Name Test Date Hour. forms that lived only during certain periods. abundant and widespread geographically. changes to the surface of Earth.

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1 Name Test Date Hour Earth Processes#3 - Notebook Earth s History LEARNING TARGETS I can explain the lack of evidence about the Precambrian Time. I can describe possible causes for the mass extinction in the Paleozoic Era. I can describe possible causes for the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. I can describe the conditions needed for fossil formation. I can explain the Principle of Superposition. I can explain how we use index fossils to help determine the age of rocks. I can describe what causes glaciers to advance and retreat. I can describe how glaciers can help tell us about Earth s history. Scientific Language 1. Geologic Time Scale Division of Earth's history into time units based largely on the types of life forms that lived only during certain periods. 2. Era A long period of geologic time defined by a starting event and an ending event. 3. Extinction The disappearance of all members of a species from Earth. 4. Fossil Remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms. 5. Index Fossil Remains of species that existed on Earth for a relatively short period of time, were abundant and widespread geographically. 6. Catastrophic Event A natural or man-made occurrence leading to the loss of many lives and/or changes to the surface of Earth. 7. Principle of Superposition States that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom and the rocks become progressively younger toward the top. 8. Glacier Large, moving masses of ice and snow that change large areas of Earth's surface through erosion and deposition. 9. Glacier Advance Movement of glacial ice that occurs when more snow mass is gained than melted. 10. Glacier Retreat Movement of glacial ice that occurs when more snow mass is melted than gained.

2 Geologic Time Scientists believe that the Earth is approximately billion years old. A Scale was created to help people understand Earth s history. A geologic time scale divides time into based on records and major in Earth s history. The appearance or disappearance of, like Trilobites, is used to mark periods of geologic on the geologic time scale. Precambrian Time - Earth s history Very is known about the Precambrian period. This lasted from billion to about million years ago (mya). The reason for this is: Lack of evidence - The rocks are too to find or have been changed/recycled into rock. Lack of evidence - The only organisms around at that time may have been a blue-green containing no body parts leaving no evidence behind.

3 Paleozoic Era Age of This era began with the appearance of more organisms. The first, fish, plants, amphibians and appeared. Because the bodies of many of these organisms contained or parts, fossil records of their existence can be used as in this time period. The Paleozoic Era ended with a mass of approximately 85% of the and 70 % of the species. Scientists debate over the causes of this mass extinction, but agree that it may be due to a event or a series of occurring at the same time. Possible causes include: global change decreasing increase in activity a large striking Earth These would all be considered events because they lead to the loss of many and may cause to the surface of the Earth.

4 Mesozoic Era Age of This is most familiar to people because appeared. evidence continues to help us piece together this time period. The Mesozoic Era has a similar to that of the Paleozoic. We know that the dinosaurs are now, but again, the reason why is still up for debate. Many believe that some type of event or change must have occurred. The current hypothesis out there is that a giant or collided with Earth causing the mass of land and marine species. Cenozoic Era Age of Fossil evidence show the appearance of and geological evidence shows world-wide. This era saw the of many species including, plants, fish, insects and. Piecing Together the Past Scientists continue to find to help create a more accurate picture of the of Earth., structures and evidence provide a glimpse of events and conditions on Earth throughout time.+

5 Fossils Fossils are the,, or of prehistoric organisms. Fossils provide information about the of the rocks they are found in, the and type of that existed when they formed. Conditions Needed for Fossil Formation 1. Organisms having parts such as, or. are less likely to eat these hard parts. Hard parts more than soft parts. Most fossils that we find are the parts of organisms. Your turn - Illustrate these hard body parts. Bone Shell Teeth 2. Protection from or agents of physical like waves or currents in water. Your turn - Illustrate this situation: Sediments bury the body of a fish that dies and sinks to the bottom of a lake. Sediments will cover the fish rapidly, and protect it from waves and scavengers. 3. Fossils need to bury them. Sediments can compact and cement together to form rock. The only type of rocks fossils can be found in is rock. The other two types of rock, Igneous and Metamorphic, would any organism evidence. Igneous rocks ( ) form from cooling lava/magma which any evidence. Metamorphic rocks (, ) form from extreme heat and pressure which any evidence.

6 Rock Ages found in rock layers can help to identify the of the rock and when rock layers may have been. The of the layers can help scientists determine their age. The of states in undisturbed layers of rock, the older rocks are on the and they get increasingly younger as you move toward the. Your turn - Come up with an everyday example that would demonstrate the Principle of Superposition. Using the location of rock layers to estimate the age of an area can be a little tricky at times. Over time, rock layers may have folded, uplifted, and, or may be missing altogether. In these cases, scientists may have to look at a combination of characteristics to get the relative of the rocks. Your turn - Look at an illustration of the Grand Canyon and determine a few things Of layers 1 4, which is the youngest? oldest? Which layers are made of rock that could contain fossils? Of those, which could have the oldest fossils? Would we find fossils in the Quartzite? Explain Would we find fossils in the Schist? Explain Would we find fossils in the Granite? Explain

7 Using Fossils to Age Rocks Fossils found in rock can help to identify the of the rock. Scientists use fossils to estimate a rock s age. Index fossils are fossils used to and geologic periods. Index fossils have the following characteristics: Existed on Earth for relatively periods of time They were (plentiful) during their existence They were geographically (found all around the Earth) are index fossils. The and of trilobites bookend the Paleozoic Age making it a great index fossil. Were an extremely marine organism. Lived over regions of the world Your turn - Use the index fossils below to estimate the age of the rock samples found.

8 Glaciers Rock characteristics, like huge, provide evidence of history. Glaciers give us evidence about Earth s history. We are in an interglacial period, but there have been at least major ice ages. During Ice Ages, average temperature were only about o C than today. Formation of Glaciers Glaciers form when builds up. If snow does not melt, it slowly. As more snow piles up, the increasing of the snow becomes great enough to compress the lower layers into. With enough on the ice it becomes plastic like and begins to flow, causing ice to move from its source. As a glacier moves forward over land, it transports huge volumes of and. The Life of Glaciers Glaciers respond to warming or cooling or a change in the amount or type of. Glacial (increase in size) - at least one condition must be true An in precipitation More snow A in temperature colder = less melting Glacial (decrease in size) - at least one condition must be true A in precipitation An in temperature What Glaciers Can Tell Us To study Earth s history using glaciers, scientist must drill out. An ice core is a core sample removed from an sheet, most commonly from the polar ice caps of, or from high mountain glaciers. Scientists use ice cores because contain tiny of ancient. These tiny air bubbles allow us to study the last years of atmospheric levels, methane levels and global. Glaciers can help give even more clues about Earth s more recent.

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