Evidence of a Sandy Suspended-Load Dominated River from the Mississippian Cypress Formation, Illinois, USA

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1 Evidence of a Sandy Suspended-Load Dominated River from the Mississippian Cypress Formation, Illinois, USA Kalin Howell 1, Nathan Webb 2, Jim Best 1,3, Eric Prokocki 1,4 1 Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. 2 Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. 3 Departments of Geography and Geographic Information Science, Mechanical Science and Engineering and Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. 4 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, USA.

2 Agenda 1. Aims 2. Study Areas and Project Workflow 3. Results 4. Discussion 2

3 Aims What is the dominant paleoenvironment of thick Cypress sandstones? What is the dominant mode of sediment transport in thick Cypress sandstones? How is this mode of transport manifested in the resultant sedimentology and does it influence bedform scaling relationships? 3

4 Geologic Context Midcontinent USA Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky Upper Mississippian sandstones are consistently very fine- to fine-grained Interpreted low-channel slopes and low accomodation Tropical, semi-arid climate near the equator Glacioeustatic fluctuations drove sequence formation Forced progradations of deltas Evidence of southwestward sediment transport throughout the Carboniferous Potter (1962, 1963) After Bristol and Howard (1971) 4

5 The Upper Mississippian Cypress Formation N = sequences Can be mostly mudstone, sandstone lenses, or thick sand (up to 60 m) Capped by regional limestone marker bed Western Belt believed to be dominantly marine reworked braided river deposits After Nelson et al. (2002) After Nelson et al. (2002) Current measurements compiled from this study and notes of Potter et al. (1958)

6 STUDY AREAS AND PROJECT WORKFLOW 6

7 Study Areas 1. Outcrop Scale Study Cypress Creek (type locality) No detailed sedimentological work thus far 2. Oil Field Scale Study Dale Oil Field 3. Regional Scale Study Modified from Nelson et al. (2002) 7

8 Project Workflow Core Permeability Study outcrop to understand outcrop-scale variation and context for facies observed in core Well logs Relate outcrop findings to core and well logs in oilfield-scale study in the basin interior Incorporate findings into regional context Outcrop DATA INTEGRATION Grain Size Scaling Relationships & Mode of Transport Paleoenvironments 8

9 RESULTS 9

10 Principal Cypress Sedimentary Facies Ripple-bedded Planar-bedded Cross-bedded Conglomeratic How are these facies manifested in outcrop? 10

11 3. Regional Picture For scale... Regional Net Sandstone Isopach Meandering or anastomosing composite fluvial belt deposited during sea-level lowstand? Subsidiary trends present Zoned belt: locus of fluvial deposition in central axis of overall belt Data compiled from Kalin Howell, Zohreh Askari, Nathan Webb, and Seyler et al. (2002) Sinuous composite river belt? Sinuous composite belt trends 11

12 2. Oilfield-Scale Picture m 0 Middle Interval (Green) Net Sandstone Isopach Multistorey Arcuate Channel Multistorey Sheet-Like Body Abandoned Channel Clay Plug Multistorey Arcuate Channel Multistorey arcuate channel trends Abandoned channel clay plugs Multistorey sheet-like bodies Sinuous A A belt trends D D B B Storey 3 Storey 2 12

13 1. Cypress Creek Outcrops 13

14 Cypress Creek Outcrops SW NE 14

15 Cypress Creek Outcrops SW NE = thick Cypress sandstones DOWNLAP All low-angle and planar beds in thick Cypress deposited by flow velocities greater than ripples and lower than upper-stage plane beds Common low-amplitude, long wavelength master surfaces with low angle cross-sets often superimposed Harms et al. (1982)?

16 Cypress Creek Outcrops Small cross-sets: mean thickness = 0.27 m Low angle cross-sets common: < 15 Convex-up & sigmoidal foresets and tangential toesets common All beds dip uniformly to the W-SW SW SW NE NE 16

17 Cypress Creek Outcrops Low-angle master surfaces dip gently westward and truncate at upper bounding surfaces and downlap onto lower bounding surfaces Low-amplitude, long wavelength dunes? Or unit-bars? Convex-up & sigmoidal foresets and tangential toesets common W W EE Upper bounding surface Lower bounding surface DOWNLAP Master Surfaces 17

18 Dune to USPB Transition Chakraborty & Bose, 1992

19 Storey 3 Storey 2 Storey 1 Tripp-1 Well 3.5 km from Cypress Creek outcrops Cored 31 m of thick Cypress sand 99% recovery in sand Core through entire Cypress, including upper and lower formation contacts Up to three storeys 19

20 Tripp-1 Well 16 m point bar 20 m point bar Mean x-set thickness = 0.29 m Evidence for point bars m thick? Subtle basal lags, abrupt grain size increase Fining-up Decrease in bedform size upwards Channel base Rooted top and gleyed paleosol 20

21 Tripp-1 Well 16 m point bar 20 m point bar Mean x-set thickness = 0.29 m Evidence for point bars m thick? Subtle basal lags, abrupt grain size increase Channel base Fining-up Decrease in bedform size upwards Rooted top and gleyed paleosol 21

22 16 m point bar 20 m point bar Gleyed carbonaceous paleosol Root traces Asymmetric current ripples Tripp-1 Well Mean x-set thickness = 0.29 m Evidence for point bars m thick? Subtle basal lags, abrupt grain size increase Fining-up Decrease in bedform size upwards Rooted top and gleyed paleosol 22

23 Summary of Interpretations D 50 = ~132 µm (from thin section grain measurements) Multistorey sandstones within a ~ 50 km wide composite fluvial belt Arcuate channel trends Abandoned channel clay plugs Sheet-like bodies Channel storeys from m thick Small simple cross-sets: mean thickness = ~0.3 m Unidirectional, low-angle foresets abundant (<15 ) Sigmoidal & convex-up foresets and tangential toesets abundant 23

24 DISCUSSION 24

25 Cumulative Percentage Scaling Relationships Cross-set derived bankfull depths Mean bankfull depth ~4 m Maximum bankfull depth ~12 m Outlier S1 S2 η1 η2 Channel-fill derived bankfull depths Mean bankfull depth ~10 m Cross-Set Thickness S (m) or Dune Height η (m) S3 S4 Ntotal = 171 Mean thickness = 0.27 m Max thickness = ~ 0.8 m η3 η4 Bankfull depths from maximum thickness cross-sets are closer to mean bankfull depth derived from channel fills Mean cross-set thickness significantly underestimates actual mean bankful depth 25

26 Affinity for Suspended Load Transport Consistently fine grain size (D50 = ~132 µm) Low angle surfaces (<15 ) Sigmoidal and convex-up foresets & tangential toesets Small simple crosssets (0.29 m) Big fine-grained rivers are more suspension dominated Low angle surfaces dominate Ancient Cypress river also suspension dominated Most cross-sets do not scale ideally to flow depths Maximum cross-set thickness best for estimating paleodepths? 26

27 Thanks to Julia Cisneros John Grube Zohreh Askari Jared Freiburg Hannes Leetaru Bob Mumm Beverly Seyler Arjan Reesink John Nelson Joe Devera Mingyue Yu Dmytro Lukhtai Sterling Lemme Dan Klein Michael Lewsader Scott Frailey Research herein was supported by U.S. Department of Energy contract DE-FE Through a university grant program, IHS Petra software and ArcGIS were used for geologic modeling. 27

28 QUESTIONS? 28

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