Chapter 1. The Ocean as a Habitat
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1 Chapter 1 The Ocean as a Habitat 1
2 The Changing Marine Environment Newsflash: Things have changed over the 5 billion year history of the Earth!!! 2
3 What changes??? Physically How? Chemically How? Atmosphere w/ water vapor Density stratification 3
4 What changes??? Geologically How? Biologically How? Oceans getting deeper Continents getting larger & higher Oxygen revolution Ozone layer Marine bacteria 4
5 World ocean covers nearly 71% of earth s surface Average depth??? Guesses??? 3800 meters!!! 5
6 Charting the Deep The Challenger s Voyage 69,000 nautical miles!!! 6
7 Charting the Deep The interrelated concepts of continental drift and plate tectonics have radically changed our view of the ocean s structure. 7
8 Layers of the earth Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust Lithosphere: crust and upper mantle Athenosphere: below lithosphere (liquid) 8
9 Earthquakes rock! Plate tectonics The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates 9
10 Plates can come together and move apart 10
11 A Different View of the Ocean Floor Crust destroyed Crust created Fig. 1.6 Cross-section of a spreading ocean floor, illustrating the relative motions of oceanic and continental crusts. New crust is created at the ridge axis, and old crust is lost in trenches. 11
12 Seafloor spreading the mechanism of continental drift: occurs at ridges 12
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14 14
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16 Subduction zones occur at trenches subduction 16
17 Continental Drift All continents were once part of a supercontinent Pangaea that split and drifted apart 17
18 A Different View of the Ocean Floor About 200 million years ago, Pangaea, separated into Laurasia and Gondwana. 18
19 The World Ocean Visualizing the World Ocean Earth s oceans exist as a large inter-connected system of mixing seawater. 19
20 Shelf break ( m) Abyssal plain m m Trenches > 6000m 20
21 The World Ocean Seamounts, islands, abyssal hills Courtesy National Geophysical Data Center/NOAA 21
22 Properties of Seawater 22
23 Polar molecule Covalent bond the strongest bond 23
24 The weakest bond, but MANY OF THEM!!! 24
25 Properties of Seawater Pure Water 25
26 Properties of Seawater 1. Highest Viscosity and Surface Tension of all liquids! Fig A water strider (Halobates), one of the few completely marine insects, is supported by the surface tension of seawater. Vasiliy Koval/ShutterStock, Inc. 26
27 Water Temperature and Density 2. Solid form is less dense than liquid form Ice floats No largescale freezing! 27
28 Properties of Seawater 3. High Heat Capacity A. High latent heat of fusion B. High latent heat of vaporization C. High boiling point D. High freezing point What does this mean for water and the global ocean? 28
29 Properties of Seawater 4. Water s a good solvent! Na Cl
30 96.5% pure water 3.5% other stuff: SALTS, also dissolved gases & organic compounds Seawater vs. Freshwater Amount of salts = salinity!!! 30
31 Properties of Seawater Ocean Salinity Fig Geographic variations of surface ocean salinities, expressed in parts per thousand ( ). 31
32 Properties of Seawater Causes of Variation in Ocean Salinity Fig Average north-south variation of sea surface evaporation and precipitation. Where is the ocean more saline? The tropics or the poles? Why? Adapted from G. Dietrich. General Oceanography,
33 The source of the salts sort of 33
34 Salt and Water Balance in Organisms (Homeostasis) 34
35 Which organism can maintain homeostasis better??? Properties of Seawater Fig A comparison of the osmotic conditions of a sea cucumber and a salmon in seawater and fresh water. How does water move??? There are rules!!! Diffusion!!! 35
36 Properties of Seawater Light and Temperature in the Sea Fig Fate of sunlight as it enters seawater. The violet and red ends of the visible spectrum are absorbed first. 36
37 Properties of Seawater Light and Temperature in the Sea Fig The electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The small portion known as visible light is passed through a prism to separate the light into its component colors. 37
38 Properties of Seawater Light and Temperature in the Sea The Photic Zone Fig Penetration of various wavelengths of light in three different water types: (1) very turbid coastal waters, (2) moderately turbid coastal water, and (3) clear tropical water. Note the shift to shorter wavelengths (bluer light) in clearer water. 38
39 Properties of Seawater Light and Temperature in the Sea How do land and ocean temperatures vary in their ranges? How do organisms deal with these temperature fluctuations? Poikilotherms Ectotherms Endotherms 39
40 Properties of Seawater Light and Temperature in the Sea Fig Earth's sea surface temperatures obtained from two weeks of satellite infrared observations July Temperatures are color coded, with red being warmest and decreasing through oranges, yellows, greens, blues, and black. The temperature ranges of the labeled marine climatic zones are listed in Figure 1.24 and are shifted slightly northward during the Northern Hemisphere summer. Image courtesy MODIS Ocean Group, NASA GSFC, and the University of Miami 40
41 Properties of Seawater Ocean Layers The ocean is layered!!! How is it layered??? 41
42 By temperature! Thermocline zone of rapid temperature change 42 Fig. 4-18, p. 85
43 By salinity! increases Halocline zone of rapid change in salinity 43 Fig. 4-18, p. 85
44 So, the density increases rapidly with depth! Pycnocline zone of rapid change in density; caused by temp. & salinity changes 44 Fig. 4-18, p. 85
45 Thermoclines can vary with season, local conditions, currents, and many other factors 45
46 Properties of Seawater Salinity-Temperature-Density Relationships Fig Temperature-salinity-density diagram for seawater. Purple curved lines represent density values (in g/cm3) resulting from the combined effects of temperature and salinity. Three fourths of the volume of the ocean is remarkably uniform, with salinity, temperature, and density characteristics defined by the dark blue area. 46
47 Properties of Seawater Salinity-Temperature-Density Relationships Fig Variations in water temperature (orange curve) and salinity (blue curve) at a GEOSECS station in the western South Atlantic Ocean. The resulting density profile is shown at the right (black curve). 47
48 I ve got gas!!! 48
49 Nitrogen not exciting CO2 & Oxygen photosynthesis & respiration & CO2 as buffer 49
50 A buffer is a substance that can maintain the ph of a solution at a relatively constant point. 50
51 Properties of Seawater Dissolved Gases and Acid-Base Buffering The ocean is slightly basic 51
52 Oxygen Minimum Zone 52
53 Properties of Seawater Dissolved Nutrients and the Influence of the Pycnocline Fig Contrasting features of shallow and deep ocean water resulting in a two-layer system separated by a pycnocline. 53
54 The Ocean in Motion The sea is constantly moving, both horizontally and vertically. Winds, waves, tides, currents, sinking water masses, and upwelling all contribute to the remarkable homogeneity of the world ocean. 54
55 The Ocean in Motion Wind Waves The character of wind-driven ocean waves depends on the wind s speed, duration, and fetch. Fig Wave form and pattern of water motion in a deep-water wave as it moves to the right toward a shoreline. Circles indicate orbits of water particles diminishing with depth. There is little water motion below a depth equal to one half of the wavelength. 55
56 The Ocean in Motion Surface Currents Ocean surface currents are driven by stable patterns of surface winds. Affected by Coriolis Effect deflection due to Earth s rotation
57 The Ocean in Motion Coriolis Effect causes the Ekman Spiral Fig A spiral of current directions, indicating greater deflection to the right (in the Northern Hemisphere), which increases with depth due to the Coriolis effect. The arrow length indicates relative current speed. 57
58 The Ocean in Motion The North Pacific Gyre The largest surface currents are organized into huge circuits known as gyres 58
59 The Ocean in Motion - gyres Adapted from Pickard, G. L. and W. J. Emory, eds. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press,
60 The Ocean in Motion - Tides Tides are the periodic changes in water level that occur along coastlines. They are a result of the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the water of the oceans. Lowest lows, highest highs Smallest change between lows & highs 60
61 The Ocean in Motion Ocean Tides Fig Three common types of tides. 61
62 The Ocean in Motion Ocean Tides Fig The geographic occurrence of the three types of tides described in Figure
63 The Ocean in Motion Vertical Water Movements Vertical circulation of ocean water results from density-driven sinking processes. 63
64 The Ocean in Motion Vertical Water Movements 64
65 Vertical Mixing thermohaline circulation mixing by differences in temp & salinity 65
66 Classification of the Marine Environment Energy from the sun: warms the sea s surface creates winds Winds result in a two-layered world ocean, with: a shallow, well-mixed, warm, sunlit layer overlaying a much deeper, cold, dark, high-pressure layer of slowly moving water below 66
67 Classification of the Marine Environment The three-dimensional marine environment can be separated into two broad divisions: the benthic realm of the sea floor (bathyal, abyssal, hadal) and the pelagic water column (neritic, oceanic) 67
68 Classification of the Marine Environment Fig A system for classifying the marine environment. Adapted from J. W. Hedgpeth, ed. Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. 2 vols. Geological Society of America,
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