pyroclastic
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle. made of a. inorganic matter. b. solid organic matter. c. liquid organic matter. d. chemicals.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1. The solid part of Earth is made up of material called a. glacial ice. b. lava. c. rock. d. wood. 2. Rock can be a collection of one
More information2 Igneous Rock. How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture of igneous rock? BEFORE YOU READ. Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
CHAPTER 2 2 Igneous Rock SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture
More informationThe Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle illustrates the origin of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle illustrates the origin of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks Igneous rocks form as molten magma or lava cools and solidifies. Magma is completely or partly molten
More informationI m good. Thank you.
I m good. Thank you. The Rock Cycle Ag Earth Science Chapter 3.1 A natural occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition. mineral A consolidated mixture of minerals rock
More informationA rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter
A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture Rocks change over time through the rock
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE. Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle
TEACHER BACKGROUND KNOWEDGE Minerals, Rocks and the Rock Cycle Core Concepts Rocks in the Earth s crust vary in their form and structure based on process that made them. The constant changing of the form
More information23/9/2013 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Chapter 2: Rock classification:
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 2: Rock classification: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
More informationGEOL FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION
GEOL.2150 - FORENSIC GEOLOGY ROCK IDENTIFICATION Name I. Introduction There are three basic types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic: Igneous. Igneous rocks have solidified from molten matter
More informationImagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.
A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one type of rocky material gets transformed into another The Rock Cycle Representation
More informationPractice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1
Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock
More informationQuiz 1. 3) Which of the following planetary bodies has the least number of impact craters on its surface? A) Mercury B) Mars C) the Moon D) Earth
Quiz 1 1) Earth's atmosphere is unique among the moons and planets in that A) it has a nitrogen (N2) rich atmosphere. B) it is rich in oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2). C) it is rich in carbon dioxide because
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 Instructor : Dr. Jehad Hamad 2017-2016 Chapter (3) Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Igneous Rocks Chapter 3: Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
More informationUnit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions
Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.
More informationLiz LaRosa Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted
Liz LaRosa http://www.middleschoolscience.com 2010 Images from Geology.com unless otherwise noted A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified
More informationBlock: Igneous Rocks. From this list, select the terms which answer the following questions.
Geology 12 Name: Mix and Match: Igneous Rocks Refer to the following list. Block: porphyritic volatiles mafic glassy magma mixing concordant discontinuous reaction series igneous vesicular partial melting
More informationLecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar
Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence
More informationName Regents Review #7 Date
Name Regents Review #7 Date Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the pictures of four rocks shown below. Magnified views of the rocks are shown in the circles. 5. The diagrams below show the crystal
More informationUnit 2 Exam: Rocks & Minerals
Name: Date: 1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables, the map and cross section below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The shaded
More informationName Class Date. Chapter 3 Rocks Chapter Test. Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
Chapter 3 Rocks Chapter Test Multiple Choice Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. 1. Which of the following is true about rocks? a. Rocks are
More informationLab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationROCKS & MINERALS UNIT. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science
ROCKS & MINERALS UNIT 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Characteristics of Minerals 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Class Notes Mineral Characteristics Naturally occurring formed by natural processes Inorganic
More informationFigure 1. Random orientation of crystal grains in an igneous rock, granite.
ES088 The Earth s Crust: Rocks Earth system forensics might well start with a disciplined look at materials and how they are formed. When you are given a piece of rock, it is important to remember that
More informationGLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann. Grotzinger Jordan. Understanding Earth. Sixth Edition
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 4: Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts 1 About Igneous Rocks Igneous
More informationIgneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary. Chapter 5 & Chapter 6
Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary Chapter 5 & Chapter 6 Section 5.1 What are Igneous Rocks? Compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Describe the composition of magma Discuss the factors
More informationHappy Tuesday. Pull out a ½ sheet of paper
Happy Tuesday Pull out a ½ sheet of paper 1. Physical properties of a mineral are predominantly related to 1. the external conditions of temperature, pressure, and amount of space available for growth.
More informationRock Definition Naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids is called rock. Such as quartz, feldspar and biotite minerals. There are basically three types of rocks- 1-Igneous
More information9/4/2015. Feldspars White, pink, variable Clays White perfect Quartz Colourless, white, red, None
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0: Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0: Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils Chapter 4.0: Geological
More informationCEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification. Thomas Doe
CEE 437 Lecture 11 Rock Classification Thomas Doe Translation of Mineral Properties to Rock Properties Comparison of mineral properties to rock properties Rocks have lower strength, especially tensile
More informationBELLRINGER QUESTION:
Miss Loulousis BELLRINGER QUESTION: Why are rocks important to us? Are all rocks made of minerals? Buildings, Roads, Bridges, Concrete, Extract minerals like iron (Fe) to make steel, Toothpaste, Salt,
More informationRocks are made from Minerals
Rocks and Minerals Rocks are made from Minerals Rocks are nothing more than a mixture of different mineral crystals. ***All three minerals are combined in a Granite rock Granite Quartz + Biotite + Feldspar
More informationLab 6: Metamorphic Rocks
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationRocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
1 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth Presentation modified from: Instructor Resource Center on CD-ROM, Foundations of Earth Science,, 4 th Edition, Lutgens/Tarbuck, Rock Cycle Igneous Rocks Today 2 Rock
More informationMinerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?
Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth
More informationThis slide show is intended to help you understand important types of rocks.
Rocks Mrs. Comer This slide show is intended to help you understand important types of rocks. The diagram in the next slide represents the ROCK CYCLE a scheme that represents the processes of continuous
More informationHafeet mountain. Rocks
Hafeet mountain Rocks There are several steps that lead to form the rocks Weathering Erosion Deposition Heat and pressure Weathering Ice (expand inside the rock fractures) Plants (grows through fractures
More informationCOMPOSITIONAL TERMS: FELSIC : light colored INTERMEDIATE : medium shades MAFIC : dark colored ULTRAMAFIC : rare (composition of the mantle)
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME: Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS SECTION: Common Rocks (Chapter 2) For this assignment, you will require: a streak plate, glass plate, magnet, dilute hydrochloric (HCl) acid,
More informationBRYCE CANYON NATIONAL PARK Earth s Dynamic Treasures Rocks & The Rock Cycle
Grade Level: 4th-8th grades Subject Area: Earth Science Objectives: Introduce students to the rock cycle. Students will have an opportunity to categorize rocks from the three rock types. Students investigate
More informationRocks and The Rock Cycle
Rocks and The Rock Cycle 3 Main Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic 3 Main Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous EXTRUSIVE Forms when lava cools quickly on the Earths surface Forms
More informationChapter 4 8/27/2013. Igneous Rocks. and Intrusive Igneous Activity. Introduction. The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava
Introduction Chapter 4 Igneous rocks form by the cooling of magma (or lava). Large parts of the continents and all the oceanic crust are composed of. and Intrusive Igneous Activity The Properties and Behavior
More informationRock Cycle and Rock Types Homework
Rock Cycle and Rock Types Homework Completion Complete each statement. 1. A(n) is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally. 2. Rocks are generally classified as igneous,, or
More informationRocks and The Rock Cycle
Rocks and The Rock Cycle 3 Main Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic 3 Main Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous EXTRUSIVE Forms when lava cools quickly on the Earths surface Forms
More informationCHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
HOW CHAPTER 5 ROCK WERE FORMED 1 I. Modern geology- 1795 A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
More informationRocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions
Rocks and the Rock Cycle notes from the textbook, integrated with original contributions Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D. Gneiss (a metamorphic rock) from Catalina Island, California Alessandro Grippo review Rocks
More informationIgneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011
More information1. What is the most important agent of chemical weathering on Earth? a. oxygen b. salt c. carbon dioxide d. carbonic acid e. water
Geology 1-2nd Exam Spring 2013 Prof. Phil Stoffer 1. What is the most important agent of chemical weathering on Earth? a. oxygen b. salt c. carbon dioxide d. carbonic acid e. water 2. Igneous rocks are
More informationRocks. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. 3.1 The Rock Cycle. The Rock Cycle. I. Rocks
Rocks Tarbuck Lutgens 3.1 The Rock Cycle 3.1 The Rock Cycle I. Rocks Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet. Types of Rocks 1. Igneous rock
More informationIGNEOUS ROCKS. SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks?
Date Period Name IGNEOUS ROCKS SECTION.1 What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. basaltic
More informationCHAPTER ROCK WERE FORMED
HOW CHAPTER 3 ROCK WERE FORMED 1 I. Modern geology- 1795 A. James Hutton- 1. uniformitarianism- "the present is the key to the past" a. b. the geologic processes now at work were also active in the past
More information1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 2. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D)
More informationtransform boundary Photograph by Robert E. Wallace, USGS.
transform boundary The San Andreas Fault is undoubtedly the most famous transform boundary in the world. To the west of the fault is the Pacific plate, which is moving northwest. To the east is the North
More informationName Class Date STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Igneous Rocks What are igneous rocks? In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements. extrusive igneous rock intrusive
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 3 Rocks 3.1 The Rock Cycle Rocks Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet. Types of Rocks
More informationAnswers. Rocks. Year 8 Science Chapter 8
Answers Rocks Year 8 Science Chapter 8 p171 1 Rocks are made up of minerals such as quartz, feldspars, micas, and calcite. Different rocks are made up of different combinations of minerals. 2 Igneous,
More informationChapter: Earth Materials
Table of Contents Chapter: Earth Materials Section 1: Minerals Section 2: Igneous Rocks Section 3: Sedimentary Rocks Section 4: Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1 Minerals Common Elements Composition
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
More informationEARTH SCIENCE. Geology, the Environment and the Universe. Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks
EARTH SCIENCE Geology, the Environment and the Universe Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks CHAPTER 5 Igneous Rocks Section 5.1 What are igneous rocks? Section 5.2 Classification of Igneous Rocks Click a hyperlink
More informationRock Star 101. Introduction to Rocks.
Rock Star 101 Introduction to Rocks www.mineralsed.ca Lesson 1: Rocks are made of minerals. Element, Mineral, Rock, Outcrop Lesson 2: Rock formation is cyclic. Lesson 3: Igneous rocks crystallize from
More informationIgneous Rock Processes and Identification
Igneous Rock Processes and Identification http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/igneous/igneous.html#kindsofigneousrocks Major Concepts 1)
More information8 th Earth Science Chapter 4 Rocks Name Section 1 The Rock Cycle:
8 th Earth Science Chapter 4 Rocks Name Section 1 The Rock Cycle: Most rock used for stone contains one or more common minerals, called rock-forming minerals, such as, feldspar,, or. When you look closely,
More informationES Chap 5 & 6: Rocks
ES Chap 5 & 6: Rocks Objectives 1. Identify and explain characteristics of igneous rocks. This means that if I am given an igneous rock I: a. Can use grain size to identify a rock as intrusive, extrusive,
More informationRocks. Types of Rocks
Rocks Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are naturally occurring aggregates of one or more minerals. 1 Igneous rocks, Types of Rocks Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks. 2 1 3 4 2 IGNEOUS
More information*Theory= If all available testing support a hypothesis. *Law= Theory that continually passes all tests over long periods of time.
Rodrigo Rivera-Reyes GEOL 1104/1114 Updated October 2012 GEOL LAB Midterm 1 Study Guide 1. Scientific Method. O Observation.- Something is noticed and causes a question to be asked. H Hypothesis.- Proposed
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 7e (Lutgens) Chapter 2 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth. 2.1 Multiple Choice
Foundations of Earth Science, 7e (Lutgens) Chapter 2 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth 2.1 Multiple Choice 1) An igneous rock that shows a vesicular texture. A) contains many small holes, like Swiss
More informationI. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical
How Earth s Rocks Were Formed I. Uniformitarianism- James Hutton s 2-part theory states: A. The geologic processes now at work were also active in the past B. The present physical features of Earth were
More informationSolid Earth materials:
Solid Earth materials: Elements minerals rocks Nonuniform distribution of matter Molten core Contains most heavy elements Iron, nickel Thin surface crust Mostly lighter elements 8 elements make up 98.6%
More informationIgneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100
Igneous Rock Classification, Processes and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 100 Ray Rector - Instructor Major Concepts 1) Igneous rocks form directly from the crystallization of a magma or lava 2)
More information2. An electron is the smallest unit of matter that retains the characteristics of an element. a. True
/ False 1. Minerals are made of rocks. False Introduction 2. An electron is the smallest unit of matter that retains the characteristics of an element. False 3. A proton is a positively charged particle
More informationLAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS
LAB 2 IDENTIFYING MATERIALS FOR MAKING SOILS: ROCK AND PARENT MATERIALS Learning outcomes The student is able to: 1. understand and identify rocks 2. understand and identify parent materials 3. recognize
More informationLab 2: Rocks Page 1 of 8
Lab 2: Rocks Page 1 of 8 LAB 2: ROCK IDENTIFICATION DUE: Friday, Feb. 25 Directions About 90 rocks specimens will be on tables in the classroom. The rocks will be arranged on the lab tables during class,
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks
Earth Sciences 083F Plate Tectonics Exercises Plate tectonics is a model for the dynamic behaviour of Earth s lithosphere. Outlining stable areas of lithosphere are narrow zones (plate boundaries) in which
More informationThe Nature of Igneous Rocks
The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in
More informationROCK IDENTIFICATION LAB
ROCK IDENTIFICATION LAB What type of rock is this? Where or how is it formed? Obsidian Extrusive Igneous Rock No crystals formed Glassy Very quick cooling molten rock (lava) What type of rock is this?
More information