Dunite A cost effective raw material in basic refractory mixes for steel making. 24 th September 2009

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Dunite A cost effective raw material in basic refractory mixes for steel making. 24 th September 2009"

Transcription

1 Dunite A cost effective raw material in basic refractory mixes for steel making 24 th September 2009

2 Index Continuous casting in steel making Typical composition of tundish basic mixes Dunite PM Design of basic gunning mixes for tundish Laboratory results Industrial trial Conclusions

3 Continuous casting in steel making Scheme Ladle Tundish Guarantee the continuous feeding of steel Continuous casting

4 Continuous casting in steel making Tundish refractory design Permanent refractory lining Mullite based LCC Life: heats Working refractory lining Basic composition Life: 1 heat Steel Insulating board

5 Continuous casting in steel making Tundish basic mixes: Technical requirements Easy installation Steel resistance during operation Absence of steel contaminants Low adherence to permanent lining Easy loup elimination

6 Typical composition of tundish basic mixes DBM MAGNESITE 90% MgO + OLIVINE 45% MgO DBM MAGNESITE 90% MgO % OLIVINE 30% OLIVINE % MgO

7 Typical composition of tundish basic mixes Basic raw materials based in forsterite 2MgO SiO 2 UNHYDRATED NATURAL ORES Olivine HYDRATED NATURAL ORES Serpentinites with high MgO content MgO CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 LOI 49, ,8 0,6 7, ,0 2,0 40,7 2,6 8,9 9,3

8 Typical composition of tundish basic mixes Basic raw materials based in forsterite 2MgO SiO 2 UNHYDRATED NATURAL ORES Olivine HYDRATED NATURAL ORES Serpentinites with high MgO content MgO CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 LOI 49, ,8 0,6 7, ,0 2,0 40,7 2,6 8,9 9,3

9 Typical composition of tundish basic mixes Basic raw materials based in forsterite 2MgO SiO 2 UNHYDRATED NATURAL ORES Olivine HYDRATED NATURAL ORES Serpentinites with high MgO content MgO CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 LOI 49, ,8 0,6 7, ,0 2,0 40,7 2,6 8,9 9,3

10 Typical composition of tundish basic mixes Basic raw materials based in forsterite 2MgO SiO 2 UNHYDRATED NATURAL ORES Olivine HYDRATED NATURAL ORES Serpentinites with high MgO content MgO CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 LOI 49, ,8 0,6 7, ,0 2,0 40,7 2,6 8,9 9,3 DUNITE PM

11 Dunite PM Petrology Ultramaphic rock Orthopyroxene Clinopyroxene Olivine Hydrothermal serpentinization Grain size medium to high Mesh texture Exploited area of the mine uses the material with lowest alteration

12 Dunite PM Deposit: Ultramaphic massif of Cabo Ortegal in north western Spain

13 Dunite PM Deposits: Ultramaphic massif of Cabo Ortegal in north western Spain Dunite PM

14 Dunite PM Thermodynamics: Theoretical mix of periclase and Dunite PM PERICLASE DBM Chinese Magnesite DUNITE PM MgO CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 Na 2 O K 2 O LOI 92,50 1,63 3,28 0,24 1, ,01 <0,5 1,01 36,01 1,97 40,66 2,60 8,86 0,34 0,11 0,05 9,33

15 Dunite PM Thermodynamics: Theoretical mix of periclase and Dunite PM PERICLASE DBM Chinese Magnesite DUNITE PM MgO CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 Na 2 O K 2 O LOI 92,50 1,63 3,28 0,24 1, ,01 <0,5 1,01 36,01 1,97 40,66 2,60 8,86 0,34 0,11 0,05 9,33

16 Dunite PM Thermodynamics: Theoretical mix of periclase and Dunite PM CaO/SiO 2 0 in the mix Monticellite (Mtc) precipitation 1500ºC first liquid formation

17 Dunite PM Thermodynamics: Real system discussion through pseudosections Phases Nepheline (Ne): Na 0.01 K 0.99 AlSiO 4 Monticellite (Mtc): Ca 0.14 Mg 1.86 SiO 4 Olivine (Ol): Mg 1.93 Fe 0.07 SiO 4 Periclase (Per): Mg 0.98 Fe 0.02 O Spinel (Spl): [Mg 1.5 Fe ][Al 1.55 Cr 0.32 Fe ]O 4 Magnetitespinel (MtSp): [Fe Mg ][Ti Fe Al ]O Magnesioferrite (Mft): MgFe 3+ 2 O 4 No liquid below 1600ºC

18 Dunite PM Thermodynamics: Real system discussion through pseudosections Section at 1500ºC

19 Dunite PM Thermodynamics: Real system discussion through pseudosections Section at 1500ºC Low slope in Monticellite Important increment in olivine Important slope in periclase Dunite PM increment

20 Design of basic gunning mixes for tundish Particle size of main raw materials DBM Magnesite 0/0,1mm DBM Magnesite 0/1mm Dunite PM 0/0,3mm Dunite PM 0/1mm

21 Design of basic gunning mixes for tundish Particle size of mixes 70% Magnesite / 30% Dunite PM 50% Magnesite / 50% Dunite PM

22 Design of basic gunning mixes for tundish Additives for gunning and porosity performance Plastiziers Chemical binder 5%-w Fibers Basic mix Air

23 Laboratory results Samples fired 5h at 1450ºC Dunite PM 30/70 40/60 50/50 DBM

24 Laboratory results Adherence to refractory substrate at 1500ºC Dunite DBM PM 30/70 Very low 40/60 Very low 50/50 Very low

25 Laboratory results Industrial trial selection Dunite DBM PM 30/70 Very low 40/60 Very low 50/50 Very low

26 Industrial trial Steel plant process Spanish EAF Steel Plant Tundish Capacity: 32 Ton Permanent refractory lining: Andalusite based LCC Sprayable thickness: 30 mm Regular sequence: 10 ladles / 1300 Ton Sequence in the trial: 8 ladles / 1040 Ton

27 Industrial trial Installation performance Before Sprayed After

28 Industrial trial Adherence to permanent refractory lining

29 Industrial trial Loup elimination

30 Conclusions Dunite PM is a natural low cost basic raw material It can be used without preheating Magnesite substitution will reduce cost of typical mixes Results of this study can be used in any basic refractory mixes

31 Thank you

12 Chemistry (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 Olivine is forms what is called an isomorphous solid solution series that ranges between two end members: Forsterite Mg

12 Chemistry (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 Olivine is forms what is called an isomorphous solid solution series that ranges between two end members: Forsterite Mg 11 Olivine Structure Olivine is a common green or brown rock forming minerals which consists of a solid-solution series between Forsterite (Fo) and Fayalite (Fa). It is an orthorhombic orthosilicate with

More information

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF GEOLOGY «ROCK-FORMING MINERALS OF OLIVINE GROUP»

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF GEOLOGY «ROCK-FORMING MINERALS OF OLIVINE GROUP» LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF GEOLOGY «ROCK-FORMING MINERALS OF OLIVINE GROUP» A.B. Shefel GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Goal: Review of modern literature in order to summarize information about

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Supporting Information Bindi et al. 10.1073/pnas.1111115109 Fig. S1. Electron microprobe X-ray elemental maps for the grain reported in Fig. 1B. Experimental details are given in Experimental Methods.

More information

Net-transfer reactions may be terminal reactions or tie-line flip reactions (discussed below).

Net-transfer reactions may be terminal reactions or tie-line flip reactions (discussed below). 1 Reaction Types & Curves Handout Dexter Perkins, Dept. of Geology, University of North Dakota.. (Based heavily on material provided by Dave Hirsch, Western Washington University) Reactions among solid

More information

LAB 9: ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS, CUMULATES AND MELT SOURCES

LAB 9: ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS, CUMULATES AND MELT SOURCES Geology 316 (Petrology) (03/26/2012) Name LAB 9: ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS, CUMULATES AND MELT SOURCES INTRODUCTION Ultramafic rocks are igneous rocks containing less than 10% felsic minerals (quartz + feldspars

More information

Magmatic Ore Deposits:

Magmatic Ore Deposits: Magmatic Ore Deposits: A number of processes that occur during cooling and crystallization of magmatic bodies can lead to the separation and concentration of minerals. 1- Pegmatites 2- Layered intrusions

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Supplementary Information Supplementary Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the western Alps. The location of the sampling area is indicated by the red star. A: Argentera massif; PM: Pelvoux Massif;

More information

Pyroxenes (Mg, Fe 2+ ) 2 Si 2 O 6 (monoclinic) and. MgSiO 3 FeSiO 3 (orthorhombic) Structure (Figure 2 of handout)

Pyroxenes (Mg, Fe 2+ ) 2 Si 2 O 6 (monoclinic) and. MgSiO 3 FeSiO 3 (orthorhombic) Structure (Figure 2 of handout) Pyroxenes (Mg, Fe 2+ ) 2 Si 2 O 6 (monoclinic) and 20 MgSiO 3 FeSiO 3 (orthorhombic) Structure (Figure 2 of handout) Chain silicate eg Diopside Mg and Fe ions link SiO 3 chains The chain runs up and down

More information

Earth Science 232 Petrography

Earth Science 232 Petrography Earth Science 232 Petrography Course notes by Shaun Frape and Alec Blyth Winter 2002 1 Petrology - Introduction Some Definitions Petra Greek for rock Logos Greek for disclosure or explanation Petrology

More information

Tailings and Mineral Carbonation: The Potential for Atmospheric CO 2 Sequestration

Tailings and Mineral Carbonation: The Potential for Atmospheric CO 2 Sequestration Tailings and Mineral Carbonation: The Potential for Atmospheric CO 2 Sequestration H. Andrew Rollo Lorax Environmental Services Ltd. Heather. E. Jamieson Department of Geological Sciences and Geological

More information

WORKING WITH ELECTRON MICROPROBE DATA FROM A HIGH PRESSURE EXPERIMENT CALCULATING MINERAL FORMULAS, UNIT CELL CONTENT, AND GEOTHERMOMETRY

WORKING WITH ELECTRON MICROPROBE DATA FROM A HIGH PRESSURE EXPERIMENT CALCULATING MINERAL FORMULAS, UNIT CELL CONTENT, AND GEOTHERMOMETRY WORKING WITH ELECTRON MICROPROBE DATA FROM A HIGH PRESSURE EXPERIMENT CALCULATING MINERAL FORMULAS, UNIT CELL CONTENT, AND GEOTHERMOMETRY Brandon E. Schwab Department of Geology Humboldt State University

More information

APPENDIX TABLES. Table A2. XRF analytical results for samples from drill hole AP5 (Areachap)

APPENDIX TABLES. Table A2. XRF analytical results for samples from drill hole AP5 (Areachap) APPENDIX TABLES Table A2. XRF analytical results for samples from drill hole AP5 (Areachap) Sample No. AP5/19 AP5/20 AP5/21 AP5/22 AP5/23 AP5/24 AP5/25AP5/26AP5/27AP5/28AP5/29AP5/30AP5/31AP5/32 AP5/33

More information

Alkaline Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Experimental Simulation of CO 2 -Peridotite-Seawater Reactions

Alkaline Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Experimental Simulation of CO 2 -Peridotite-Seawater Reactions Alkaline Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Experimental Simulation of CO 2 -Peridotite-Seawater Reactions Thomas M. Carpenter John P. Kaszuba Melissa Fittipaldo Michael Rearick Los Alamos National Laboratory

More information

LAB 6: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS

LAB 6: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS GEOLOGY 17.01: Mineralogy LAB 6: COMMON MINERALS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS Part 2: Minerals in Gabbroic Rocks Learning Objectives: Students will be able to identify the most common silicate minerals in gabbroic

More information

EMMR25 Mineralogy: Ol + opx + chlorite + cpx + amphibole + serpentine + opaque

EMMR25 Mineralogy: Ol + opx + chlorite + cpx + amphibole + serpentine + opaque GSA Data Repository 2017365 Marshall et al., 2017, The role of serpentinite derived fluids in metasomatism of the Colorado Plateau (USA) lithospheric mantle: Geology, https://doi.org/10.1130/g39444.1 Appendix

More information

CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION BY DIRECT AQUEOUS MINERAL CARBONATION

CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION BY DIRECT AQUEOUS MINERAL CARBONATION DOE/ARC-2001-028 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION BY DIRECT AQUEOUS MINERAL CARBONATION March 5-8, 2001 By W.K. O Connor, D.C. Dahlin, D.N. Nilsen, R.P. Walters, and P.C. Turner Albany Research Center Albany,

More information

GSA Data Repository

GSA Data Repository GSA Data Repository 2019057 1 METHODS Grain Boundary Imaging and Orientation Analysis Backscatter electron (BSE) maps of thin sections were acquired using the FEI Verios XHR scanning electron microscope

More information

Q. WANG, Q-K. XIA, S. Y. O REILLY, W. L. GRIFFIN, E. E. BEYER AND H. K. BRUECKNER

Q. WANG, Q-K. XIA, S. Y. O REILLY, W. L. GRIFFIN, E. E. BEYER AND H. K. BRUECKNER Pressure- and stress-induced fabric transition in olivine from peridotites in the Western Gneiss Region (Norway): implications for mantle seismic anisotropy Q. WANG, Q-K. XIA, S. Y. O REILLY, W. L. GRIFFIN,

More information

Common non-silicate planetary minerals

Common non-silicate planetary minerals Common non-silicate planetary minerals Many of the non-silicate minerals are simple oxides. Corundum Al2O3 Al2+3 O3-2 Rutile Ti2O3 Ti2+3 O3-2 Ilmenite FeTiO3 Fe+3Ti+3O3-2 Hematite Fe2O3 Fe2+3 O3-2 Families

More information

SCOTT E. BARTON UNIMIN CORPORATION 500 WILSON PIKE CIRCLE, SUITE 127 BRENTWOOD, TENNESSEE USA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SCOTT E. BARTON UNIMIN CORPORATION 500 WILSON PIKE CIRCLE, SUITE 127 BRENTWOOD, TENNESSEE USA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 BENEFITS OF UTILIZING NEPHELINE SYENITE IN PORCELAIN TILE AND SANITARYWARE Proceedings of the 48 th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Ceramic Society SCOTT E. BARTON UNIMIN CORPORATION 500 WILSON PIKE

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 1.138/NGEO1825 Hydrogen generation from low temperature water-rock reactions L.E. Mayhew* 1, E.T. Ellison 1, T.M. McCollom 2, T.P. Trainor 3, and A.S. Templeton 1 *Corresponding author tel: (33) 492

More information

Accelerated reaction-driven carbon storage: Insights from laboratory-scale studies for field-scale geologic carbon storage

Accelerated reaction-driven carbon storage: Insights from laboratory-scale studies for field-scale geologic carbon storage Accelerated reaction-driven carbon storage: Insights from laboratory-scale studies for field-scale geologic carbon storage Greeshma Gadikota Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Environmental

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION GSA Data Repository 080 Schorn et al., 08, Thermal buffering in the orogenic crust: Geology, https://doi.org/0.30/g4046.. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 3 PHASE DIAGRAM MODELING 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 Phase diagrams

More information

GEOL3313 Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks G. Mattioli, Dept. of Geosciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Spring 2008

GEOL3313 Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks G. Mattioli, Dept. of Geosciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Spring 2008 GEOL3313 Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks G. Mattioli, Dept. of Geosciences, Univ. of Arkansas, Spring 2008 Homework Assignment 3 Calculation of CIPW Norm Due in Class February 13, 2008 Problem

More information

THE MONTE MAGGIORE PERIDOTITE (CORSICA)

THE MONTE MAGGIORE PERIDOTITE (CORSICA) MONTE MAGGIORE CAPO CORSO CORSICA Giovanni B. Piccardo THE MONTE MAGGIORE PERIDOTITE (CORSICA) FIELD RELATIONSHIPS MORB Gabbro Spinel (ex-garnet) pyroxenites L ESCURSIONE A MONTE MAGGIORE The Monte Maggiore

More information

The mantle metasomatism: diversity and impact What the mantle xenoliths tell us?

The mantle metasomatism: diversity and impact What the mantle xenoliths tell us? The mantle metasomatism: diversity and impact What the mantle xenoliths tell us? Mantle metasomatism Physical and chemical processes that are implemented during the flow of magmas and / or fluids within

More information

Experimental investigation of reaction-driven stress development during mineral carbonation:

Experimental investigation of reaction-driven stress development during mineral carbonation: US National Academies Webinar on Subsurface Geological Capture and Storage of CO 2 15 November 2017 Experimental investigation of reaction-driven stress development during mineral carbonation: Implications

More information

muscovite PART 4 SHEET SILICATES

muscovite PART 4 SHEET SILICATES muscovite PART 4 SHEET SILICATES SHEET SILICATES = PHYLLOSILICATES Phyllon = leaf Large group of mineral including many common minerals: muscovite, biotite, serpentine, chlorite, talc, clay minerals Structure:

More information

Effect of tectonic setting on chemistry of mantle-derived melts

Effect of tectonic setting on chemistry of mantle-derived melts Effect of tectonic setting on chemistry of mantle-derived melts Lherzolite Basalt Factors controlling magma composition Composition of the source Partial melting process Fractional crystallization Crustal

More information

URANIUM EXTRACTION FROM TUNISIAN PHOSPHORIC ACID

URANIUM EXTRACTION FROM TUNISIAN PHOSPHORIC ACID URANIUM EXTRACTION FROM TUNISIAN PHOSPHORIC ACID VIENNE NOVEMBER 5, 2009 Presented by M. Chaker CHTARA Manager Scientific Research GCT The area of Tunisia : 163 610 km 2 Population : 10.2 million (2006)

More information

Serpentine Mine, Cyprus, 2007

Serpentine Mine, Cyprus, 2007 Serpentine Mine, Cyprus, 2007 What is an ophiolite? Simply: Ophiolites are pieces of oceanic crust found on land The international ophiolite conference restricted the term ophiolite to only include the

More information

FROM THE MINERAL TO THE COMMODITY: AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE (DM + IFS) FOR THE PRODUCTION OF REFRACTORY CHROMITE

FROM THE MINERAL TO THE COMMODITY: AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE (DM + IFS) FOR THE PRODUCTION OF REFRACTORY CHROMITE FROM THE MINERAL TO THE COMMODITY: AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE (DM + IFS) FOR THE PRODUCTION OF REFRACTORY CHROMITE MARIA PEDROTTI Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Ardito Desio, Università di Milano, Via

More information

Partial melting of mantle peridotite

Partial melting of mantle peridotite Partial melting of mantle peridotite 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 (TºC) Depth (km) 50 100 150 Plag lherzolite (ol-opx-cpx-pl) Spinel lherzolite (Ol-opx-cpx-sp) Garnet lherzolite (Ol-opx-cpx-gar) Graphite Diamond

More information

2. DATA REPORT: MICROPROBE ANALYSES (SERPENTINE, IOWAITE, TALC, MAGNETITE, OF PRIMARY PHASES (OLIVINE, PYROXENE, AND SPINEL) AND ALTERATION PRODUCTS

2. DATA REPORT: MICROPROBE ANALYSES (SERPENTINE, IOWAITE, TALC, MAGNETITE, OF PRIMARY PHASES (OLIVINE, PYROXENE, AND SPINEL) AND ALTERATION PRODUCTS Kelemen, P.., Kikawa, E., and Miller, D.J. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Volume 9. DT REPORT: MICROPROE NLYSES OF PRIMRY PHSES (OLIVINE, PYROXENE, ND SPINEL) ND LTERTION

More information

"PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF BASALT-LIKE MATERIALS INTENDED FOR USE AS RADIOACTIVE WASTE IMMOBILIZATION MATRICES "

PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF BASALT-LIKE MATERIALS INTENDED FOR USE AS RADIOACTIVE WASTE IMMOBILIZATION MATRICES "PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF BASALT-LIKE MATERIALS INTENDED FOR USE AS RADIOACTIVE WASTE IMMOBILIZATION MATRICES " Alexei K. Pikaev, Alexei A. Minaev, Dmitry G. Kuznetsov, Tamara K. Yurik, Igor B. Popov,

More information

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 308 (2011) 131 140 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl High-temperature inter-mineral

More information

Geodiversity Research Centre, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.

Geodiversity Research Centre, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. Cumulate-rich xenolith suite in Late Cenozoic basaltic eruptives, Hepburn Lagoon, Newlyn, in relation to western Victorian lithosphere F. L. SUTHERLAND 1, J. D. HOLLIS 2, W. D. BIRCH 3, R. E. POGSON 1

More information

Shortcuts to mineral formulae

Shortcuts to mineral formulae Silicates JD Price Silicate Structure Silicate Structure (SiO2) Shortcuts to mineral formulae W cations with 8- (Ca 2+, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, Na + ) to 12-fold coordination (K +, Ba 2+ ) X divalent cations in

More information

Ore deposits related to mafic igneous rocks Diamonds - GLY 361 Lecture 3

Ore deposits related to mafic igneous rocks Diamonds - GLY 361 Lecture 3 Ore deposits related to mafic igneous rocks Diamonds - GLY 361 Lecture 3 A short history of diamonds Derived from the ancient Greek αδάμας (adámas): unbreakable Thought to have been first recognized and

More information

Stability of Tricalcium Silicate and Other Primary Phases in Portland Cement Clinker

Stability of Tricalcium Silicate and Other Primary Phases in Portland Cement Clinker Supporting materials of the manuscript submitted to Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Stability of Tricalcium Silicate and Other Primary Phases in Portland Cement Clinker Xuerun Li, Xiaodong

More information

Metamorphism (means changed form

Metamorphism (means changed form Metamorphism (means changed form) is recrystallization without melting of a previously existing rock at depth in response to a change in the environment of temperature, pressure, and fluids. Common minerals

More information

Listvenites as targets for Au-Hg mineralization in Central Iran ophiolites

Listvenites as targets for Au-Hg mineralization in Central Iran ophiolites Listvenites as targets for Au-Hg mineralization in Central Iran ophiolites Fatemeh Mohammadi*,Moosa Noghreian**,Mohammad Ali Mackizadeh**,Babak Vahabimogha *Islamic Azad university of khorasgan,esfahan,iran.

More information

Abstract. 1. Introduction

Abstract. 1. Introduction Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Geological position and host volcanics 3. Summary of primary mineralogy of Tirich and other peridotites of Dzhilinda River Figure 1. Composition of clinopyroxenes from the Dzhilinda

More information

Geological Sciences 4550: Geochemistry

Geological Sciences 4550: Geochemistry 1. a.) Using the enthalpies of formation given in able 2.02, find H in Joules for the reaction: albite jadite + quartz NaAl2Si2O8 NaAl2SiO6+ SiO2 b.) Which assemblage (side of the equation) is stable at

More information

GG250 Lab 8 Simultaneous Linear Equations

GG250 Lab 8 Simultaneous Linear Equations GG250 Lab 8 Simultaneous Linear Equations This lab will have you set up and solve simultaneous linear equations (and then check your answers!). The main effort is in setting up the equations rather than

More information

Hirsch - Binary phase diagrams problems KEY

Hirsch - Binary phase diagrams problems KEY Hirsch - Binary phase diagrams problems KEY Name Question 1. 1A. Using the phase rule, determine the degrees of freedom: a. at point e F = 2-3 + 1 = 0 b. within the field A + B F = 2-2 + 1 = 1 c. within

More information

Multistage metamorphism of garnet orthopyroxenites from the Maowu mafic ultramafic complex, Dabieshan UHP terrane, eastern China

Multistage metamorphism of garnet orthopyroxenites from the Maowu mafic ultramafic complex, Dabieshan UHP terrane, eastern China This article was downloaded by: [Institute of Geology and Geophysics ] On: 17 September 2013, At: 19:39 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954

More information

GSA DATA REPOSITORY

GSA DATA REPOSITORY GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2013019 Supplemental information for The Solidus of Alkaline Carbonatite in the Deep Mantle Konstantin D. Litasov, Anton Shatskiy, Eiji Ohtani, and Gregory M. Yaxley EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

More information

(Investment Opportunities) Mian K. Habib Industrial Minerals Canada Consulting Inc. Hamilton, ON L9A 2M2 Canada

(Investment Opportunities) Mian K. Habib Industrial Minerals Canada Consulting Inc. Hamilton, ON L9A 2M2 Canada (Investment Opportunities) Mian K. Habib Industrial Minerals Canada Consulting Inc. Hamilton, ON L9A 2M2 Canada Mian@indmin.ca Industrial Minerals Congress 24, 57 June 2018 Barcelona, Spain Proterozoic

More information

Cloud Condensation Chemistry. in Low-Mass Objects. Katharina Lodders Washington University, St. Louis

Cloud Condensation Chemistry. in Low-Mass Objects. Katharina Lodders Washington University, St. Louis Cloud Condensation Chemistry in Low-Mass Objects Katharina Lodders Washington University, St. Louis For a recent review on this topic, see Lodders & Fegley 2006, Astrophysics Update 2, Springer, p. 1 ff.

More information

GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY

GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University SPRING 2016 GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY Metamorphic Mineralogy depends on Temperature, Pressure and Rock Composition but Metamorphic

More information

PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES FROM COAL FLY ASH. Shamsul Kamal Sulaiman

PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES FROM COAL FLY ASH. Shamsul Kamal Sulaiman Solid State Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No 1 (28) 17-113 ISSN 128-7389 PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES FROM COAL FLY ASH Shamsul Kamal Sulaiman Mineral Research Centre, Minerals and Geoscience Department,

More information

PETROGENESIS OF A SERIES OF MAFIC SHEETS WITHIN THE VINALHAVEN PLUTON, VINALHAVEN ISLAND, MAINE

PETROGENESIS OF A SERIES OF MAFIC SHEETS WITHIN THE VINALHAVEN PLUTON, VINALHAVEN ISLAND, MAINE PETROGENESIS OF A SERIES OF MAFIC SHEETS WITHIN THE VINALHAVEN PLUTON, VINALHAVEN ISLAND, MAINE DANIEL HAWKINS Western Kentucky University Research Advisor: Andrew Wulff INTRODUCTION Round Point, in the

More information

Advanced Igneous petrology EOSC 530 Laboratory 1: Mantle Xenoliths

Advanced Igneous petrology EOSC 530 Laboratory 1: Mantle Xenoliths EOSC 530 Labs 1 Instructor: Kopylova Advanced Igneous petrology EOSC 530 Laboratory 1: Mantle Xenoliths Introduction: Upper mantle rocks can be found in ultramafic massifs or as xenoliths in basalts and

More information

Mineral paragenesis in thermally metamorphosed serpentinites, Ohsa-yama, Okayama Prefecture

Mineral paragenesis in thermally metamorphosed serpentinites, Ohsa-yama, Okayama Prefecture OKAYA!\fA University Earth Science Reports, Vol. 2, No. 1,1-12, (1995) Mineral paragenesis in thermally metamorphosed serpentinites, Ohsa-yama, Okayama Prefecture Toshio NOZAKA and Tsugio SHIBATA Department

More information

Alicja M Lacinska, Michael T Styles. British Geological Survey. NERC All rights reserved

Alicja M Lacinska, Michael T Styles. British Geological Survey. NERC All rights reserved Silicified serpentinite and the Barzaman Formation in the United Arab Emirates: a natural analogue for CO 2 sequestration through mineral carbonation of ultramafic rocks. Alicja M Lacinska, Michael T Styles

More information

Investigation of Usability as Industrial Raw Material of Olivine Occurrences: A Case Study from Gelendost - Isparta, Southwestern Turkey

Investigation of Usability as Industrial Raw Material of Olivine Occurrences: A Case Study from Gelendost - Isparta, Southwestern Turkey IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS Investigation of Usability as Industrial Raw Material of Olivine Occurrences: A Case Study from Gelendost - Isparta, Southwestern

More information

Weathering and mineral equilibria. Seminar at NGU 23 May 2016 Håkon Rueslåtten

Weathering and mineral equilibria. Seminar at NGU 23 May 2016 Håkon Rueslåtten Weathering and mineral equilibria Seminar at NGU 23 May 2016 Håkon Rueslåtten Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals that are exposed to surface processes (climatically controlled). Water is

More information

High Temperature Materials. By Docent. N. Menad. Luleå University of Technology ( Sweden )

High Temperature Materials. By Docent. N. Menad. Luleå University of Technology ( Sweden ) Course KGP003 Ch. 12 High Temperature Materials By Docent. N. Menad Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Geosciences Div. Of process metallurgy Luleå University of Technology ( Sweden ) Ceramic materials

More information

DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN THE OLIVINE GROUP MINERALS FORMED IN NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN THE OLIVINE GROUP MINERALS FORMED IN NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, 43 B (2007) 99-105 DIFFERENCES IN MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN THE OLIVINE GROUP MINERALS FORMED IN NATURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES S. Devi} # and L. Mar~eta IMS

More information

Chapter IV MINERAL CHEMISTRY

Chapter IV MINERAL CHEMISTRY Chapter IV MINERAL CHEMISTRY Chapter-IV MINERAL CHEMISTRY 4.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, chemical analyses of different minerals present in various rocks of Mashhad granitoid plutons have been presented.

More information

Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces. & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry

Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces. & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry 3. charge transfer (e.g., ligand/donor sorption): Sorption involves a number of related processes that all

More information

Metasomatism Model. Metasomatism. Fluid Buffers. Volatile Species. C-O-H-S System. Speciation in C-O-H-S fluids

Metasomatism Model. Metasomatism. Fluid Buffers. Volatile Species. C-O-H-S System. Speciation in C-O-H-S fluids Metasomatism Model Metasomatism Reading: Winter, Chapter 30 Obvious in rocks with contrasting mineral layers Related to unequal partitioning of elements between solid phases and fluids Model uses ion-exchange

More information

Ancient depletion and mantle heterogeneity: Revisiting the Jurassic-Permian paradox of Alpine peridotites

Ancient depletion and mantle heterogeneity: Revisiting the Jurassic-Permian paradox of Alpine peridotites GSA Data Repository 2015092 Ancient depletion and mantle heterogeneity: Revisiting the Jurassic-Permian paradox of Alpine peridotites McCarthy Anders 1 & Müntener Othmar 1 1 Institute of Earth Sciences

More information

doi: /nature09369

doi: /nature09369 doi:10.1038/nature09369 Supplementary Figure S1 Scanning electron microscope images of experimental charges with vapour and vapour phase quench. Experimental runs are in the order of added water concentration

More information

Effect of water on the spinel-postspinel transformation in Mg 2 SiO 4

Effect of water on the spinel-postspinel transformation in Mg 2 SiO 4 Effect of water on the spinel-postspinel transformation in Mg 2 SiO 4 * Pressures for spinel postspinel phase boundary has been subject of debate - XRD measurements indicates that the transition pressure

More information

BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES, GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYS-ICS

BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES, GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYS-ICS BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES, GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYS-ICS RECORD 1980/53 MINERAL ANALYSES AND ROCK DESCRIPTIONS FOR CUMULATE PERIDOTITES AND GABBROS FROM THE MARUM OPHIOLITE COMPLEX, NORTHERN PAPUA NE\v GUINEA

More information

Lithos. Origins of ultramafic rocks in the Sulu Ultrahigh-pressure Terrane, Eastern China. Zhipeng Xie a, Keiko Hattori b, Jian Wang a,

Lithos. Origins of ultramafic rocks in the Sulu Ultrahigh-pressure Terrane, Eastern China. Zhipeng Xie a, Keiko Hattori b, Jian Wang a, Lithos 178 (2013) 158 170 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Origins of ultramafic rocks in the Sulu Ultrahigh-pressure Terrane, Eastern China

More information

WEATHERING. Weathering breakdown of rock materials Erosion transport of broken-down materials

WEATHERING. Weathering breakdown of rock materials Erosion transport of broken-down materials WEATHERING the interacting physical, chemical & biological processes that progressively alter the original lithologic character of rocks to produce secondary minerals (e.g. clays) & unconsolidated regolith

More information

Wikipedia.org BUILDING STONES. Chapter 4. Materials of Construction-Building Stones 1

Wikipedia.org BUILDING STONES. Chapter 4. Materials of Construction-Building Stones 1 Wikipedia.org BUILDING STONES Chapter 4 Materials of Construction-Building Stones 1 What is Stone? Stone is a concretion of mineral matter. Used either as a; Construction material, Manufacture of other

More information

Chemical Reactions Chapter 2 L book pages L44 - L73. examples?

Chemical Reactions Chapter 2 L book pages L44 - L73. examples? Name: Period: Chemical Reactions Chapter 2 L book pages L44 - L73 Vocabulary Word What is this? (definition) What are some examples? What does it look like? (draw a picture or diagram) Physical property

More information

Industrial Minerals for

Industrial Minerals for Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy Industrial Minerals for Export Markets John Keeling 9 th SA Exploration and Mining Conference, 2012 www.dmitre.sa.gov.au Minerals Mine

More information

Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary. Chapter 5 & Chapter 6

Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary. Chapter 5 & Chapter 6 Igneous, Metamorphic & Sedimentary Chapter 5 & Chapter 6 Section 5.1 What are Igneous Rocks? Compare and contrast intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Describe the composition of magma Discuss the factors

More information

Amphibole. Note the purple to blue-gray pleochroism in the glaucophane in this slide.

Amphibole. Note the purple to blue-gray pleochroism in the glaucophane in this slide. Amphibole Glaucophane blue Note the purple to blue-gray pleochroism in the glaucophane in this slide. Glaucophane blue Note the anomalous blue-gray interference colors in the glaucophane in this slide.

More information

Ultramafic rocks. Types of Ultramafic Rocks. Spinel lherzolite xenolith

Ultramafic rocks. Types of Ultramafic Rocks. Spinel lherzolite xenolith Ultramafic rocks Definition: Color Index > 90, i.e., less than 10% felsic minerals. Not to be confused with Ultrabasic Rocks which are rocks with

More information

CALCINING OF OLIVINE FOUNDRY SAND IN FLUOSOLID AND TUBE-TYPE FURNACES. Immo H. Redeker INDEX. Calculated Heat Requirements to Calcine Olivine

CALCINING OF OLIVINE FOUNDRY SAND IN FLUOSOLID AND TUBE-TYPE FURNACES. Immo H. Redeker INDEX. Calculated Heat Requirements to Calcine Olivine 7l-7-P CALCINING OF OLIVINE FOUNDRY SAND IN FLUOSOLID AND TUBE-TYPE FURNACES Immo H. Redeker INDEX Introduction Calcining of Oli,Tine and Accessory Minerals Laboratory Test Work The Tube-calciner Principle

More information

Serpentinization, Abiogenic Methane, and Extremophilic Archaea within the Seafloor

Serpentinization, Abiogenic Methane, and Extremophilic Archaea within the Seafloor Serpentinization, Abiogenic Methane, and Extremophilic Archaea within the Seafloor Michael J. Mottl Department of Oceanography NAI Winter School, Jan. 2005 Earth s mantle is 68% of its mass and 83% of

More information

Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization Modified from Karl Wirth, rev. July 2011

Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization Modified from Karl Wirth, rev. July 2011 M&M s Magma Chamber 1 Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization Modified from Karl Wirth, rev. July 2011 Objective The objective of this exercise is to gain first-hand knowledge of the process

More information

Classification of Ordinary Chondrites Based on Mean and Standard Deviation of Fa and Fs contents of Mafic Silicates

Classification of Ordinary Chondrites Based on Mean and Standard Deviation of Fa and Fs contents of Mafic Silicates Sequel to White paper report for the Nomenclature Committee on the composition of olivine and pyroxene in equilibrated ordinary chondrites. Classification of Ordinary Chondrites Based on Mean and Standard

More information

Slake Durability of a Deep Red Stratum Sandstone under Different Environments

Slake Durability of a Deep Red Stratum Sandstone under Different Environments An Interdisciplinary Response to Mine Water Challenges - Sui, Sun & Wang (eds) 2014 China University of Mining and Technology Press, Xuzhou, ISBN 978-7-5646-2437-8 Slake Durability of a Deep Red Stratum

More information

How many molecules? Pyrite FeS 2. Would there be any other elements in there???

How many molecules? Pyrite FeS 2. Would there be any other elements in there??? How many molecules? Pyrite FeS 2 Would there be any other elements in there??? Goldschmidt s rules of Substitution 1. The ions of one element can extensively replace those of another in ionic crystals

More information

GEOLOGY OF THE DO27 PIPE: A PYROCLASTIC KIMBERLITE IN THE LAC DE GRAS PROVINCE, NWT, CANADA

GEOLOGY OF THE DO27 PIPE: A PYROCLASTIC KIMBERLITE IN THE LAC DE GRAS PROVINCE, NWT, CANADA GEOLOGY OF THE DO27 PIPE: A PYROCLASTIC KIMBERLITE IN THE LAC DE GRAS PROVINCE, NWT, CANADA Margaret Harder 1, Casey Hetman 2, Barbara Scott Smith 3, and Jennifer Pell 1 1 Peregrine Diamonds Ltd. 2 Mineral

More information

CO 2 sequestration via direct mineral carbonation of Mg-silicates. Natalie Johnson GCEP Symposium 4 October 2011

CO 2 sequestration via direct mineral carbonation of Mg-silicates. Natalie Johnson GCEP Symposium 4 October 2011 CO 2 sequestration via direct mineral carbonation of Mg-silicates Natalie Johnson GCEP Symposium 4 October 2011 CO 2 release/year (Gt) 2 CCS: Part of climate change mitigation Projection based on current

More information

Chemical Variation of Feed Coal and Coal Combustion Products from an Indiana Power Plant Utilizing Low Sulfur Powder River Basin Coal

Chemical Variation of Feed Coal and Coal Combustion Products from an Indiana Power Plant Utilizing Low Sulfur Powder River Basin Coal Chemical Variation of Feed Coal and Coal Combustion Products from an Indiana Power Plant Utilizing Low Sulfur Powder River Basin Coal Ronald H. Affolter, Michael E. Brownfield, and James D. Cathcart U.S.

More information

Mineral Stability and Phase Diagrams Introduction

Mineral Stability and Phase Diagrams Introduction 1 of 10 10/10/2002 2:50 PM Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Geology 211 Tulane University Mineralogy and Phase Diagrams Introduction This document last updated on 10-Oct-2002 As we discussed previously, there are

More information

Examples of Invariant Points and Bundles of Reactions. Start with the Phase Rule (P + F = C + 2) The phase rule is P + F = C + 2.

Examples of Invariant Points and Bundles of Reactions. Start with the Phase Rule (P + F = C + 2) The phase rule is P + F = C + 2. 1 Method of Schreinemaker--A Geometric Approach to Constructing Phase Diagrams Dexter Perkins, University of North Dakota & Dave Mogk, Montana State University C:\Courses\320\fall2007\in class\2000-schreinemakers

More information

Table 1: Summary of petrographic characteristics for porphyritic samples from Campbell and Chatham islands, New Zealand phenocrysts sample location

Table 1: Summary of petrographic characteristics for porphyritic samples from Campbell and Chatham islands, New Zealand phenocrysts sample location Table 1: Summary of petrographic characteristics for porphyritic samples from Campbell and Chatham islands, New Zealand phenocrysts sample location deposit type rock type age/unit >5%

More information

2009 (25) ! & "# $ % / 5 1 / 3 & ) * / 1 1 / 8 " # (, 3 4 # 1# 2.( /0# ) "! %2 : % % 1 #

2009 (25) ! & # $ % / 5 1 / 3 & ) * / 1 1 / 8  # (, 3 4 # 1# 2.( /0# ) ! %2 : % % 1 # 2009 (25)! " & ' "# $ % ( 2008/05/13 &) * 2009/01/18 " # (, 34# 1#2 (. /0#) "! - %2 :% % 1# 7 80 " 1#9 # - 6!5 # >4 :% 62 %2 :% (2 1# - " = #

More information

Accessory minerals. Al 2 SiO 5 modifications and other Al-rich minerals. Thesis: Prof. RNDr. Milan Novák, CSc.

Accessory minerals. Al 2 SiO 5 modifications and other Al-rich minerals. Thesis: Prof. RNDr. Milan Novák, CSc. Accessory minerals Prof. RNDr. Milan Novák, CSc. Al 2 SiO 5 modifications and other Al-rich minerals Thesis: 1. Introduction 2. Al 2 SiO 5 modifications 3. Alteration of Al 2 SiO 5 4. Related minerals

More information

A. One component system (c = 1)

A. One component system (c = 1) A. One component system (c = 1) Example: SiO 2 system. Since all phases in this system have the same composition, there are no compositional variables to consider. Phase equilibria can be shown completely

More information

GEOL 2312 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Spring 2016 Score / 58. Midterm 1 Chapters 1-10

GEOL 2312 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Spring 2016 Score / 58. Midterm 1 Chapters 1-10 GEOL 2312 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Name KEY Spring 2016 Score / 58 Midterm 1 Chapters 1-10 1) Name two things that petrologists want to know about magmas (1 pt) Formation, source, composition,

More information

UV-V-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy

UV-V-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy UV-V-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy Methods and Results A. Nathues Naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable chemical composition and physical properties Major groups: Silicates

More information

Problem set: Constructing metamorphic phase diagrams using phase equilibria and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation

Problem set: Constructing metamorphic phase diagrams using phase equilibria and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation Problem set: Constructing metamorphic phase diagrams using phase equilibria and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation Mark Brandriss, Smith College Mineral assemblages preserved in metamorphic rocks record information

More information

Topic Page: Peridotite

Topic Page: Peridotite Topic Page: Peridotite Definition: peridotite from The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide Rock consisting largely of the mineral olivine; pyroxene and other minerals may also

More information

Lithos. Origins of ultramafic rocks in the Sulu Ultrahigh-pressure Terrane, Eastern China. Zhipeng Xie a, Keiko Hattori b, Jian Wang a,

Lithos. Origins of ultramafic rocks in the Sulu Ultrahigh-pressure Terrane, Eastern China. Zhipeng Xie a, Keiko Hattori b, Jian Wang a, LITHOS-02888; No of Pages 13 Lithos xxx (2013) xxx xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Origins of ultramafic rocks in the Sulu

More information

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF ASBESTOS - POLYMORPHS OF SERPENTINE

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF ASBESTOS - POLYMORPHS OF SERPENTINE UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra Parma -Italy UNIVERSITÉ DE LA NOUVELLE CALEDONIE Laboratoire PPME RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF ASBESTOS - POLYMORPHS OF SERPENTINE

More information

Prospect of Magnesium Rich Rocks from Boula-Nausahi Igneous Complex, Odisha as Flux in Iron and Steel Industry

Prospect of Magnesium Rich Rocks from Boula-Nausahi Igneous Complex, Odisha as Flux in Iron and Steel Industry Journal of Geosciences and Geomatics, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 5A, 7-11 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jgg/2/5a/2 Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jgg-2-5A-2 Prospect of Magnesium Rich

More information

LABORATORY TESTING THE GRINDABILITY OF CARBONATE MINERAL RAW MATERIAL OF THE SITE SPASINA BRDJANI LIMESTONE SAMPLES **

LABORATORY TESTING THE GRINDABILITY OF CARBONATE MINERAL RAW MATERIAL OF THE SITE SPASINA BRDJANI LIMESTONE SAMPLES ** MINING AND METALLURGY INSTITUTE BOR UDK: 622 ISSN: 2334-8836 (Štampano izdanje) ISSN: 2406-1395 (Online) UDK: 622.7.016/.355(045)=111 doi:10.5937/mmeb1602041p Sanja Petrović *, Ivana Jovanović *, Dejan

More information

J. Mangas and F.J. Perez-Torrado. Departamento de Física. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

J. Mangas and F.J. Perez-Torrado. Departamento de Física. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Magmatic processes in the oceanic lithosphere: characterization of the ultramafic and mafic materials from the Holocene volcanic centers of Bandama and La Caldera de Pinos de Gáldar (Gran Canaria, Canary

More information

Exploration 2007, Toronto Workshop 3: Indicator Mineral Methods in Mineral Exploration

Exploration 2007, Toronto Workshop 3: Indicator Mineral Methods in Mineral Exploration Exploration 2007, Toronto Workshop 3: Indicator Mineral Methods in Mineral Exploration Viable indicators in surficial sediments for two major base metal deposit types: Ni-Cu-PGE and porphyry Cu Presented

More information