Some Thoughts About Rock Mechanics Aspects of Mars. Ömer Aydan

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1 3 rd Off Earth Mining Forum OEMF Some Thoughts About Rock Mechanics Aspects of Mars Courtesy of NASA Opportunity Curiosity Spirit Ömer Aydan University of the Ryukyus, Department of Civil Engineering Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan

2 Contents 1) Motivation 2) General Characteristics of Mars 3) Surface Topography and Geology 4) Tectonics and Seismicity 5) Stress State of Mars 6) Rocks 7) Formation of Discontinuities and Their Surface Morphology 8) Rock Weathering 9) Slope Stability Problems 10) Sinkholes 11) Properties of Rocks, Discontinuities and Rock Masses 12) Conclusions Acknowledgements

3 1) Motivation Mankind is now exploring the ways to find out the characteristics of other planets and possibility of exploiting their mineral resources.. One of most impressive images from the Apollo Program of NASA to me is the man standing next to a fractured lunar rock mass. The images from recent Mars exploration rovers showed the striking similarities between rocks on Earth and those of Mars, which motivated me to bring together some of my thoughts about the aspects of rock mechanics and rock engineering in Mars and to compare them with those of the earth. In this presentation, I will specifically consider the stress state, the characteristics of rocks and their weathering, discontinuity formations, slope and cliff stability problems and natural caves.

4 Teaching Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering in Space in my Rock Mechanics Classes in Tokai University since 2010 and University of the Ryukyus since 2014 (Contents) (Rock Mechanics in Other Planets)

5 2) General Characteristics of Mars Gravitational acceleration is 0.377g of the Earth Radius is 3389 km Mean density is g/cm 3

6 3-1) SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY From NASA

7 3-2) SURFACE GEOLOGY OF MARS

8

9 From NASA Temperature difference is more than 80 degrees Subjected to Harsh Freezing and Thawing Environment provided rock is saturated c) TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS Earth is degrees

10 d) INTERIOR CHARACTERISTICS From Sohl and Spohn (1997)

11 4) Tectonics and Mars-quakes From NASA

12 from USGS(?)

13 LARGE SCALE RIFTING TYPE MOTIONS AND ASSOCIATED FRACTURE ZONES

14 LARGE SCALE SHEARING, FAULTING, FOLDING AND ASSOCIATED METAMORPHISM FAULTING SHEARING & FAULTING FAULTING, FOLDING & METAMORPHISM

15 Sedimentation and Tilting Sedimentation and Discordance Volcanic Activity & Columnar Jointing Folding and metamorphism

16 Seismicity - Mars-quakes

17 Mars-quakes (?) No Doubt that Mars-quakes should exist as it happens in Moon InSighter Module Possible Causes of Quakes a) Impacts by Meteorites b) Thermal Contraction & Expansion c) Volcanic Activity d) Large Scale Mass Movements e) Plate-tectonic Type Movements f) Daily Rotation and Annual Solar Motion No Instrumentation yet VELOCITY (km/s) Acceleration Velocity VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION OF EARTH TIME (DAYS) ACCELERATION (mm/s 2 )

18 5) Stress State of Earth & Mars Case 1: Hydrostatic-fluid Case 2: Mantle-crust are elastic & solid; core fluid Case 4: Same condition as above, thermo-plasticity s 1 = s 3 + és - (S -s c )e -b 1s 3 ë ù û e -b 2 T Tan. Stress Max, All Compressive: 6.3 GPa at surface. Basalt UCS is 0.6 GPa Upper Mantle is in plastic state. This was the main cause of tectonics in Earth

19 Overcoring Method Stress Relief & Restoration Method (Flat jack Method) Hydraulic Fracturing Method Sleeve Fracturing Method Direct Techniques Acoustic Emission Method (AEM) InDirect Techniques Borehole-breakout Method Fault-Striation Method Focal Mechanism Solution Method Blasthole Damage Method Compiled by Aydan and Kawamoto, 1998 Stress State of Mars Constitutive Law and Thermo-plastic yielding characteristics are needed

20 Proper evaluation of stress state of Mars will enable us to explain Why mountains are high and Why tectonism is less pronounced in Mars Earth Mars

21 6) Rocks a) Igneous Rocks b) Sedimentary Rocks c) Metamorphic Rocks

22 a) Igneous Rocks

23 b) Sedimentary Rocks

24 c) Metamorphic Rocks

25 7) Discontinuities i) Tension discontinuities due to - Cooling - Drying - Freezing - Bending - Flexural slip - Uplifting - Faulting, and - Stress relaxation due to erosion or glacier retreation or man-made excavation ii) Shear discontinuities due to - Folding, and - Faulting iii) Discontinuities due to periodic sedimentation, and iv) Discontinuities due to metamorphism. Characterization of rock mass depends upon, intact rocks, discontinuities, weathering state etc.

26 Discontinuities

27 Filling of Discontinuities Healing of discontinuities

28 SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF DISCONTINUITIES Shear strength of discontinuities are greatly affected by their surface morphology parameters

29 INDUCED CRACKING OR RE-CRACKING Bending Failure Torsion-induced Failure Re-opening of healed cracks

30 8) Rock weathering (Chemical or Physical)

31 9) Slope Stability Problems From Aydan 1989

32 a) Large Scale Slope Failures Partly from Bigot-Cormier & Montgomery, 2007

33 Some examples of Rock Slope Stabilities on Earth (compiled from various publications by Aydan)

34 b) Slope Failures in Layered Rock Mass

35 b) Slope Failures in Jointed Rock Mass

36 c) Actual or Potential Slope Failures in Discontinuous Rock Mass

37 EARTH MARS

38 Coogee d) Steep or Overhanging Cliffs in Layered Rock Mass

39 e) Failures of Overhanging Cliffs in Discontinuous Rock Mass Coogee

40 f) Stability of Precarious Rock Blocks Açıksaray-Cappadocia

41 g) Impact & Vibration Induced Mass Movements Before Drilling After Drilling

42 Rover s Vibration Induced Mass Movements Some wrongly interpreted as the motion was caused by fluid flow, liquefaction etc. Motion of dry granular deposits before and after shaking Before After SETTLEMENT (mm) CUMULATIVE AE COUNT (x 10) Sand4- dry TIME (sec) From Aydan & Ulusay (unpublished 2000) 0 BASE ACCELERATION (gal)

43 SOME INFERENCES FROM SLIDING OF BLOCKS Travel length: 675 cm Inclination: 23.5 degrees Maximum Acceleration a max g m 2g tan( ) Maximum Velocity v m tan( ) FRICTION COEFFICIENT(S/N) NORMALIZED ACCELERATION(a/g) S/N Mt.Fuji Basalt Saw-cut Surface Upper Block Acceleration TIME(sec) Basalt friction angle: >30 degrees Maximum Acceleration: cm/s 2 Maximum Velocity: cm/s

44 10) Sinkholes (Impact, Solution or Rifting Induced)

45 11) Properties of Rocks, Discontinuities and Rock Masses

46 12) Conclusions The rock mechanics aspects of Mars are quite similar to those of the Earth. The differences result from gravitational acceleration, climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, winds), thickness of atmosphere and non or limited amount of ground water. The knowledge on the behaviour of rocks, discontinuities and rock masses acquired on the Earth can be easily used in Mars with the consideration of the differences resulting from gravitation acceleration, climatic conditions and fluid in rock masses.

47 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author heart-fully thanks the organizing committee and the invitation to join the 2017 Off-Earth Mining Forum and to have chance to address you on my thoughts. The author gratefully acknowledges NASA and the people involved in the development and operation of Mars exploration programs, Mars rovers, namely, Opportunity, Sprit and Curiosity, and processing and releasing their images on related web-sites. The author is solely responsible for the content, statements and opinions made in this presentation Thoughts of the author are based on Images of Mars Rovers and mostly obtained from the following web-site:

48

49 THEMES Laboratory tests on Dynamic Responses of Rocks and Rock Masses; Fracturing of Rocks and Associated Strong Motions Estimation Procedures and Numerical techniques of Strong Motions Associated with the Rupture of Earth s Crusts and Some Strong Motion Dynamic Response and Stability of Rock Foundations, Underground Excavations in Rock, Rock Slopes Dynamic Responses and Stability of Stone Masonry Historical Structures and Monuments Induced Seismicity Dynamic Simulation of Loading and Excavation Rockburst and Outburst Blasting Impacts Nondestructive Testing Using Shock Waves Case Histories of Failure Phenomenon in Rock Engineering Rock Dynamics in Space

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