1. A model of Earth's internal structure is shown below.

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1 1. A model of Earth's internal structure is shown below. Analysis of which type of data led to the development of this model? A) seismic waves B) depth of Earth's oceans C) electromagnetic radiation D) isobar gradients 2. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of Earth shown below. Letters B, C, and D represent layers of Earth. Letter Q represents a location on Earth's surface. Which letter best represents Earth's mantle? A) Q B) B C) C D) D

2 3. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows a cutaway view of Earth in which the interior layers are visible. The paths of earthquake waves generated at point X are shown. A, B, C, and D are locations of seismic stations on Earth's surface, and point E is located in Earth's interior. Both P-waves and S-waves were received at seismic stations A and B, but only P-waves were received at seismic stations C and D. Which statement best explains why this occurred? A) S-waves are much weaker than P-waves. B) S-waves travel faster than P-waves. C) The liquid outer core prevents S-waves from traveling to seismic stations C and D. D) The solid outer core prevents S-waves from traveling to seismic stations C and D. 4. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200 kilometers below the Earth's surface is inferred to be A) an iron-rich solid B) an iron-rich liquid C) a silicate-rich solid D) a silicate-rich liquid 5. Which part of the Earth is most likely a liquid zone? A) inner core B) outer core C) mantle D) crust 6. Seismic studies of the Moon have helped scientists to make inferences about A) water erosion on the Moon B) weathering on the Moon's surface C) radioactivity of the Moon's surface rocks D) the Moon's interior 7. Which statement most accurately compares Earth s crust and Earth s mantle? A) The crust is thinner and less dense than the mantle. B) The crust is thinner and more dense than the mantle. C) The crust is thicker and less dense than the mantle. D) The crust is thicker and more dense than the mantle. 8. Where is the thickest part of the Earth's crust? A) at the edge of continental shelves B) at mid-ocean ridges C) under continental mountain ranges D) under volcanic islands 9. The interior of Earth between a depth of 5200 kilometers and 6300 kilometers is inferred to be composed mostly of A) silicon and iron B) silicon and oxygen C) iron and lead D) iron and nickel 10. The inferred temperature and pressure of Earth's interior at a depth of 3,000 kilometers are approximately A) 1000 C and 0.5 million atmospheres B) 1000 C and 1.0 million atmospheres C) 5000 C and 1.5 million atmospheres D) 5000 C and 3.0 million atmospheres 11. Which temperature is inferred to exist in Earth s plastic mantle? A) 2000 C B) 3000 C C) 5000 C D) 6000 C 12. As depth within the Earth's interior increases, the A) density, temperature, and pressure decrease B) density, temperature, and pressure increase C) density and temperature decrease, but pressure increases D) density decreases, but temperature and pressure increase 13. The temperature at the center of the Earth is estimated to be A) 1,000 K B) 2,800 K C) 5,000 K D) 6,800 K

3 14. In which group are the zones of the Earth's interior correctly arranged in order of increasing average density? A) crust, mantle, outer core, inner core B) crust, mantle, inner core, outer core C) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust D) outer core, inner core, mantle, crust 15. Most inferences about the characteristics of Earth s mantle and core are based on A) the behavior of seismic waves in Earth s interior B) well drillings from Earth s mantle and core C) chemical changes in exposed and weathered metamorphic rocks D) comparisons between Moon rocks and Earth rocks 16. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the interface between the crust and the mantle that is now named for him. His discovery of the Moho was based on analysis of A) landscape boundaries B) continental coastlines C) erosional surfaces D) seismic waves 17. Which statement correctly compares seismic P-waves with seismic S-waves? A) P-waves travel faster than S-waves and pass through Earth s liquid zones. B) P-waves travel faster than S-waves and do not pass through Earth s liquid zones. C) P-waves travel slower than S-waves and pass through Earth s liquid zones. D) P-waves travel slower than S-waves and do not pass through Earth s liquid zones. 18. An earthquake s first P-wave arrives at a seismic station at 12:00:00. This P-wave has traveled 6000 kilometers from the epicenter. At what time will the first S-wave from the same earthquake arrive at the seismic station? A) 11:52:20 B) 12:07:40 C) 12:09:20 D) 12:17:00

4 19. Base your answer to the following question on the cross-sectional view of Earth below, which shows seismic waves traveling from the focus of an earthquake. Points A and B are locations on Earth s surface. A seismic station located at point A is 5400 kilometers away from the epicenter of the earthquake. If the arrival time for the P-wave at point A was 2:00 p.m., the arrival time for the S-wave at point A was approximately A) 1:53 p.m. B) 2:07 p.m. C) 2:09 p.m. D) 2:16 p.m. 20. A seismic station recorded an earthquake with an epicenter distance of 4,000 kilometers. If the origin time of the earthquake was 11:00 a.m., what time did the P-wave arrive at the seismic station? A) 10:53 a.m. B) 11:05 a.m. C) 11:07 a.m. D) 11:12 a.m. 21. In 8 minutes, an earthquake P-wave travels a total distance of A) 2,100 km B) 4,700 km C) 6,600 km D) 11,300 km 22. A huge undersea earthquake off the Alaskan coastline could produce a A) tsunami B) cyclone C) hurricane D) thunderstorm 23. Which difference between gabbro bedrock and granite bedrock causes seismic waves to travel faster in gabbro than in granite? A) Gabbro is more dense than granite. B) Gabbro has greater permeability than granite. C) Gabbro has a darker color than granite. D) Gabbro is made of smaller mineral grains than granite.

5 24. Base your answer to the following question on The seismogram below shows P-wave and S-wave arrival times at a seismic station following an earthquake. The distance from this seismic station to the epicenter of teh earthquake is approximately A) 1,600 km B) 3,200 km C) 4,400 km D) 5,600 km 25. Base your answer to the following question on the map below which shows epicenters of some of the earthquakes that occurred in North America during a 2-week period. Five epicenters are labeled A through E. Denver and New York City are also indicated. The distance from epicenter E to New York City is 3,000 kilometers. What was the approximate travel time for the P-waves from this epicenter to New York City? A) 1 min 20 sec B) 5 min 40 sec C) 7 min 30 sec D) 10 min 00 sec

6 26. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of the Earth below showing the observed pattern of waves recorded after an earthquake. The location of the epicenter of the earthquake that produced the observed wave pattern most likely is in the A) crust in zone 1 B) mantle in zone 2 C) crust in zone 3 D) core of the Earth 27. The seismogram below shows the arrival times of P- and S-waves at a seismic station in hours, minutes, and seconds. Approximately how far from the earthquake epicenter is this seismic station? A) 1,650 km B) 1,900 km C) 2,200 km D) 4,100 km

7 Base your answers to questions 28 and 29 on the diagram below, which shows models of two types of earthquake waves. 28. Model A best represents the motion of earthquake waves called A) P-waves (compressional waves) that travel faster than S-waves (shear waves) shown in model B B) P-waves (compressional waves) that travel slower than S-waves (shear waves) shown in model B C) S-waves (shear waves) that travel faster than P-waves (compressional waves) shown in model B D) S-waves (shear waves) that travel slower than P-waves (compressional waves) shown in model B 29. The difference in seismic station arrival times of the two waves represented by the models helps scientists determine the A) amount of damage caused by an earthquake B) intensity of an earthquake C) distance to the epicenter of an earthquake D) time of occurrence of the next earthquake 30. An earthquake's P-wave traveled 4,800 kilometers and arrived at a seismic station at 5:10 p.m. At approximately what time did the earthquake occur? A) 5:02 p.m. B) 5:08p.m. C) 5:10 p.m. D) 5:18 p.m. 31. A seismographic station determines that its distance from the epicenter of an earthquake is 4,000 kilometers. If the P-wave arrived at the station at 10:15 a.m., the time of the earthquake's origin was A) 10:02 a.m. B) 10:08 a.m. C) 10:10 a.m. D) 10:22 a.m. 32. An earthquake occurred at 5:00:00 a.m. At what time would the P-wave reach a seismic station 3,000 kilometers from the epicenter? A) 5:01:40 a.m. B) 5:04:30 a.m. C) 5:05:40 a.m. D) 5:10:15 a.m.