An outcrop analogue for the Williston Basin Bakken hybrid play, the Sappington Formation in southwest Montana:

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1 An outcrop analogue for the Williston Basin Bakken hybrid play, the Sappington Formation in southwest Montana: Facies, stratigraphic architecture, and controls on porosity distribution Michael Hofmann Department of Geosciences, The University of Montana AIM GeoAnalytics

2 Acknowledgments Anna Phelps Clayton Schultz

3 Motivation Problem: Variable Bakken well performances in the Williston Basin Objective: Advance understanding of (reservoir) facies distribution and reservoir architecture Advance understanding of controls on postdepositional alterations Source: ND GS

4 Field Trip N Regina Williston Basin Study Area

5 Bridger Range SPT6 SPT5 SPT4 SP2 SPT3 SPT m N N 10 km MT Bureau of Mines & Geology, 2007 Main outcrops SPT1

6 Stratigraphy Sappington Formation Modified from Schultz, 2016; data complied from: Klapper, 1966; Huber, 1983; Hayes, 1985; Karma, 1991; Savoy and Harris, 1993; Kaufmann, 2006; Johnston et al., Phelps, 2015

7 Facies (Source Rock) org. rich mudstone SAPPINGTON BAKKEN Ta Ta Ta Qtz Ta Qtz Qtz 200 µm Co 200 µm Co Hardscrabble Peak, Bridger Range, TOC 15.3%, PPL Williston Basin, TOC 14.3%, PPL

8 Facies (Reservoir) planar (cross-)laminated sandy siltstone SAPPINGTON BAKKEN 5 mm Saddle Peak, Bridger Range 5 mm Williston Basin

9 Bridger Range depositional dip profile Bakken Sapping ton N 10 km MT Bureau of Mines & Geology, 2007

10 Proximal to Distal Facies changes DISTAL PROXIMAL NORTH COTTONWOOD LITHOLOGY silt carb GR BI TOC XRD LITHOLOGY GR BI TOC XRD lvf carb 250 µm SADDLE PEAK 2 Sandy siltstone Subroundsubangular Bioturbated 250 µm silty vfl sdst Subroundangular No bioturbation Modified from Phelps, 2015

11 Sappington ~20m Stratigraphic Architecture (3D outcrop model) N Lodgepole Three Forks

12 Stratigraphic Architecture (3D outcrop model) Upper Shale Lower Shale

13 Stratigraphic Architecture 236 ft [72 m] A LPF DCT3 A LPF 40 m DCT2 N Convoluted bedding Modified from Phelps, 2015 DCT1

14 Clinoform Facies Heterogeneity A UPPER MEMBER A 10.7 mi [17 km] LODGEPOLE MIDDLE MEMBER LOWER MEMBER 10.4% TOC 14.2% TOC 6.1% TOC 15.3% TOC THREE FORKS Modified from Phelps, 2015 AA Proximal to distal relationships along clinoform Decrease in grain size to N Increase in mud content A

15 Clinoform Facies Heterogeneity DISTAL NORTH COTTONWOOD LITHOLOGY silt carb GR BI PROXIMAL DRY CANYON LITHOLOGY silt carb GR Modified from Phelps, 2015 BI

16 Stratigraphic Architecture Implications Modified from Phelps et al., 2017 In gently dipping (< 1 ) clinoforms, a horizontal borehole geosteered (using gamma ray log markers) to stay in zone could actually be climbing down (or up) clinoforms. Stratigraphic dip would be within the margin of error of geosteering systems, making it all-but-impossible to detect, but could result in significant facies changes along clinoform

17 Diagenesis SAPPINGTON BAKKEN Pl Pl Qtz Qtz Dolomite cement Dolomite cement Euhedral dolomite 250 µm Euhedral dolomite Hardscrabble Peak, Bridger Range, PPL 250 µm Williston Basin, pink stain, PPL

18 Diagenesis Sappington Formation (Schultz, 2016) Modified from Schultz, 2016

19 Dolomite <Mg; >Fe; <dol; <dolomite crystal size North Cottonwood Saddle Peak Modified from Schultz, 2016

20 Porosity Dissolution of Fe-dolomite (Fe-D) forming secondary intercrystalline porosity (P). Modified from Schultz, 2016 Intracrystalline porosity in Mgdolomite core (Mg-D). Notice the less abundant intracrystalline porosity within the Fe-dolomite.

21 Organic Matter(s) 14.2% TOC 15.3% TOC 10.4% TOC 6.1% TOC - organic acids control dolomite dissolution higher porosity in deeper part of basin - Fe result of illitization more Fe-dolomite in deeper part of basin Modified from Schultz, 2016

22 Organic Matter(s) TOC 25% 1% Sappington in the Bridger Range Phelps et al, 2017 Lower Shale Upper Shale TOC (wt%): Tmax ( C): HI:

23 Tectonic Control Potter's Gul Syntectonic depositional thickening in the upper shale Increase carbonate cement north of fault (hanging wall), decreased carbonate cement south of fault Ross Peak N MT Bureau of Mines & Geology, 2007 ROSS FAULT 10 km

24 Summary The Sappington as a Bakken Analogue Time equivalent, very similar facies and paragenetic sequence Good analogue to study the interplay between facies, structures, diagenesis and reservoir quality Architecture and Facies Sappington composed of low angle clinoforms prograding basinward (to N) Facies fines basinward and along clinoforms (between geosteering GR markers) Dolomite The coarsest facies display the highest dolomite percentage Dolomite is concentrated on the basinward side of faults Dolomite composition varies temporally and spatially between iron and magnesium rich phases; highest ferroan dolomite concentration in deepest part of basin Porosity Iron rich dolomite more susceptible to dissolution Higher TOC content in the Lower and Upper Members results in formation of higher secondary porosity in the Middle Member

25 The Bakken in Montana 4060 Bakken 18 Exshaw 8 Sappington, 1 Cottonwood Canyon ~85% of MT Bakken wells in Richland, Roosevelt, Sheridan counties Bakken Sappington percent oil wells Exshaw 4087 Bakken well Number Bakken Wells

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