The Frequency-Magnitude Distribution (FMD) by Aswan Seismic Network Earthquakes Catalog, Egypt
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1 African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 4 (3): 77-82, 2012 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: /idosi.ajbas The Frequency-Magnitude Distribution (FMD) by Aswan Seismic Network Earthquakes Catalog, Egypt Abu Bakr A. Shater and Salah M. Mahmoud National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt Abstract: The northern part of Lake Nasser south of Aswan region is one of the most seismically active areas in Egypt. There are 6,024 earthquakes in the Aswan Seismic Network catalog for the years of The Frequency-Magnitude Distribution (FMD) was estimated for Aswan Seismic Network Earthquakes, the b-value is found to be ±.0.01 for the entire interface catalog. The b-values, mapped for Aswan Seismic network region. based on the 300 closest earthquakes to grid nodes, spaced about 0.25 km apart. In all catalogs studied, b-value was strongly heterogeneous. The b-value varies from 0.55 to 0.94 The lowest b-value is observed along the Abuderwa fault and the highest b-value appears near the western side of Kalabsha active fault. Seismicity in the Aswan study area is characterized by grouping of foci in space, mostly within eight epicentral zones. The b-value is approximately 0.941±0.07 in most parts inside the zone(a) at focal depth ranges between 18 to 30 km, 0.739±0.12 in the zone (B) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 18 km, 0.691±0.09 in the zone (C) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 9 km, 0.907±0.082 in the zone (D) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 18 km, 0.795±0.07 in the zone (E) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 9 km, 0.753±0.07 in the zone (F) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 8 km, 0.552±0.05 in the zone (G) which focal depth ranges between 1 to 8 km and 0.576±0.1 in most parts inside the zone (H) at focal depths greater than 1 and less than 5 km respectively. The b-value increases from east to west along Kalabsha active fault and decreases from north to south between Seiyale and Abuderwa.faults. Key words: b-value Lake Nasser Seismic Zone The Magnitude of completeness INTRODUCTION Aswan seismic network is located in the northern part of Lake Nasser and south of Aswan city, which consisted of 13 seismic stations distributed around the lake. Two main fault systems are noted in the area. One is composed of approximately north-trending faults; the other of approximately west-trending ones. Supplementary north-east and north-west faults are also noted. The north-trending faults system predominates in the Nubia plain, whereas the faults affect the sandstone beds of the Nubia Formation on the plain. This system includes the Gebel El Barqa, Kurkur, Khor El-Ramla, Gazal and Abuderwa faults. The west-trending fault system predominates in the Fig. 1: Location map and topographic contour lines western part of the region whereas the faults cross the Sinn El-Kaddab scarp and plateau and locally extend into topographic map also identifying the main faults. the Nubia plain. Two of these faults are Kalabsha fault Topographic digital data obtained by Smith and Sandwell and Seiyale fault [1]. Figure 1 shows the Location and [2]. Corresponding Author: Abu Bakr A. Shater, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt. 77
2 (a) (b) Fig. 2: a) Seismicity zones in the study area from the present catalog b) Seismicity map in 3D-view. Yellow stars show earthquakes magnitude 3.9 Several attempts had been made to understand the Seismicity of Aswan Area: The seismicity around physical meaning of the b-value. The first serious attempt the Nasser Lake is divided into eight planar to understand the physical significance of b-value was zones. Regarding the foci distribution in those made by Mogi [3]. when he carried out laboratory zones a gradual decrease in depth from west to east is experiment to suggest that b-value varies with material observed, that the activity is concentrated in the heterogeneity. Kalabsha area. and can be grouped into the Warren and Latham [4] found a relationship of following zones according to the seismic activity b-value with the thermal state of the rock. Scholz [5] is the level Figure 2a shows earthquake epicenters zones first to recognize that b-value has a clear relationship with form 1981 to 2008 and Figure 2b shows the seismicity map the stress in a volume of rock. in 3D-view. The stress is the single-most important factor affecting b-value. Although other features like, Seismic Zone (A): Seismicity of this zone is material heterogeneity, thermal state may locally concentrated in and around the Gabal Marawa influence b-value, they do not seem to have any (GMR) telemetered station on the most active significant effect on b-value at large scale [6]. Kalabsha fault. It is characterized by the highest Therefore, it is reasonable to use b-value to infer the seismic activity. The seismicity is clustered along NE-SW stress regime in a volume of rock. lineament. The seismicity at this zone is almost The frequency magnitude distribution (FMD) of concentrated at depth between 15 and 30 km. earthquakes, which was first introduced by Ishimoto and Iida [7] and Gutenberg and Richter [8] has a power-law Seismic Zone (B): This zone lies to the North East zone relationship, such that: (A). This activity is characterized by a hypocenter depths log10 N = a b M, (1) less than 18 km. Significant strike slip earthquake (mainshok with M = 5.6) occurred beneath this zone in 14 November whereas N is the cumulative number of earthquakes greater than or equal to magnitude M Seismic Zone (C): This zone lies to the Eastern side and a and b are constants describing the activity of the Kalabsha fault. It represents the activity aligned and slope, respectively. Here, we focus on the along the Kalabsha fault trend. The zone is composed parameter b, or b-value, which describes the ratio of of separated clusters nearly of an east west trend. occurrence of small to large earthquakes. Globally, This activity is characterized by a hypocenter depths less b-value is ~1 [9]. than 9 km. 78
3 Seismic Zone (D): The forth zone is located east of the radius R. Here the number of earthquakes per sample is Seiyal fault and south of Kurkur fault, where the two n = 300, the nodal separation about 2.5 km spacing in faults sets intersected. The seismicity at this zone is map-view. All the computation in that node is done using almost concentrated at depth less than 20 Km. these selected 300 events. First, it calculates the magnitude of completeness (M c) and eliminates all the Seismic Zone (E): This zone is the second active zone events having magnitudes less than M c. For Mc after zone(a). It lies between Khore El-Rhumla fault and calculation, maximum curvature method is used. This Kurkur fault and near KRL seismic station with focal method simply picks the point of maximum curvature in depths between 1 to 8 km. the non-cumulative FMD curve. It is an easy and quick method and gives a good first hand estimate of Mc that Seismic Zone (F): The sixth zone is located along the can be successfully used in spatial FMD study. Daboud fault. The epicenters of the earthquakes have a Then it determines b- and a-values and associated NW-SE direction along the trace of the Daboud fault the standard error using both the maximum likelihood [15] activity concentrated in a vertical plane striking N-S with and least square fit methods. The computer program depth between 2 and 5 km. (Zmap) loops over all the nodes to compute these values for each node and stores in an output file. Finally, it Seismic Zone (G): The Abuderwa zone is located along brings up a color-coded map. the Abuderwa fault near New Alisa (NAL) telemetered For calculation of b- and a-value, both least square fit station.the epicenters of the earthquakes have a north and maximum likelihood methods are used. Standard error south direction along the trace of the Abuderwa fault. in this method is calculated using the following equation: The activity concentrated in a vertical plane striking N-S with depth between 2 and 5 km. err = ( (y - ŷ ) / (n - 2)) (2) Seismic Zone (H): Scattered micro-earthquakes have occurred in the River Nile channel east of Seiyal fault. These events are not associated with the Daboud fault, which lies to the East of the zone (E). The epicenters of the earthquakes have a East-West direction with depth extends to 8 km. Data: The seismicity catalog compiled by the Aswan Seismic network (ASN) for the period of December December 2008 contains a total of about 6024 events for northern part of the Lake Nasser with a depth less than 30 km and M > 0.1 as shown in Figure 2. The Seismicity map in 3D-view. Yellow stars show earthquakes magnitude 3.9. MATERIALS AND METHODS The technique of Calculation and mapping b-values was completed using ZMAP software, an open-source program developed and written in Matlab by Wiemer [10]. The computer code ZMAP is explained in detail elsewhere Wiemer [11], Wiemer and Benoit [6], Wiemer and McNutt [12], Wiemer and Wyss [13], Wiemer et al., [14]. Very briefly, The b-value is estimated at every node of a densely spaced grid, using the n nearest events. The sample volumes have the shape of a cylinder with whereas, y = actual data, = estimate of y, n = number of data, err = standard error. Here, standard error is used as standard deviation. It works reasonably well for calculation of FMD parameters. But in most of the cases, FMD deviates significantly near the large magnitude events. This deviation imparts significant error in b-value calculation. This problem can be avoided by using maximum likelihood method to estimate b-value [15]. This method calculates b-value using the following equation: b = log (e) / (M - M ) (3) 10 mean c whereas, M mean = mean magnitude, M c = magnitude of completeness, e = (base of the natural logarithm). The standard error is given by Shi and Bolt [16]. which is as follows: 2 err = 2.30b (M mean) (4) and is given by 2 2 (M mean) = (M i M mean ) /n(n-1). (5) For defining anomalies of b-values, we estimate the probability, p, that two samples may come from the same population by Utsu's test [17]: 79
4 P = exp[-(da/2)-2] (6) (square) and noncumulative form (dots) for the investigated data sets. The drop in the number of events whereas below M c is caused by incomplete reporting of events. Figure 3b. Shows changes of b-values as a function da=-2n ln N + 2N1 ln(n 1 + N2b 1 /b 2) + 2N2ln(Nlb 2/b l+n 2) of time. The maximum b-value was 0.96 at the beginning of N = N 1+N 2 and N 1 and N 2 represent the number of events the catalog in 1982 and the minimum b-value equal 0.56 in in the similar spherical volumes to be compared. 2005, in 2008 the b-value equal The b-value in the Lake Nasser regions RESULTS AND DISCUSSION systematically decreases from high value about b >0.8 in the top 4 km to about b < 0.6 below 14 km depth. Figure 3c El-Khashab et al. [18] showed that the Kalabsha area illustrates the changes of b-value with depth in the study is subjected under the horizontal tectonic stress. The axes area. of this stress take ESE-WNW direction for pressure axis The b-value, mapped for Aswan Seismic network and NNE-SSW direction for tension axis. region. The b-value was estimated based on the 300 Hassib et al. [19] studied the outward migration of closest earthquakes to grid nodes, spaced about 0.25 km earthquake epicenters along the periphery of Lake Nasser, apart (Figure 4a). Aswan. The p-test is used to quantify the statistical Hassoup et al. [20] studied the seismicity of the lake significance of the two anomalous areas. The p-value is Aswan area, Egypt between calculated using equation (6), where N 1 = 135 and the The correct estimate of the b- and a-values depends resulting b 1= 1.17, N 2= 271 and b 2= The values lead critically on the completeness of the sample under to a p-value of 5.5e-010 as shown in Figure 4b. investigation. The FMD deviates from a linear power law The lowest b-value is observed along the Abuderwa fit increasingly for smaller magnitudes. This deviation is fault (zone G) and the highest b-value appears near the caused by the fact that the recording network is only western side of Kalabsha active fault (zone A). capable of recording a fraction of all events for The b-value is approximately 0.941±0.07 in most parts magnitudes smaller than the magnitude of completeness, inside the zone(a) at focal depth ranges between 18 to Mc. As seen in Figure 3a. the Mc equals km, 0.739±0.12 in the zone (B) at focal depth ranges The b-value is calculated to be 0.793±.0.01 using the between 1 to 18 km, 0.691±.0.09 in the zone (C) at focal maximum likelihood method for the entire interface depth ranges between 1 to 9 km, 0.907±0.082 in the zone catalog. Figure 3a. shows the overall FMD in cumulative (D) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 18 km, 0.795±0.07 (a) (b) (c) Fig. 3: a) The overall FMD in cumulative (Figure 6a) and noncumulative (Figure 6b) b) Changes of b-values as a function of time c) Changes of b-values with depth in the study area. 80
5 Fig. 4: a) The b-value map for Lake Nasser area by Maximum likelihood method. Red star is the main shock (magnitude = 5.6) b) The b-value in the high and low anomalies areas in the zone (E) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 9 km, 30 km, 0.739±0.12 in the zone (B) at focal depth ranges 0.753±0.07 in the zone (F) at focal depth ranges between between 1 to 18 km, 0.691±0.09 in the zone (C) at focal 1 to 8 km, 0.552±0.05 in the zone (G) which focal depth depth ranges between 1 to 9 km, 0.907±0.082 in the zone ranges between 1 to 8 km and 0.576±0.1 in most parts (D) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 18 km, 0.795±0.07 inside the zone (H) at focal depths greater than 1 and less in the zone (E) at focal depth ranges between 1 to 9 km, than 5 km ±0.07 in the zone (F) at focal depth ranges between The b-value increases from east to west along 1 to 8 km, 0.552±0.05 in the zone (G) which focal depth Kalabsha active fault and decreases from north to south ranges between 1 to 8 km and 0.576±0.1 in most parts between Seiyale and Abuderwa faults. inside the zone (H) at focal depths greater than 1 and less than 5 km respectively. CONCLUSIONS The b-value increases from east to west along Kalabsha active fault and decreases from north to south The seismicity of the northern part of Lake Nasser is between Seiyale and Abuderwa.faults. concentrated at Gebel Marawa, near the intersection of the easterly trending faults with a northern trend. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The distribution pattern of seismicity in the Aswan study area shows consistent grouping of foci in space, We would like to express our sincere gratitude and mostly within eight epicentral zones. appreciation to Prof. Dr E. M. Ibrahim and Prof. Dr. The overall b-value estimate for the study area using Heshamm Hussein for their help. Also we wish to extend maximum likelihood methods is found to be 0.793±.0 for our thanks to Dr. G. H. Hassib and all staff of the Aswan the entire interface catalog. Seismic Network (ASN). The b-value, mapped for Aswan Seismic network region. The b-value was estimated based on the 300 REFERENCES closest earthquakes to grid nodes, spaced about 0.25 km apart. In all catalogs studied, b-value was strongly 1. El-shazly, E.M. and M.A. Abdel Hady, heterogeneous. The b-value varies from 0.55 to Geology and groundwater condition of The lowest b-value is observed along the Abuderwa fault Tushka Basin area, Egypt, published by Remote and the highest b-value appears near the western side of Sensing Center, Academy of Scientific Research and Kalabsha active fault. Technology. The b-value is approximately 0.941±0.07 in most parts 2. Smith, W.H.F. and D.T. Sandwell, Global inside the zone(a) at focal depth ranges between 18 to seafloor topography from satellite. 81
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