The geology, genesis and exploration context of the Cadia gold-copper porphyry deposits, New South Wales, Australia

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1 The geology, genesis and exploration context of the Cadia gold-copper porphyry deposits, New South Wales, Australia by Alan J. Wilson (M.Sc.) Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November, 2003

2 Declaration This thesis contains no material that has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of the candidate s knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. Alan J. Wilson Date: Confidentiality This thesis is not to be made available for loan or copying for two years following the data this statement was signed. Following that time, the thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act Alan J. Wilson Date:

3 List of Figures Chapter 1 Introduction Page 1.1. Location of the Cadia district, Central Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia Aerial photograph showing the location if porphyry and skarn deposits of the Cadia district Total gold content versus average gold grade of selected gold-rich alkalic and calc-alkalic porphyry deposits. 3 Chapter 2 Regional Geology 2.1. Principal components of the Tasman fold belt Principal lithotectonic assemblages of the Lachlan Fold Belt Distribution of volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Late Ordovician Macquarie Arc Simplified Ordovician geology of the Molong Volcanic Belt Location of the principal gold and copper deposits of the Macquarie Arc Palaeogeographic setting of the Lachlan Fold Belt during the Late Ordovician. 23 Chapter 3 Geology of the Cadia District 3.1. Regional geology of the Cadia district Geology of the Cadia district Comparative stratigraphy across the Cadia district Geological cross sections through each of the Cadia porphyry deposits Photograph and photomicrograph of the Weemalla Formation Contour pot of poles to bedding of the Weemalla Formation Photographs of lithofacies 1, 2 and 3 of the Forest Reefs Volcanics Photographs and photomicrographs of lithofacies 4 of the Forest Reefs Volcanics Contour pot of poles to bedding of the Forest Reefs Volcanics IUGS classification of rocks from the Cadia Intrusive Complex Photographs and photomicrographs of the Cadia Intrusive Complex Photographs and photomicrographs of the Ridgeway Intrusive Complex Geology of the 5280RL level in the Ridgeway mine IUGS classification of rocks from the Ridgeway Intrusive Complex IUGS classification of rocks from the Cadia Far East Intrusive Complex Photographs and photomicrographs of the Cadia Far East Intrusive Complex Geological model for the development of the Cadia district Geological model for the development of the Cadia district, continued 66 xii

4 Chapter 4 Alteration and Mineralisation Page 4.1. Geology of the Cadia district, showing the location of cross sections logged as part of this study Distribution of alteration and mineralisation in selected calc-alkalic and alkalic porphyry copper-gold deposits Geology, alteration and mineralisation of section 11,050mE, Ridgeway Geology, alteration and mineralisation of section 22,750mN, Ridgeway Geology and grade distribution of the 5280RL level, Ridgeway mine Simplified geology of selected drill holes through the Ridgeway Intrusive Complex Cross-cutting relationships between intrusions and veins, Ridgeway Early-stage alteration and related vein stages, Ridgeway Sulphide assemblages in early-stage quartz veins, Ridgeway Calc-silicate alteration of the Weemalla Formation beneath Ridgeway Transitional-stage alteration and related vein stages, Ridgeway Late-stage veins, Ridgeway Peripheral alteration stages, Ridgeway Peripheral vein stages, Ridgeway Gold and copper assays of the 5715RL level through Cadia Quarry and Cadia Hill Geology, alteration and mineralisation of section 13,000mE, Cadia Quarry Geology, alteration and mineralisation of section 13,10mE, Cadia Quarry Geology, alteration and mineralisation of section 14,020mE, Cadia Hill Early stage sodic alteration and related vein stages, Cadia Quarry - Cadia Hill Composition of feldspar phenocrysts from the Cadia Quarry and Cadia Hill quartz monzonite porphyry Early stage potassic alteration and related vein stages, Cadia Quarry - Cadia Hill Transitional stage potassic alteration and related vein stages, Cadia Quarry - Cadia Hill Reflected light photomicrographs and photographs of sulphides from transitional stage potassic veins, Cadia Quarry - Cadia Hill Propylitic alteration and related vein stages, Cadia Quarry - Cadia Hill Late, peripheral and post-mineralisation vein stages at Cadia Quarry - Cadia Hill Geology, alteration and mineralisation of section 14,920mE, Cadia East Geology, alteration and mineralisation of section 15,820mE, Cadia Far East Gold : copper ratios of the Cadia East - Far East deposit. 133 xiii

5 Page Photographs and interpretative sketches of Cadia Far East Intrusive Complex intrusions that contain mineralised xenoliths Early stage alteration assemblages and related vein stages, Cadia East- Far East Transitional stage potassic II alteration and related vein stages, Cadia East - Far East Transitional stage potassic II alteration, Cadia East - Far East Calc-silicate alteration and mineralisation, Cadia East - Far East Inner- and outer-propylitic alteration zones, Cadia East - Far East Late stage, potassic IV alteration, Cadia East - Far East Sodic II and phyllic alteration, Cadia East - Far East Schematic space-time diagram of alteration assemblages and vein stages for porphyry deposits of the Cadia district. 157 Chapter 5 Geochronology 5.1. Location and results of all geochronology samples in the Cadia district Summary geochronology diagram of the Cadia district Ar/ 39 Ar age spectra for hydrothermal sericite, Cadia Hill Radiometric age determinations from Ridgeway, section 11,050mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia Quarry, section 13,100mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia Hill, section 14,020mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia East, section 14,600mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia Far East, section 15,820mE Geological log of drill hole NC486, Cadia Quarry Re (ppm) versus Re-Os age of molybdenite from the Cadia district 192 Chapter 6 Igneous Geochemistry 6.1. The K 2 O versus SiO 2 classification scheme Location of whole rock geochemical samples Assessment of the effect of hydrothermal alteration on the whole rock geochemistry of igneous rocks from the Cadia district Major- and trace-element discrimination diagrams for rocks of the Forest Reefs Volcanics Major-element variation diagrams, Forest Reefs Volcanics Trace-element variation diagrams, Forest Reefs Volcanics Normalised trace-element diagrams, Forest Reefs Volcanics Chondrite-normalised rare earth element profiles, Forest Reefs Volcanics Major-element discrimination diagrams for intrusions of the Cadia district Major-element variation diagrams for intrusions of the Cadia district Trace-element variation diagrams for intrusions of the Cadia district. 213 xiv

6 Page Normalised trace-element plots and rare earth element profiles for intrusions of the Cadia district [Nb/La] N versus Zr/Nb for intrusive rocks of the Cadia district Variation on rare earth element concentration versus SiO 2 concentration and absolute age for intrusive rocks of the Cadia district Minor element chemistry of apatite phenocrysts from shoshonitic intrusions of the Cadia district Plot of εnd versus 87 Sr i / 86 Sr i for shoshonitic intrusions of the Cadia district Plot of εnd versus age for igneous rocks of the Cadia district Plumbo-tectonics model for Late Ordovician to Carboniferous mineral deposits of the Lachlan Fold Belt Variation of 206Pb/204Pb with respect to total Pb concentration (ppm) for all samples from the Cadia district Thorogenic and uranogenic Pb isotope diagrams for whole rocks, orthoclase and sulphides from the Cadia district. 235 Chapter 7 Hydrothermal Geochemistry 7.1. Types and occurrences of fluid inclusions in quartz veins of the Cadia district porphyry deposits Photomicrographs of type 3A and 3B fluid inclusions Results of the microthermometric analyses of fluid inclusions Pressure - temperature diagram for the H 2 O - NaCl system Photomicrographs of silicate melt inclusions in early stage veins, Ridgeway Pressure - temperature diagram illustrating the trapping conditions of selected halite-homogenising inclusions with salinities of about 47 weight percent NaCl equivalent Idealised δ 34 S compositions of co-existing sulphide and sulphate minerals precipitated from a cooling magmatic fluid Cumulative frequency plots of δ 34 S values of sulphides from Cadia district porphyry deposits Contoured values of δ 34 S of sulphides from section 14,020mE, Cadia Hill Contoured values of δ 34 S of sulphides from section 14,920mE, Cadia East Contoured values of δ 34 S of sulphides from section 15,820mE, Cadia Far East Contoured values of δ 34 S of sulphides from section 11,050mE, Ridgeway Range of δ 34 S compositions of sulphides and sulphates associated with porphyry copper (-gold) deposits Measured and modelled δ 34 S composition of sulphides from the Cadia Far East and Ridgeway deposits Calculated oxygen and deuterium isotope composition of waters in isotopic equilibrium with phyllic alteration at Cadia. 282 xv

7 Page Phase diagrams showing the stabilities of selected silicate minerals from the main alteration assemblages at Cadia. 286 Chapter 8 Genetic and Exploration Models 8.1. Interpreted long section of the Cadia district showing radiometric age determinations Early stage magmatic and hydrothermal events in the Cadia district Transitional stage magmatic and hydrothermal events in the Cadia district Late stage magmatic and hydrothermal events in the Cadia district Exploration model for gold-copper deposits of the Macquarie Arc. 313 xvi

8 List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction Page 1.1. Reserves and resources of the porphyry and skarn deposits of the Cadia district 2 Chapter 2 Regional Geology 2.1. Reserves and resources of the principal Late Ordovician to Early Silurian gold-copper deposits of the Macquarie Arc. 22 Chapter 3 Geology of the Cadia District 3.1. Principal lithofacies of the Forest Reefs Volcanics Petrographic characteristics of the intrusive complexes of the Cadia district. 42 Chapter 4 Alteration and Mineralisation 4.1. Comparison of the geological characteristics of alkalic and calc-alkalic porphyry deposits Definition of alteration and mineralisation terminology using in this thesis Mineralisation characteristics and gold-copper content of the different phases of the Ridgeway Intrusive Complex Styles, and spatial and temporal distribution of alteration assemblages at Ridgeway Vein stages of the Ridgeway deposit Styles, and spatial and temporal distribution of alteration assemblages at Cadia Hill and Cadia Quarry Vein stages of the Cadia Hill and Cadia Quarry deposits Styles, and spatial and temporal distribution of alteration assemblages at Cadia East - Far East Vein stages of the Cadia East - Far East deposit Comparison of the principal features of alkalic gold-copper porphyry deposits. 161 Chapter 5 Geochronology 5.1. Isotopic age determinations from the Cadia district, conducted prior to this study Summary of SHRIMP 206 Pb/ 238 U age determinations from the Cadia district Re-Os data for molybdenite from the Cadia district Radiometric age determinations from Ridgeway, section 11,050mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia Quarry, section 13,100mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia Hill, section 14,020mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia East, section 14,600mE Radiometric age determinations from Cadia Far East, section 15,820mE Geological log of drill hole NC486, Cadia Quarry Re (ppm) versus Re-Os age of molybdenite from the Cadia district 192 xvii

9 Chapter 6 Igneous Geochemistry Page 6.1. Neodymium isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks from the Macquarie Arc Strontium and neodymium isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks from the Cadia district Lead isotope geochemistry of sulphides from porphyry- and porphyry-related mineral deposits in the Cadia district Lead isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks, magmatic orthoclase and sulphides from the Cadia district. 232 Chapter 7 Hydrothermal Geochemistry 7.1. Classification of fluid inclusion types Types of quartz veins from which fluid inclusions were analysed Results of laser Raman microprobe analyses of selected type 3 fluid inclusions from the Cadia district porphyry deposits Summary of the results of fluid inclusion microthermometry δ 34 S compositions of sulphides from the Cadia East - Far East deposit δ 34 S compositions of sulphides from the Ridgeway deposit Results of oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses Reactions used to construct activity diagrams. 284 xviii

10 Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction i v vi xii xvii Introduction Previous work Research aims Methods employed Thesis structure and conventions 6 Chapter 2 Regional Geology 2.1. Introduction Geologic setting of the Tasmanides and the Lachlan Fold Belt Principal components of the Tasmanides Geologic history and tectonic setting of the Lachlan Fold Belt Geology of the Macquarie Arc and the Molong Volcanic Belt Introduction Volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Molong Volcanic Belt Structural history of the Molong Volcanic Belt Mineral deposits of the Macquarie Arc Tectonic setting of the Cadia district and Macquarie Arc 22 Chapter 3 Geology of the Cadia District 3.1 Introduction District-scale geology Pre-mineral rock units Weemalla Formation Forest Reefs Volcanics Intrusive Rocks Post-mineralisation rock units 56 vi

11 Middle - Late Silurian Shale Tertiary Basalts District-scale structural geology Werribee Cadiangullong Fault Zone West-northwest to east-west oriented faults Volcano-tectonic development of the Cadia district Depositional environment and age of the Weemalla Formation Depositional environment and age of the Forest Reefs Volcanics Emplacement of the monzonitic intrusive complexes Post- Early Silurian history of the Cadia district Summary 67 Chapter 4 Alteration and Mineralisation 4.1. Introduction Alteration assemblages and zonation in alkalic porphyry deposits Cadia district porphyry-related alteration and mineralisation Previous work and terminology Ridgeway Early stage alteration and veining Transitional stage alteration and veining Late stage alteration and veining Peripheral alteration and veining Cadia Quarry and Cadia Hill Early stage alteration and veining Transitional stage alteration and veining Peripheral and late stage alteration and veining Post-mineralisation vein stages Cadia East Far East Early stage alteration and veining Transitional stage alteration and veining Peripheral and late stage alteration and veining Post-mineralisation veins Discussion Early-stage magmatic / hydrothermal events Transitional-stage magmatic - hydrothermal events Late-stage magmatic / hydrothermal events Comparisons with alkalic porphyry deposits 160 vii

12 4.5. Summary 163 Chapter 5 Geochronology 5.1. Introduction Cadia district geochronology Methods used U Pb (SHRIMP) dating Re Os dating of molybdenite Comparison of geochronometers Previous work Rb-Sr and U-Pb age determinations Ar/39Ar age determinations Re/187Os age determinations This study Pb/238U SHRIMP age determinations Re/187Os age determinations Discussion Timing of magmatic activity Timing of porphyry-style mineralisation Spatial controls on magmatic-hydrothermal activity Summary 194 Chapter 6 Igneous Geochemistry 6.1. Introduction Magma series and porphyry copper deposits Methodology Igneous geochemistry Hydrothermal alteration effects Forest Reefs Volcanics Major element geochemistry Trace and rare earth element geochemistry Discussion Late Ordovician intrusive rocks Major element geochemistry Trace and rare earth element geochemistry Discussion 218 viii

13 6.5. Apatite mineral chemistry Background This study Discussion Radiogenic Isotopes Introduction Strontium and neodymium isotopes Previous work This study Discussion Lead isotopes Previous work This study Discussion Summary and conclusions 236 Chapter 7 Hydrothermal Geochemistry 7.1. Introduction Fluid Inclusions Previous work Methods Fluid inclusion classification Laser Raman spectroscopy Microthermometric analysis Transitional magmatic-hydrothermal veins Early-stage quartz veins Transitional-stage quartz veins Discussion Origins of halite-homogenising fluid inclusions Fluid evolution Pressure and depth constraints Stable Isotopes Previous work Sulphur Introduction and methods Results Discussion 272 ix

14 Oxygen - hydrogen Introduction and methods Results Discussion Fluid chemistry and fluid evolution Previous work Thermodynamic modelling at Cadia Results Discussion Summary 288 Chapter 8 Genetic and Exploration Models 8.1. Introduction District-scale genetic model Timing of igneous activity and sulphide mineralisation Igneous petrogenesis and the tectonic setting of the Cadia district Discussion Deposit-scale genetic model Early stage magmatic and hydrothermal events Transitional-stage magmatic and hydrothermal evens Late-stage hydrothermal events Discussion Intrusive centred vs intrusive wall rock deposits Fluid sources and fluid evolution Peripheral feldspar alteration Exploration model Hydrothermal alteration zonation Metal and δ34ssulphide zonation Structural controls Peripheral deposit types Future research recommendations 315 References 317 x

15 Appendices A. List of drill holes logged B. Electron microprobe analyses (silicates and sulphides) C. XRD analysis of sericite D. PIMA spectra for selected drill holes E. U-Pb data from SHRIMP analyses F. Results of whole rock geochemistry F1. Data from the current study F2. Data from previous studies G. Apatite electron microprobe analyses H. Laser Raman spectra I. Fluid inclusion microthermometry J. Sulphur isotope results xi

16 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my wife, Aveline, for all her support, encouragement and love during this project. By taking care of family and home, whilst also working and studying, you allowed me the indulgence of completing this thesis and I am truly grateful. I ll never be able to repay you, but hopefully a tropical beach or two may help a little! To our children, Rhiana and Oren, thanks for all the understanding when there were no weekends to share.but the play days have finally arrived! To my principal supervisors, David Cooke and Ross Large, I d like to extend a hearty and sincere thanks. Dave, you were all a Ph.D. student could hope for in a supervisor and I think this is a sentiment felt by many of your other students. Your understanding and encouragement when I was grappling with many aspects of this project are deeply appreciated. Let s hope the papers we have planned from this thesis materialise in the not too distant future. In particular, I d like to thank Ross for his help with the radiogenic isotope work in this thesis. Your scepticism regarding the geochronology of the Cadia district made me go that little bit further to work things out and I think the story told here has been improved by your input. Newcrest Mining Limited has been a tremendous supporter of this project, logistically, financially and materially, and I d like to say thank you for this. The time and knowledge provided by John Holliday, Ian Tedder, Paul Dunham, Stewart Hayward, Mick Pfitzner, Tully Richards and Geoff Smart, among others, has contributed significantly to my understanding of the Cadia district. In particular, John and Ian are to be singled out for endless entertaining discussions on the geology of Cadia, and also for their support of the radiometric age dating study. Thanks also to Shane, Graham, Peter and all of the gang who shifted core for me and saved my back, and to Mark Cannons for drafting during the early stage of this project. The academic and support staff at CODES and the School of Earth Sciences has provided tremendous support to me during this project and to my family during our stay in Tasmania - thank you all! And to my fellow Ph.D. students, too numerous to single out, I d like to express my thanks for your interest in this project and for encouraging me to keep going that little bit further to get things done. A special thanks is extended to my office mates, Christian and Meng, for creating a great working environment and for being excellent friends. This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Jack and the late Jean Wilson, for all of their love and support during my early academic years at Edinburgh University and for encouraging me to pursue a career in geology. v

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