3D modelling of fault-zone architecture along a major Alpine wrench lineament: the Pusteria and Sprechenstein-Mules fault system
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1 3D modelling of fault-zone architecture along a major Alpine wrench lineament: the Pusteria and Sprechenstein-Mules fault system Andrea Bistacchi, Matteo Massironi & Luca Menegon
2 geomodelling > overview 1. How to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? to model geometry and properties topology of the model should reflect fault-zone architecture geomodelling technology from the oil industry gocad
3 PF-SMF system geomodelling > overview 1. How to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? need to model geometry and properties topology of the model should reflect fault-zone architecture geomodelling technology from the oil industry gocad 2. Case studied: the Pusteria and Sprechenstein-Mules fault system dataset: field geology and boreholes (from a deep tunnelling project) dextral (reverse) fault system with contractional stepovers borehole data: > 2000 m continuous core and geophysical log data across the fault zone contractional stepover
4 geomodelling PF-SMF system conclusion > overview 1. How to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? need to model geometry and properties topology of the model should reflect fault-zone architecture geomodelling technology from the oil industry gocad 2. Case studied: the Pusteria and Sprechenstein-Mules fault system dataset: field geology and boreholes from a tunnelling project strike slip fault system with contractional stepovers 3. Why a computer model of fault-zone architecture could be useful? visualization, understand complex structures, output realistic quantitative geometry and properties to mechanical models, fluid flow models, etc.
5 [Mallet, 2002] conclusion PF-SMF system geomodelling > how to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? gocad topology and interpolation (CAD and geostats coupled) discrete model M n (Ω,N,φ,C) graph Ģ(Ω,N) linear constrains C n functions φ n (α), α Ω
6 > how to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? gocad topology and interpolation nodes graph Ģ(Ω,N) A neighborhood discrete model M n (Ω,N,φ,C) P(A) n functions φ n (α), α Ω (CAD and geostats coupled) linear constrains C topology of a natural object A is approximated using a cellular partition model P(A) based on the GMaps algebraic structure hierarchical embedded objects lines (n=1), surfaces (n=2), solids (n=3) [Mallet, 2002]
7 > how to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? gocad topology and interpolation graph Ģ(Ω,N) discrete model M n (Ω,N,φ,C) n functions φ n (α), α Ω first three components of φ n (α) define spatial coordinates at all nodes α of the discrete model: φ x (α), φ y (α), φ z (α) other n-3 components define any other continuous or categorical property: attitude of a surface (gradient), degree of fracturing, porosity, seismic impedance, density, lithology, age, etc. any property can be calculated at any point by linear interpolation ( similar to FEM mesh) (CAD and geostats coupled) linear constrains C [Mallet, 2002]
8 > how to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? gocad topology and interpolation graph Ģ(Ω,N) discrete model M n (Ω,N,φ,C) n functions φ n (α), α Ω (CAD and geostats coupled) linear constrains C property functions φ n are simultaneously interpolated based on available data (constraints) C = hard equality constraints - to be honoured strictly C soft equality constraints to be honoured in a least square sense C > (hard) inequality constraints Discrete Smooth Interpolator (DSI) interpolates φ n based on C = C = U C U C > and minimum local roughness criterion [Mallet, 2002]
9 > how to build a computer model of fault-zone architecture? gocad topology and interpolation graph Ģ(Ω,N) discrete model M n (Ω,N,φ,C) n functions φ n (α), α Ω (CAD and geostats coupled) linear constrains C discrete fault zone architecture model (DFZAM) fault surface network and surrounding volume (damage zone), modelled with hierarchical fully coupled topology, integrating all data from field and subsurface geology
10 > the Pusteria (PF) & Sprechenstein-Mules (SMF) fault system Brenner SMF PF PF is the eastern segment of the Periadriatic lineament, one of the largest (>600 km) faults in the Alps. SMF is a younger dextral lineament, connecting the PF to the Brenner detachment [Bigi, 1992; Castellarin, 2004]
11 > the Pusteria (PF) & Sprechenstein-Mules (SMF) fault system Brenner SMF PF PF is the eastern segment of the Periadriatic lineament, one of the largest (>600 km) faults in the Alps. SMF is a younger dextral lineament, connecting the PF to the Brenner detachment [Bigi, 1992; Castellarin, 2004]
12 > the Pusteria (PF) & Sprechenstein-Mules (SMF) fault system PF is the eastern segment of the Periadriatic lineament, one of the largest (> 600 km) faults in the Alps. SMF is a younger dextral lineament, connecting the PF to the Brenner detachment [Massironi, 2004]
13 > the Pusteria (PF) & Sprechenstein-Mules (SMF) fault system PF is the eastern segment of the Periadriatic lineament, one of the largest (> 600 km) faults in the Alps. SMF is a younger dextral lineament, connecting the PF to the Brenner detachment [Massironi, 2004]
14 > the Pusteria (PF) & Sprechenstein-Mules (SMF) fault system SMF Tonalitic Lamella (sheet-like pluton - 30Ma) PF Austroalpine Gneiss (Alpine metamorphism) hangingwall Brixen Granite (non-metamorphic footwall) SMF PF is the eastern segment of the Periadriatic lineament, one of the largest (> 600 km) faults in the Alps. SMF is a younger dextral lineament, connecting the PF to the Brenner detachment [Massironi, 2004] PF
15 > the Pusteria (PF) & Sprechenstein-Mules (SMF) fault system Time & temperature constraints: o o Brixen Granite (footwall) always below C in the Tertiary. Tonalitic Lamella emplaced at 30 Ma at about 450 C 15 km, then exhumed with its host rock, the Austroalpine basement. The two hangingwall units cooled below ca. 250 C at 24 Ma. [Bistacchi, in prep.]
16 > the Pusteria (PF) & Sprechenstein-Mules (SMF) fault system Time & temperature constraints: o o Kinematics: dextral with thrust component since 30 Ma Brixen Granite (footwall) always below C in the Tertiary. Tonalitic Lamella emplaced at 30 Ma at about 450 C 15 km, then exhumed with its host rock, the Austroalpine basement. The two hangingwall units cooled below ca. 250 C at 24 Ma. [Bistacchi, in prep.]
17 [Bistacchi, 2007] conclusion PF-SMF system geomodelling > fault network (FN) and tectonic unit boundaries model: geometry field geology & borehole data 8km x 4 km x 1.5 km 3D model
18 [Bistacchi, 2007] conclusion PF-SMF system geomodelling > fault network (FN) and tectonic unit boundaries model: geometry field geology & borehole data 8km x 4 km x 1.5 km 3D model
19 [Bistacchi, 2007] conclusion PF-SMF system geomodelling > fault network (FN) and tectonic unit boundaries model: geometry field geology & borehole data 8km x 4 km x 1.5 km 3D model topology of FN constraints interpolation
20 [Bistacchi, 2007] conclusion PF-SMF system geomodelling > fault network (FN) and tectonic unit boundaries model: geometry field geology & borehole data 8km x 4 km x 1.5 km 3D model
21 > properties: 1- fault cores (preliminary characterisation) fault core relatively thin layers (1-5 m?) of mature fault rocks, developed generally in correspondence of major tectonic boundaries and master faults, where much of the displacement is achieved Brixen Granite 5-10 m protocataclasite (ultra-) cataclasite along PSZs (dm-m) Tonalitic Lamella & Austroalpine basement thick greenschist facies phyllonites (prebrittle faults) reactivated by frequent PSZs (cm-m) with foliated ultracataclasite and polished SSs
22 > properties: 1- fault cores (preliminary characterisation) fault core relatively thin layers (1-5 m?) of mature fault rocks, developed generally in correspondence of major tectonic boundaries and master faults, where much of the displacement is achieved Brixen Granite 5-10 m protocataclasite (ultra-) cataclasite along PSZs (dm-m) Tonalitic Lamella & Austroalpine basement thick greenschist facies phyllonites (prebrittle faults) reactivated by frequent PSZs (cm-m) with foliated ultracataclasite and polished SSs
23 > properties: 1- fault cores (preliminary characterisation) fault core relatively thin layers (1-5 m?) of mature fault rocks, developed generally in correspondence of major tectonic boundaries and master faults, where much of the displacement is achieved Brixen Granite 5-10 m protocataclasite (ultra-) cataclasite along PSZs (dm-m) Tonalitic Lamella & Austroalpine basement thick greenschist facies phyllonites (prebrittle faults) reactivated by frequent PSZs (cm-m) with foliated ultracataclasite and polished SSs
24 > properties: 1- fault cores (preliminary characterisation) fault core relatively thin layers (1-5 m?) of mature fault rocks, developed generally in correspondence of major tectonic boundaries and master faults, where much of the displacement is achieved Brixen Granite 5-10 m protocataclasite (ultra-) cataclasite along PSZs (dm-m) Tonalitic Lamella & Austroalpine basement thick greenschist facies phyllonites (prebrittle faults) reactivated by frequent PSZs (cm-m) with foliated ultracataclasite and polished SSs
25 > properties: 1- fault cores (preliminary characterisation) fault core relatively thin layers (1-5 m?) of mature fault rocks, developed generally in correspondence of major tectonic boundaries and master faults, where much of the displacement is achieved Brixen Granite 5-10 m protocataclasite (ultra-) cataclasite along PSZs (dm-m) Tonalitic Lamella & Austroalpine basement 5 µm thick greenschist facies phyllonites (prebrittle faults) reactivated by frequent PSZs (cm-m) with foliated ultracataclasite and polished SSs
26 > properties: 2- damage zones damage zone how to (semi-) quantitatively map damage (40 km 2 )? towards fault core 1m x 1m square window
27 > properties: 2- damage zones damage zone how to (semi-) quantitatively map damage (40 km 2 )? Fd = m -1 Fd = m -1 Fd = m -1 Nj 3 Nj 3 Nj = 4 5 Class 1 Class 1 Class 2 Fd = cumulative fracture length/area Nj = number of joint sets Fd = n.d. Fd = n.d. Fd = m -1 Nj = n.d. Nj = n.d. Nj > 5 Class 4 Class 4 Class 3 towards fault core
28 > properties: 2- damage zones damage zone how to (semi-) quantitatively map damage? GIS Nj class. DSI interpolation damage model borehole log Nj class. Interpolation on a 3D regular grid (voxet). Grid connectivity broken across faults (topology of the model reflects fault zone architecture).
29 > properties: 2- damage zones damage zone how to (semi-) quantitatively map damage? GIS Nj class. DSI interpolation damage model borehole log Nj class. Interpolation on a 3D regular grid (voxet). Grid connectivity broken across faults (topology of the model reflects fault zone architecture). FAULT
30 > discrete fault zone architecture model (DFZAM) conclusion PF-SMF system geomodelling
31 > conclusion 1. Discrete model of fault zone architecture: dependence of damage zone thickness from fault network geometry (curvature, stepovers) and lithology has been verified a new framework for damage zone characterization has been proposed (need to be further verified) damage zones around stepovers are highly fractured columns hydraulic conduits 2. Why a computer model of fault-zone architecture could be useful? visualization, understanding complex structures quantitative analysis of geometry (e.g. differential geometry) made easy build realistic model of geometry and properties that can be output to, and quantitatively compared to mechanical models, fluid flow models, etc.
32 BBT SE is acknowledged for giving access to > 2000 m of continuous core and borehole logging data of the Brenner Basistunnel project ASGA, Earth Decision Sciences and Paradigm are thanked for welcoming Padova and Milano Bicocca Universities in the gocad Research Consortium thank you!
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