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1 advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/4/5/eaar4378/dc1 Supplementary Materials for Discovery of moganite in a lunar meteorite as a trace of H2O ice in the Moon s regolith Masahiro Kayama, Naotaka Tomioka, Eiji Ohtani, Yusuke Seto, Hiroshi Nagaoka, Jens Götze, Akira Miyake, Shin Ozawa, Toshimori Sekine, Masaaki Miyahara, Kazushige Tomeoka, Megumi Matsumoto, Naoki Shoda, Naohisa Hirao, Takamichi Kobayashi The PDF file includes: Published 2 May 2018, Sci. Adv. 4, eaar4378 (2018) DOI: /sciadv.aar4378 fig. S1. BSE images of silica in the breccia matrix and the shock veins of NWA fig. S2. BSE image of the shock vein of NWA fig. S3. Micro-Raman analyses of high-pressure and high-temperature SiO2 phases. fig. S4. BSE images of silica varieties in various lithologies of NWA fig. S5. Single crystals of anhedral quartz in a basaltic clast. fig. S6. Spectroscopic identification of maskelynite and plagioclase. fig. S7. SR-XRD analyses of various SiO2 phases. fig. S8. TEM chemical composition analyses. fig. S9. TEM observations of coesite, stishovite, and cristobalite. fig. S10. Micro-Raman spectroscopy of unshocked and experimentally shockrecovered moganite.
2 Supplementary Materials fig. S1. BSE images of silica in the breccia matrix and the shock veins of NWA (A) An amygdaloidal silica micrograin (No. 1) in the breccia matrix (far from the shock veins) of NWA 2727 is adjacent to olivine (Olv), clinopyroxene (Cpx) and plagioclase (Plg) grains, and is surrounded by pervasive shock-induced radiating cracks starting from the surface and fracturing the neighboring minerals. (B) Another silica micrograin (No. 2) in the breccia matrix. (C) and (D) Amygdaloidal silica micrograins within (No. 3) and in contact with the shock veins (No. 4), respectively. The silica micrograins are surrounded by fine to coarse olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase and their glasses. Silica micrograins are indicated by white arrows; white-boxes mark high-magnification BSE imaging areas of these silica grains shown in Figs. 2A, 3A and 4A, and fig. S3A.
3 fig. S2. BSE image of the shock vein of NWA Continuous shock vein through both an OC gabbroic clast and the breccia matrix. This shock vein (enclosed by white dotted lines) is characterized by impact melt glasses of the constituent minerals with bubble marks and flow textures.
4 fig. S3. Micro-Raman analyses of high-pressure and high-temperature SiO2 phases. High-magnification BSE image of an amygdaloidal silica micrograin (No. 4) in contact with a shock vein. Part of this silica micrograin shows fine-scale tweed-like textures, represented as high BSE brightness. The Raman analytical points (areas 1 to 3) are indicated by white crosses. (B) Raman spectra of this silica micrograin. The spectral patterns correspond to coesite, cristobalite and moganite, respectively. (C E) Raman intensity maps of the (C) coesite (521 cm 1 ), (D) cristobalite (416 cm 1 ), and (E) moganite (502 cm 1 ) bands. These Raman maps reveal a coexistence of coesite with moganite, whereas cristobalite was independent from the other silica polymorphs.
5 fig. S4. BSE images of silica varieties in various lithologies of NWA (A) A coarse grain of euhedral tridymite is surrounded by fine to coarse olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystals. (B) Small single crystals of anhedral quartz are adjacent to clinopyroxene phenocrysts and fine clinopyroxene and plagioclase groundmass in the basaltic clasts. Silica is indicated by white arrows; a white box marks a high-magnification BSE imaging area of anhedral quartz in the basaltic clasts, shown in fig. S5A.
6 fig. S5. Single crystals of anhedral quartz in a basaltic clast. (A) High-magnification BSE image of a single crystal of anhedral silica in the basaltic clast. This anhedral silica is enclosed by basaltic clinopyroxene and plagioclase groundmass. (B) Raman spectrum of the anhedral silica. All Raman peaks can be assigned to quartz. (C) Raman intensity map of the quartz (464 cm 1 ) band. It displays a homogeneous distribution of Raman intensity, which is indicative of its high crystallinity.
7 fig. S6. Spectroscopic identification of maskelynite and plagioclase. (A) Raman spectra of feldspars in NWA The pronounced peaks of plagioclase are located at 147, 198, 403, 485, 507, 559, and 660 cm 1, whereas the broad bands of maskelynite are positioned at 509 and 590 cm 1 (black arrows). (B) CL spectra of the feldspars. The spectral patterns consist of blue and yellow emission bands at 420 and 560 nm for plagioclase (gray line) and UV to blue bands at 330 and 380 nm for maskelynite (black line). Plagioclase remains away from the shock veins, whereas it was transformed into maskelynite within them.
8 fig. S7. SR-XRD analyses of various SiO2 phases. (A) SR-XRD pattern of a square cubic block (ca. 10 μm per side) extracted from the silica micrograin (No. 1) in the breccia matrix by FIB. Several specific reflections can be indexed to moganite and coesite structures, the others correspond to pigeonite and olivine. (B/C) SR-XRD profiles of the cubic blocks taken using FIB from silica micrograins (B) within (No. 3) and (C) in contact
9 with (No. 4) the shock veins. Several strong reflections can be indexed to stishovite and coesite structures, whereas weak lines can be assigned to cristobalite and moganite structures. The remaining lines correspond to pigeonite, olivine and anorthite. fig. S8. TEM chemical composition analyses. Annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy images (top panels) and false-color elemental maps (bottom panels) of thin-foil samples (< 100 nm thickness) sliced using FIB for silica micrograins (A) in the breccia matrix (No. 1) and (B) within the shock vein (No. 3). The false-color elemental maps are composed of X-ray signals of red = Si Kα, green = Mg Kα, and blue = Al Kα.
10 Large SiO2 regions (red) of both TEM samples are in contact with small olivine (Olv), clinopyroxene (Cpx), and plagioclase (Plg) grains. fig. S9. TEM observations of coesite, stishovite, and cristobalite. Bright-field TEM images of SiO2 regions (red in fig. S8) with (A) coesite (Coe) in the FIB-sliced silica micrograins from the breccia matrix (No. 1), and (B) stishovite (Sti) and (C) cristobalite (Cri) in the processed silica micrograins within (No. 3) and in contact with (No. 4) the shock veins. Numerous euhedral to anhedral silica nanocrystals can be observed as aggregates in the groundmass of SiO2 glass in these SiO2 regions. (D F) SAED patterns from (D) coesite along the [111] zone axis, (E) stishovite along the [1 11] zone axis and (F) cristobalite along the [101 ] zone axis.
11 fig. S10. Micro-Raman spectroscopy of unshocked and experimentally shockrecovered moganite. Nearly pure moganite ( wt%) from Gran Canaria (Spain) was selected as the starting material (unshocked) and used for the shock experiments (five shock-recovered samples). The peak shock pressures of the moganite samples upon shock wave reverberation were calculated to be 14.1, 22.0, 25.0, 34.2, and 45.3 GPa. Moganite signatures are observed in the unshocked and shock-recovered samples at 14.1 to 25.0 GPa, whereas those obtained at GPa show no sign of this phase. Moganite is amorphized completely at pressures between 25.0 and 34.2 GPa.
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