Tectonics and Hydrocarbon System, East Gobi Basin, Mongolia. Gary Prost, ConocoPhillips Canada, Calgary

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1 Tectonics and Hydrocarbon System, East Gobi Basin, Mongolia Gary Prost, ConocoPhillips Canada, Calgary

2 Project Objectives (a joint project of Gulf Canada and ROC Oil) What structures can be expected in these basins, and what age are they? Where is the best quality reservoir? When did hydrocarbons generate; where did they migrate? What hydrocarbon type can be expected? What volumes were generated?

3 Work Program - Map East Gobi basin using regional Landsat images - Map subbasins using enlarged satellite images and airphotos - Reconnaissance field mapping - Evaluate seismic data, well logs, cuttings, outcrop samples, and literature - Model the hydrocarbon system

4 Location Map, East Gobi Basin Mongolia Unegt. Sainshand Sainshand ZB TE Khovsgol Zuunbayan 46 o 44 o The East Gobi basin of southeast Mongolia consists of several subbasins Mongolia W. Gobi E. Gobi Songliao China 5 1 km 42 o China Ordos Erlian 16 o 18 o 11 o

5 Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Permian- Devonian Upper Lower Upper Middle Maastrichtian Campanian Campanian Santonian Santonian Turonian Cenomanian Albian Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Tithonian Kimmeridgian Bathonian... O.. o O o _ O.. o ~~~~~++ ~~~~+++ Undifferentiated Nemegt Baruungoyot Bayanshiree Sainshand or Baruunbayan Zuunbayan Tsagaan Tsav Sharlyn Upper Lower Bituminous Khamar Khoovor Tavan Tolgoy Seal Reservoir Seal Reservoir Seal Source Reservoir Seal Stratigraphy, East Gobi Basin Seals are lacustrine shales of the Zuunbayan, and Sainshand formations The reservoir consists of fluvial and alluvial sands in the Tsagaan Tsav and Zuunbayan formations Source rock is the Bituminous member of the Zuunbayan Fm.

6 Landsat Index Row 28 Path The area of interest is covered by 5 Landsat TM images Row 3 Row 29 Path 129 Sainshand Zuunbayan Mongolia China Color and B/W images at 1:1, served as a base for mapping (next slide)

7 Remote Sensing and Mapping town Ukhaa Anticline field airstrip Zuunbayan Anticline 1 km 1:1, Landsat TM image

8 Remote Sensing and Mapping Hutuul Uus area Fine detail can be mapped where airphotos are available. 1:32, Russian Airphotos

9 Field Mapping Minor fold, Hutuul Uus area The field program provided map detail Confirmed satellite and airphoto work Allowed measurement of kinematic indicators

10 Satellite + Field Map, Unegt Subbasin next slide Hutuul Uus (previous slide) Zuunbayan area Subbasins can be mapped in fair detail

11 Enlarged portion of the Unegt subbasin Light-colored Paleozoic granites identified on satellite images and confirmed in the field Next Slide

12 Seismic across NE Zuunbayan fault The Zuunbayan Fault has both normal and reverse displacement along strike, suggesting strike-slip faulting and/or varying degrees of inversion

13 Seismic over Zuunbayan field The Zuunbayan anticline is a result of inversion on pre-existing east-northeast-trending normal faults

14 Seismic lines, Tsagaan Els field mid-cretaceous unconformity Tsagaan Els structure shows pre-mid-cretaceous inversion Present-day structure Flattened on Middle Cretaceous Unconformity

15 Lower Cretaceous inversion mid-cretaceous unconformity Northwest-directed out-of-the-basin thrusting, northern Unegt basin

16 Beachballs are a lower hemisphere projection of a Schmidt net showing poles of shortening and extension. White areas indicate zone of shortening. Kinematic Measurements * * * * * * Unegt Subbasin Zuunbayan Tsagaan Els * * * * Multiple fault plane orientations, lineations, and striations were mapped at each site * At several locations two solutions are required to avoid simultaneous extension and shortening in the same direction

17 Kinematic Summary Tectonic Events Are Identified Pre-Jurassic left-lateral strike slip on NE-trending faults Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous normal faulting along east-west trends Late Early Cretaceous shortening & inversion along existing east-west & NE trends 4 Mid-Cretaceous uplift & erosion 5 Post Mid-Cretaceous east-west shortening & right-lateral strike slip along northeast faults

18 9 Temp (C) 16 Depth (m) Hydrocarbon Systems Modeling Thermal gradient from BHTs is 4.5 o C/1 m Heat Flow 2.6 Heat flow ranges from 2.6 to 2.25 HFU, with five peaks corresponding to volcano-tectonic events Age (my)

19 Source Rock Isopach And Maturity Sainshand Sainshand.4 Isopach (m) (m) km ZB TE mi >1 >

20 1 Migration Paths, 14 Ma trap no outcrop Zuunbayan Deep basin Deep basin Deep basin Tsagaan Els trap

21 1 Migration Paths 5 Ma 1 Total Hydrocarbon Volume Accumulated: 256 MMbo -2-1 Deep basin Deep basin Deep basin -1-2 trap trap no outcrop Tsagaan Els Zuunbayan

22 1 2 Present Day Migration Paths S Sainshand NB ZB TE EZB KK SU Unegt Sub-basin Zuunbayan Sub-basin Paleozoic outcrop Total Hydrocarbon Volume Paleozoic outcrop Accumulated: 652 MMbo -2-2 U -3-2 BM4

23 Event Diagram Sharlyn Tsagaan Tsav Zuunbayan Bayanshiree Nemegt Deposition Source Khamar Khoovor Bituminous Mbr Zuunbayan Undifferentiated Baruungoyot Reservoir Tsagaan Tsav Zuunbayan Sainshand Seal Tectonics Generation and Migration North-South Extension and Rifting Tilted Fault Block Traps North-South Shortening Thrusted Fold Traps East-West Shortening Fold Traps Early Peak Late

24 Conclusions Paleozoic Granite Five structural episodes are recognized: 1) pre-jurassic NE shortening 2) Mid-Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting on NE trends 3) late Early Cretaceous NS shortening 4) middle Cretaceous uplift and erosion 5) EW shortening and right-lateral offset on NE faults Imagery identifies light-colored intrusives that may serve as a source of high-quality reservoir

25 Conclusions The bituminous member Zuunbayan Fm. should be mature over much of the deep Unegt and Zuunbayan subbasins Oil generation began at 11 Ma, peaked 1-9 Ma, and continues to present As much as 86 B BOE may have been generated; at least 65 MMBO accumulated (156 MMBO discovered) The locals are real friendly

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