Seismological laboratory in Agua Negra tunnel
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1 Instituto Geofísico Sismológico Volponi Universidad Nacional de San Juan Seismological laboratory in Agua Negra tunnel Buenos Aires, Abril 2011
2 Why a Seismological laboratory in Agua Negra tunnel? Earthquake M > 5.5 Earthquake between with M>4. NEIC-USGS catalog.
3 Regional Seismicity Cross section
4 Crustal and subducted plate seismicity No flat slab South of 33 S
5 Gutscher, 2002 Geometry of the flat slab increases the mechanical interaction between both plates resulting in cooler upper plate with higher seismicity.
6 Nazca Plate Morphology Cenozoic volcanism gap Anderson et al, 2007 Nazca plate seismicity strongly decrease north of 31 South. Cahill and Isacks, 1992 Morphology of the subdacted plate not well known at tunnel latitude.
7 Nazca Plate Morphology & Surface Topography Furlani & Triep 2007
8 How we can explain the flat slab section?
9 Juan Fernández Ridge location in relation to continental margin & flat slab region. Hot spot Convergent margin long South america showing location research survey area, the northern ends of the quaternary volcanos (solid triangles), the Central valley and the forearc basins on the shelf. The 150 km benioff depth countour is indicated. From the beginning of the flat slab area to Valparaiso Basin marks the segment boundary opposite Juan Fernandez Ridge which subducts beneath Chile. Von Huene, 1997
10 North JFR Submarine volcanos on the Nazca plate near to be subdacted under South American plate Von Huene, 1997
11 3D view of the shape and age of the subdacted Nazca plate (done by magnetometry). O Higgins seamount is younger than the Papudo seamount. Yañez et al, 2001
12 An independent hypothesis maybe may help the flat subduction process Thick continental lithosphere, higher viscosity and narrowing of the asthenospheric wedge increase upward suction force. Hydration weakens the base of the continental lithosphere and promotes detachment of the slab. Peréz Gussinye et al, 2008
13 Regional Seismicity & known destructive earthquakes Juan Fernández Ridge track Crustal earthquakes Nazca plate earthquakes Beach Balls are focal mechanisms diagrams Earthquakes 6 < Magnitude < 8
14 Hazard Map Expected maximun acceleration ~0.4 g Gregori et al., 2008.
15 Agua Negra station will complement the existent areal distribution of seismic networks in Argentina and Chile, and also a transect at ~30 S will be naturally established wich will be usefull for local, regional and global studies. Gilbert et al, 2006
16 Ambient Earth Noise The lowest horizontalcomponent noise levels are observed at stations where the seismometers are located in tunnels or very well-insulated vaults. Minimum noise levels, both horizontal and vertical, are observed on STS-1.
17 Sensor type Distribution of observations Figure from Berger, Davis and Ekstrom (2004)
18 Recommended seismometer type 600 m Small seismometer array in Gran Sasso For the dimention of Agua Negra Laboratory we suggest at least one broadband seismometer similar to STS-1 (flat response up to 360 sec), a 26 bit digital recorder with capacity to transmite data by internet.
19 Magnetic Observatory Thrust earthquakes are ideal for studying seismic gravity changes because they vertically displace adjacent blocks of mass and produce permanent changes in the gravity field around the epicentre. It offers a possibility of detection of precursors to earthquakes due to gradual pressure build-up. Magnetic data before & after the Loma Prieta earthquake in California, 1989.
20 Gravimetry An ultra-high-precision continuous gravity reference station for studying a wide variety of geophysical phenomena. Monitoring volcanoes Measurement of ocean-loading corrections to gravity for improving global ocean tide models Measurement of subsidence caused by oil, gas, or water extraction Long term tectonic effects-either post-glacial uplift or subsidence Subduction-induced silent earthquakes
21 Conclusions Continuous seismic monitoring at the Agua Negra tunnel will help to understand better the local and regional seismicity, and contribute to the global data completeness. Aditional gravimetric and magnetometric monitoring will complement the seismological one. Tectonic and the more general geodynamical comprehension related to flat subduction will be greatly inproved.
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