Asteroids and comets.

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1 Asteroids and comets. Question 1 Can Asteroids and comets cause the earth to change? Asteroids do change the earth because when the earth was first starting out Asteroids and comets would come to the earth and helped create the earth's crust with the molten lava hardening. Crust Crust is the outer layer of the earth. Molten lava Molten lava is melted rock that explodes out of a volcano.

2 Crust Forming 2. Crust is made by heaviest elements sinking to the core and lighter elements including oxygen and silicon rising to the surface where they erupt in volcanoes of molten rock. Earth's surface cools and molten lava solidifies to form crust. Erupt: (of a volcano) to become active and throw forth lava, ash, and gases. Lava: hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this.

3 (Meteorites): Space rock made up of dibri from space Earth's water Question 3 Where Earth got its water from as been a mystery, but most believe the meteorites had a lot of water and it landed on Earth. (Water) A liquid that covers 75% of Earth's surface By: Emma Bowadt

4 (Continental Crust): The thick part of the Earth s crust that forms the large landmasses we live on today. It is older and more complex than ocean crust. Continental Crust (Question #4) How is the continental crust not destroyed? (Buoyant): Something that is buoyant has little density. The continental crust is not destroyed because it is made out of granite. It is buoyant enough to stay on the top of the crust, and not fall into the ocean, but strong enough to hold together.

5 Mantle: 5- Plate Tectonics Moving The heat and pressure in the mantel make the rock flexible enough to allow what? The plate tectonics that sit on the mantle, move when the heat and pressure makes the mantle flexible enough to allow the plates above to move. The mantle is the part of the Earth between the Earth s crust and core. Plate Tectonics: Plate Tectonics are the layers in the Earth s crust that move and float. They sometimes fracture/collide causing, drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains etc.

6 Identical fossils in different continents Question 6: The distribution of ancient fossils shows that the continents moved because there were identical fossils on separate continents. This shows that the continents were once together. Fossil: The remains of an organism preserved in a rock. Continents: Earth s main large pieces of land sometimes separated by ocean.

7 Flow of Energy Question 7- Earth gets its heat from radioactive decay, but most come from leftover from collisions and massive bombardment during early years of of earth. Radioactive: emitting or relating to the emission of ionizing radiation or particles Decay: the state or process of rotting or decomposition

8 (ONE PICTURE) (Molten Rock) (Question #8) When the molten rock reaches the surface, it creates rock. Molten Rock: A solid that becomes liquid caused by heat. Lava: Molten rock that comes out of a volcano when erupted.

9 (ONE PICTURE) Rising Rock (Academic Vocabulary Word): Molten Rock (or Magma): It is an object that's reduced to liquid form by heating. (Academic Vocabulary Word): Mantel: #8 Answer: Earth's center is hotter than the surface and causes molten rock from the mantel to rise. When it reaches the surface, new rock is created and pushes the plates apart. The Mantel is made up of magma and rock is the part of the earth between the core and the the crust is the mantel.

10 E PICTURE) Mid Atlantic ridge 9. The ridge that is causing the plates to move apart is the Mid Atlantic ridge. It is also a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate or constructive plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. Ridge - a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed. Plate - the two sub-layers of the earth's crust (lithosphere) that move, float, and sometimes fracture and whose interaction causes continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and oceanic trenches.

11 Atlantic Catching up to the Pacific (10)The Atlantic Ocean will eventually catch to Pacific Ocean due to tectonic plate movement. At the meeting point of the the North American plate and the Eurasian plate, a rift creates new crust at its center which pushes the two plates apart, expanding the Atlantic Ocean. Tectonic Plate Movement: A small number of plates that independently float along the Earth's mantel. Rift: A long underwater zone of faulting resulting from tensional stress in the Earth s crust. A underwater valley formed from stress in the Earth's crust.

12 ANSWER The oceanic crust is constantly being created at the mid ocean ridge. It moves away, cools, and eventually sinks back into the Earth causing destruction. Destruction of the Oceanic Crust (Question 11: How is the oceanic crust destroyed?) (Academic Vocabulary Word): Oceanic Crust: The oceanic crust is the uppermost layer on the tectonic plates. (Academic Vocabulary Word): Mid Ocean Ridge: The mid ocean ridge is an underwater mountain range that is formed by plate tectonics.

13 plates: Plates are chunks of earth that constantly move around. rift: A Rift s Split 12. What happens at rifts? At rifts, magma rises from the mantle and forms new land which pushes back the old land from the plates. Rifts are in between two plates that has lava that comes out, forms new land, and pushes old land backward. Evidence: Magma from the rifts rise and push the plates backward and form new land. Reasoning: This evidence shows how the earth s always changing because when the plates get pushed back by magma, movement is happening, and at the same time, subduction zones take in the land that gets too old and sinks into the mantle.

14 Rifts- what happens at them? (Question #13) (Reword question in your answer. Use details.) Answer: At rifts, the molten rock comes up and it cannot be contained. Volcanoes show where some rock has risen to the surface Rifts: a crack of something or where something splits. They can come up on the land or on the ocean. Volcanoes : a mountain that holds magma and it sometimes erupts. Volcanoes mark spots where molten rock have risen to the surface in the past

15 Subduction Zone : A region of land on the Crust where two tectonic plates meet. Mantle: part of the earth between the core and the the crust Subduction Zones! (Question #14) What subduction zones? By: Casey Lin. ANSWER: When a large continent splits apart, the separate pieces move apart from each other. New land is created in between the two. Since Earth has a constant surface area, the same amount of land created must be absorbed and then melted in the mantle at the subduction zone.

16 (ONE PICTURE) Last Supercontinent Question #15 What Was The Last Supercontinent? The last supercontinent was called Pangaea. Pangaea looked like a combination of all major continents. Pangaea was formed when the previous supercontinent, Gondwana formed together with the landmass in the Northern Hemisphere. (Pangaea was located in the Southern Hemisphere.) (Plate Tectonics): Plate tectonics is the theory that earth s outer shell is divided into plates that glide over the mantle. (Supercontinent): A super continent is when 2 or more landmasses form together to create one large landmass, which is called a supercontinent. Supercontinent

17 Same fossils but different place? 16) What evidence is there that the United States and North Africa were once next to each other?: The evidence that the United States were once next to each other was that the same fossils were found but were far away from each other. The fossils were so closely related and similar that it couldn t have been that they were different specimens. This also shows the continental drift because they were once next to each other and then they drift apart from each other. ACADEMIC VOCABULARY: Continental Drift: Movement of continents across earth s surface over a long period of time Fossil: the remain of a prehistoric organism; an ancient artifact that scientists can use

18 Continental Plates: Colliding Plates 17. When two continental plates collide and neither are pushed back into the mantel, there is a battle for supremacy. The plates grind and smash into each other, and sometimes create mountains. Tectonic plates that lie under the earth s surface land masses. Mantel The part of the earth between the core and the crust.

19 Ocean rocks on top of the mountain (18#) Rocks that were once at the bottom of the ocean end up at the top of the Alps because when the plates tectonics bumped to each other then it created the mountain and picked up the rock that were on the bottom of the ocean (ONE PICTURE) (Academic Vocabulary Word): plates tectonics- a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle. (Academic Vocabulary Word): mountain-a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level

20 19 Missing

21 The Grand Canyon s Canyon. 20) The Grand Canyon came to be by first the formation of a great plateau very far above sea level. After millions of years, it was transformed by water erosion from the Rocky Mountains. The runoff streams joined to be what is now the Colorado River. Plateau: An area much like a mountain but with relatively vertical and straight sides and with a flat top. Erosion: The decay of materials by natural forces over a long period of time. By: Catherine Miller

22 (ONE PICTURE) Tectonic plates (Volcanoes) 21.Some volcanoes are created when a tectonic plate starts to slide under another plates, and when the pressure is so strong that it causes these underwater volcanoes to form. If the pressure is super strong it will start making a lot of small islands Two sub layers that are under the earth's crust that move Pressure A continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it

23 (ONE PICTURE) Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and tsunami Question 22: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and tsunamis are all caused by tectonic plates moving and shoving each other. Volcanoes: mountains that shoot up lava when they erupt. Dormant: volcano that does not erupt anymore. The volcano is asleep.