Granite Weathering and Sandstone Grain Cementation in Jemez Springs, Sandoval County, New Mexico.
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1 Granite Weathering and Sandstone Grain Cementation in Jemez Springs, Sandoval County, New Mexico. Abstract Liz Bunin and Christine Doman The granitic basement rocks of the Jemez Springs area of Sandoval county, New Mexico have been weathered. In these rocks, hornblende has been replaced by chlorite, which is being replaced by iron oxides (magnetite). Zoned zircon crystals and cerium-lanthium oxides were also found in the granite. Nearby, the permian Abo and Yeso sandstone formations are cemented with hematite cement. Attempts were made to determine the provenance of the Abo and Yeso sediments, but were inconclusive. Introduction Our samples were collected from two locations in Sandoval County, New Mexico. The granite samples came from an area known as the Guadalupe Box, in a side canyon of San Diego Canyon. The canyon has steep walls cut by the Guadalupe River. The basement rock of this area is a Precambrian granite, metamorphosed to various degrees roughly 1.6 billion years ago. The rock is pink to dark red in handsample and has many crystals large enough to be visible with the naked eye. These crystalline basement rocks were uplifted and eroded due to extensive regional faulting related to the uplift of the Sierra Naciamentio; the general complexity of the geology makes determining the cause of the uplift of this particular section of canyon difficult, though it can be attributed to the Jemez fault zone (Laughlin and Eddy). The sandstone samples were taken from an outcrop of Permian age Yeso formation stone in the valley near Jemez Pueblo. The
2 Yeso formation is a Quartzarenite Aeolian dune formation with evident and extensive crossbedding. The presence of iron in both samples and their geographic relationship may indicate that that the granite could have weathered and contributed iron, quartz or other minerals to the sandstone. If any continuity between the samples is evidence for this relationship. Materials and Methods Thinsection slides were made of each sample. The sandstone was stabilized in resin before being cut. Our samples were initially analyzed using optical microscopy between 40x and 400x magnification in plane-polarized light and cross-polarized light. This method was used to preliminarily identify mineral constituents of the granite and sandstone and identify any specific features to investigate further. The samples were then more thoroughly investigated using the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. EDS in particular allows specific and precise identification of the elemental constituents of a particular crystal. Results The granite sample contains minerals consistent with most granites and with the descriptions of the basement rock from the literature and the geologic maps (Laughlin and Eddy; Trimmer 2006). The constituent minerals are feldspar, zoned zircon crystals, clay, chlorite, magnetite, and trace amounts of cerium-lanthium oxides. The quartz in the granite exhibits undulatory extinction which indicates that the rocks have undergone some amount of diagenetic strain. The minerals in the granite exhibit intermediate weathering as feldspars weather to clay and hornblende weathers to chlorite and then to iron oxide. This process can be seen in figure 1
3 where the black iron oxide crystals are replacing the chlorite. Figure 2 shows twinning preserved from a feldspar crystal as it weathers to microcrystaline clay. The sandstone sample is an aeolian quartzarenite. It contains no feldspar, only quartz and cement. The quartz grains are rounded indicating transport from a considerable distance. The grains exhibit unit extinction an so are likely to have not have been subjected to diagenetic strain. The red color of the rocks is due to the iron oxide cement between the grains. The exact composition of the cement could not be determined. Discussions There was no apparent physical or chemical relationship between the two samples. Iron oxide cement in the sandstone could be sourced from many places, particularly any overlying beds contributing dissolved iron through meteoric water (Friedman et al, 1992). The quartz grains in the sandstone do not display undulatory extinction as do the quartz grains in the granite. This indicates that the granite has undergone strain where the sandstone has not. Assuming the granite is the source of the quartz in the Yeso sandstone, the granite would have had to have been subjected to strain after the quartz was eroded. This is unlikely because the ages of the rocks suggest the granite was buried at at least 500 meters at the time of deposition of the sandstone (Goff et al, 1996). In the granite, the chlorite and magnetite are likely the result of an iron-rich silicate (likely hornblende) weathering. The clay likely resulted from the weathering of feldspar and much of the twinning can still be seen in intermediately weathered feldspar grains (Philpotts, 1989; Perkins et al, 2000). Zoned zircons with calcium replacement are consistent with the
4 crystallization of zircon around a pure core (Liati et al 2009). In the sandstone, the composition and shape of the grains mean that the sandstone is both compositionally and texturally mature and suggest that it is extensively weathered and far from its source. This is evidence against any relationship between the Yeso sandstone and the granite. Conclusion Determining the provenance of the Abo and Yeso sandstone formations has been complicated by the small numbers of samples accessible to us. Additionally, the use of the electron microprobe would have been helpful in determining the compositions of the feldspar and clay in the granite, and the iron oxide cement in the sandstone. It is unlikely that the provenance of the Abo and Yeso sandstones is the granitic basement rock of this region, but future research could determine this more conclusively. To more certainly determine the provenance of the Abo and Yeso sandstones, electron microprobe analysis could be used to analyze trace heavy metal elements in larger sized samples taken from multiple locations at various depths in the granite and from both the thin, horizontal and larger, crossbeds in the sandstone. Specifically, attention could be paid to the cerium-lanthium oxides present in the granite and attempts could be made to source the iron using isotope ratios.
5 Figure 1 Figure 2
6 Works Cited Friedman, G.M., Sanders, J.E., Kopaska-Merkal,D,C. Principles of Sedimentary Deposits: Stratigraphy and Sedimentology. (1992) Mackmilan Publishing Company. USA. Goff, F., Kues, F., Rogers, M., McFadden, S., Gardener, J. First Day Road Log, from Bernalillo to San Ysidro, Southern Nacimiento Mountains, Guadalupe Box, Jemez Springs, Valles Caldera, and Los Alamos. (1996) New Mexico Geological Society Forty-Seventh Annual Field Conference Kelly, S. et al. Preliminary Geologic Map of the Jemez Springs 7.5 minute quadrangle. (2003) New Mexico Buerau of Geology. New Mexico Tech. publications/maps/geologic/home.html Laughlin, A.W., Eddy, A. Petrography and Geochemistry of Precambrian Rocks from GT-2 and EE SW. Los Alamos scientific laboratory of the University of California Los Alamos, New Mexico. Lohman, K. Personal Communication. 12/4/2009 Press, F.,Siever, R. Understanding Earth 2nd edition. (1998) W.H. Freeman and Copmany USA. Trimmer, R. et al. Preliminary Geologic Map of the Jarosa Quadrangle, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico (2006) New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral ResourcesOpen-file Digital Geologic Map OF-GM 128 Liati, A., Skarpelis, N., Pe-Pepier, G. Late Miocene magmatic activity in the Attic-Cycladic Belt of the Aegean (Lavrion, SE Attica, Greece): implications for the geodynamic evolution and timing of ore deposition Geological Magazine [ ] LIATI yr: 2009 vol:146 iss:5 pg: Perkins, D., Henke, K. Minerals in Thing Section. (2000) Prentice-Hall inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Philpotts, A., R., Petrographhy of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks. (1989) Prencice-Hall inc. Englesood Cliffs, New Jersey.
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