Contradistinction of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Change
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1 The Eighth International Conference on Bioenvironment, Biodiversity and Renewable Energies BIONATURE 2017 Contradistinction of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Change Keynote Speaker: S. V. Nghiem NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA 24 May All rights reserved.
2 Science Issue A key issue in climate change science is the Polar Sea Ice Paradox: Why Arctic sea ice has been reducing and Antarctic sea ice has been stable or even slightly increasing? Objective To examine the differences between Arctic and Antarctic sea ice characteristics and how they have changed under different geophysical and climatic conditions in polar regions to explain the Sea Ice Paradox.
3 Arctic Sea Ice
4 Rapid Reduction of Sea Ice Extent National Climate Assessment Report,
5 Two Major Ice Classes Perennial sea ice: Surviving at least a summer melt, multi-year age, thick ice, important to ice mass and ice pack stability Seasonal sea ice: Thinner ice, forming and melting away seasonally Marginal Ice Zone near edge
6 Satellite Scatterometers Covering 90% of the world in a day Coarse resolution of 25 km NASA QuikSCAT ISRO Oceansat ISRO SCATSAT
7 3/21/2001 Nghiem/7
8 3/21/2008 Nghiem/8
9 March ` Before 1970: No discernable trend in March perennial ice extent : Decrease of 0.5x10 6 km 2 per decade in March perennial ice extent as estimated from the Drift-Age model. Nghiem/9
10 March : Decrease of 1.5x10 6 km 2 per decade in March perennial ice extent as measured from QuikSCAT data and estimated from the Drift-Age model TRIPLE THE LOSS RATE in the previous three decades Nghiem/10
11 The Polar Express Ice loss mechanism in any season (not just summer) Nghiem et al. GRL, 2007 Ice compression from East to West Arctic Ice compression into Transpolar Drift (TD) Acceleration of TD 1 carrying ice out of Arctic via Fram Strait Warm Atlantic water effectively melted ice in Greenland Sea Nghiem/11
12 The Polar Express in 2005 Barents-Sea low and Canadian-Basin high anomalies set up anomalous winds over Fram Basin and Greenland Sea Dipole anomaly Nghiem/12
13 Animation of sea ice 20 frames per second SEA ICE CLASSES Seasonal Mixed ice Perennial Melt
14
15 Arctic River Discharge Effective pathway linked to warming continents Nghiem et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 2014 Nghiem et al., Bionature, 2013
16 Landfastsea ice hinders river discharge Mackenzie River Delta 14 June 2012
17 Memory in landfast sea ice Lead in 2013 and landfast ice edge in 2012 conform to 25-m isobath 6/14/2012 vs 5/17/2013
18 Heat Source from Rivers Arctic sea ice: Warm river water discharge Antarctic sea ice: Frozen continent McClelland et al., 2006 A stark contrast between Arctic and Antarctic! 72 rivers: Blue = <6 km 3 /y; Yellow = 6 to <60 km 3 /y; Red = 60 to 600 km 3 /y J/yr/1 o C above 0 o C 2.5 gigatonof TNT/yr/1 o C No such rivers!
19 Antarctic Sea Ice
20 Issues to be addressed for Antarctic sea ice 1. Mechanisms for sea ice production 2. What protects the sea ice cover 3. What factors sustain Antarctic ice 4. What causes regional variability 5. Consistency among factors above 6. Same physics but opposite effects in Arctic versus Antarctic sea ice
21 Antarctic Sea Ice Production Ozone change increasing sea ice (Marshall, 2003; Gillett & Thompson, 2003; Son et al. 2010) but not effective (Sigmond & Fyfe, 2010) Lower salinity/density in the near-surface layer weaken mixing (Manabe et al., 1991) Enhancement of thermohalocline stratification (Zhang, 2007); Meltwater from ice shelves in cool layer (Bintanja et al., 2013) Wind intensifications for more ridging and thus thickening sea ice (Zhang, 2013)
22 Synoptic Sea Ice Classes Statistical analysis shows a Gaussian distribution of Antarctic sea ice backscatter signatures in contrast to the bimodal distribution for Arctic sea ice. Using the Gaussian mean and STD, we define YI Class for younger ice, OI Class for older ice, and RI Class for rough older ice with highest backscatter. Use >10 years of backscatter data ( ) to map synoptic sea ice classes over the Antarctic sea ice cover.
23 OI Class - Older, rougher, thicker Photo courtesy of Michael J. Lewis, SIMBA Field Campaign, October 2007
24 Decadal maps of synoptic sea ice classes Antarctic FIZ surrounded & encapsulated the Antarctic sea ice cover vs Arctic MIZ
25
26 Effective Growth of Sea Ice in the Regions of Younger Sea Ice (YI) Class Thorndike, A. S., et al. (1975), Thickness distribution of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 80(33), , doi: /jc080i033p04501
27 Wind Pattern Shaped by Continental Topography Start with arbitrary wind field Wind field shaped by topography in 72 hrs Initial (0 hr) 72 hr Split Parish, T. R., and J. J. Cassano, J. J. (2003). Diagnosis of the Katabatic Wind Influence on the Wintertime Antarctic Surface Wind Field from Numerical Simulations. Monthly Weather Rev., 131,
28 Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (MUR Product) (a) (b)
29 0 o 80 o S 50 o S SST Isobaths ( ) and GEBCO-2014 Bathymetry Depth from GEBCO-2014 Bathymetry (m) Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) front (saccf) delineated by Kim and Orsi (2014)
30 SST over Kerguelen Plateau
31 Bellingshausen Plain Bellingshausen Sea Amundsen Sea Mid-Atlan c Ridge America-Antarc c Ridge South Sandwich Trench East Pacific Rise Udintsev Fracture Zone Sco a Sea Weddell Sea West Antarc ca Ross Sea + Bouvet Island Lazarev Sea Queen Maud Land South Pole Ross Ice Shelf Pacific-Antarc c Ridge Atlan c-indian Ridge Riiser-Larsen Sea Somov Sea East Antarc ca Wilkes Land Enderby Plain Cosmonauts Sea Coopera on Sea D Urville Sea Lena Tablemount Davis Sea Mawson Sea Southeast Indian Ridge Kerguelen Plateau Fawn Trough Australian Antarc c Basin Australian Antarc c Basin GEBCO-2014
32 Same Physics but Opposite Effects Sea Ice Properties: Antarctic circumpolar FIZ with older rougher and thicker sea ice vs Arctic MIZ with younger and thinner sea ice. Atmospheric Forcing: Antarctic winds create ice factories, ridging/recirculating ice vs Arctic winds causing ice loss by exporting sea ice. Oceanic Forcing: Antarctic bathymetry constrains the location of the saccf and sea ice vs Arctic bathymetry responsible for mechanisms that aggravate sea ice loss (e.g., release of warm waters from the Mackenzie River).
33 Conclusions Great Shield zone of Antarctic Sea Ice: with OI and RI, encapsulating and protecting internal YI sea ice, bounded by the sacc front. FIZ recirculation by the persistent westerlies. Wind consistently opening internal sea ice for effective ice growth (ice factories in YI areas). Geological factors, topography for winds and bathymetry for waters, persistently maintain the stability of Antarctic sea ice. Antarctic sea ice behavior is consistent with Antarctic geophysics and thus not a paradox.
34 Contact
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