Water Quality and Water Quantity: Two sides of the Same Coin. Chris Jones

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1 Water Quality and Water Quantity: Two sides of the Same Coin Chris Jones

2 Unit of the College of Engineering Director: Larry Weber 90 Graduate Students from 16 countries 61 Research Engineers and Scientists Engineering Research Center since 1920

3 Municipal Water Supply Projects Boone Water Works Ottumwa Water Works Rural Water System #2 (Hospers, IA) City of Sioux Center Rock Valley Rural Water

8 2,500, ,000 30,000 to 10, , ,000 years years Slide courtesy of K. Schilling, Iowa Geological Survey

9 Iowa Landforms

Climate Millett, B., Johnson, W.C. and Guntenspergen, G., 2009.

10 Climate Millett, B., Johnson, W.C. and Guntenspergen, G., Climate trends of the North American prairie pothole region Climatic Change, 93(1-2), pp

12 Iowa Land Cover

13 Pre-1850 Sandy or gravel bottom Gently-sloping banks with vegetation Perennial vegetation Wide, shallow streams Water table close to surface

14 Pre-1850 Surface runoff Seepage Groundwater exchange Infiltration

17 Now Tile drainage Annual vegetation Deep, narrow streams Steep, unvegetated banks Silt bottom Water table deeper

18 Now Surface runoff Tile drainage Seepage Infiltration Groundwater exchange

19 Incision

20 Where do streams begin? Tile outfalls! Slide courtesy of K. Schilling, Iowa Geological Survey

21 Downstrea m Walnut Creek Contribution of tiles to channel incision Channel depth at tile outlets = 1.4 m Channel depth at watershed outlet = 3.3 m 42% of channel incision may be sourced from tile drainage outfalls. Upstrea m Walnut Creek Slide courtesy of K. Schilling, Iowa Geological Survey

22 Drainage network developed on different age of glacial drift in Iowa Number of streams per unit area and drainage density increases with time Ruhe classic work (1952)

23 Extension of river drainage network from 1847 to 1972 Slide courtesy of K. Schilling, Iowa Geological Survey

24 Effects of tile drainage in Des Moines Lobe watershed Bear Creek Compared groundwater travel times various drained conditions: High Medium Low Perennial network Pre-settlement Slide courtesy of K. Schilling, Iowa Geological Survey Schilling et al., JEQ, 2015

25 Walnut Creek: Jasper County Slide courtesy of K. Schilling, Iowa Geological Survey

26 Extension of the drainage network Table 1. Comparison of morphological characteristics of Walnut Creek in 1847 and 1972 (after Anderson, 2000) Property GLO Survey (1847) 1972 USGS Streams Stream length (m) 37,185 60,286 Drainage density Channel frequency Total length of drainage system divided by watershed area 2 Total number of stream segments per unit area Slide courtesy of K. Schilling, Iowa Geological Survey Stream length nearly doubled Greater density and number of stream channels

27 It s Wetter: Increase over last century 16.2% 16.1% 8.1% 19.1% 8.4% 20.1% 7.1% 13.7% 5.8%

28 It s Wetter

29 Streams have more water Wapsipinicon Schilling, K. E. and Libra, R. D. (2003), INCREASED BASEFLOW IN IOWA OVER THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39: doi: /j tb04410.x

30 Streams have more water Wapsipinicon Schilling, K. E. and Libra, R. D. (2003), INCREASED BASEFLOW IN IOWA OVER THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39: doi: /j tb04410.x

31 Streams have more water Wapsipinicon Baseflow=is the portion of streamflow that comes from "the sum of deep subsurface flow and delayed shallow subsurface flow". Schilling, K. E. and Libra, R. D. (2003), INCREASED BASEFLOW IN IOWA OVER THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39: doi: /j tb04410.x

32 E. Nishnabotna Schilling, K. E. and Libra, R. D. (2003), INCREASED BASEFLOW IN IOWA OVER THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39: doi: /j tb04410.x

33 Des Moines R. at Stratford

34 Iowa R. at Marengo

35 Extreme Precipitation 2-day precipitation event that is exceeded on average only once in five years.

36 Perry, Iowa 24-32% increase in annual precipitation o C increase in temperature Increase tile drainage flows Change distribution of flows within the calendar year

38 Hypoxia, Aquatic Life

39 Drinking Tole Water Toledo, OH Des Moines, IA

40 Predicted average riverine nitrate N yield, January to June, for all counties in the Mississippi River basin for the period 1997 to David, et al., JEQ 39:

41 Ways of looking at data Average Concentration: mg/l Important for drinking water uses and aquatic life standards Annual values biased low by low flow summer months with low nitrate Annual values biased high by low flow winter months with high nitrate

42 Ways of looking at data Loads in tonnes, tons, pounds, kg Total mass of pollutant carried by the river over a defined period of time. Important for Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia, TMDL standards and industry performance Loads follow discharge, hard to track progress in face of climate variations

43 Flow-Weighted Average Ways of looking at data Total load/total discharge for the period of interest Helps buffer the highly variable effects of weather and discharge Good for trending

46 Raccoon River Trends: Flow Weighted Average Flow weighted average = total load/total flow

47 Des Moines River Flow Weighted Average

48 Loads LOADS (tonnes) Raccoon Des Moines N Yield (pounds per acre) >25% of inputs in 15 Raccoon Des Moines ave max 45 38

49 Loads driven by discharge Long term: N loss is TRANSPORT LIMITED

50 Loads driven by discharge Long term: N loss is TRANSPORT LIMITED

51 Transport vs Supply Limitations Transport River nitrate controlled by how much nitrate could be flushed from soil stores by hydrological processes operating in the watershed. Supply Nitrate availability in soil stores limits nitrate transfer to the stream

52 Raccoon River Sediment

54 Sediment Load vs Discharge

55 Day of year matters

56 Supply Limitations vs Transport Limitations

57 In Iowa, we farm. 88,000 Farm Operations 30,500,000 Farmed Acres (12,700,000 Ha), 84% of the state s area. 13,050,000 acres of corn (2.5 billion bushels, value $8.8 billion) U.S. rank: 1 st 9,800,000 acres of soybean (554 million bushels, value $4.8 billion) U.S.A. ranking: 1 st 21 million hogs; U.S.A. ranking: 1 st 8.4 million turkeys; U.S.A. ranking: 9 th 52 million laying chickens; U.S.A. ranking: 1 st (15 billion eggs) 4 million cattle (including calves) U.S.A. ranking: 6 th 210,000 milk cows (4.8 billion pounds of milk) Sheep and Goat production: 6 th Oats: 7 th Hay: 11 th Corn for silage: 7 th

62 IIHR 2016 Real-Time Monitoring Network Iowa has 1/3 of all the continuous nitrate monitors in the U.S. About 80% of the water leaving the state will be monitored for nitrate in 2016.

63 Monitoring Network

67 Questions?

Overview of fluvial and geotechnical processes for TMDL assessment

Overview of fluvial and geotechnical processes for TMDL assessment Christian F Lenhart, Assistant Prof, MSU Research Assoc., U of M Biosystems Engineering Fluvial processes in a glaciated landscape Martin