Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Southern California

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1 ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: S21 S doi:1.16/jmsc , available online at on Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Southern California Larry E. Deysher, T. A. Dean, R. S. Grove, and A. Jahn Deysher, L. E., Dean, T. A., Grove, R. S., and Jahn, A. 22. Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Southern California. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: S21 S27. As mitigation for estimated losses of kelp bed resources owing to the operation of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS), Southern California Edison is building a 61 ha artificial reef to restore populations of the giant kelp, (Macrocystis pyrifera). This reef is unprecedented in terms of both its size and its focus on providing habitat for giant kelp. To derive a set of design specifications that should guarantee persistent kelp populations, we addressed issues of what substrates could be used, how large these substrates should be, how high they should be piled, and how they should be distributed. The design study included a review of the historical distribution of kelp on artificial reefs in Southern California, a survey of the natural substrate types that have supported persistent populations, and a comparison of survival on different size classes of rocks. The conclusion is that a low relief reef with a moderate level of sand cover would be the most likely candidate for a successful kelp reef. A 9 ha experimental reef with 56 modules has just been constructed to further define the substrate type and substrate density for the full 61 ha mitigation reef. 22 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: artificial reef, kelp, Macrocystis, mitigation, restoration, SONGS. Accepted 29 October 21. L. E. Deysher: Ocean Imaging, 21 Lomas Santa Fe Dr., Suite 37, Solana Beach, CA 9275, USA; tel: ; fax: ; deysher@oceani.com. T. A. Dean: Coastal Resources Associates, Inc., 1185-A Park Center Drive, Vista, CA 9283, USA; tel: ; fax: ; coastal resources@compuserve.com. R. S. Grove: Southern California Edison Co., 2244 Walnut Grove Ave, Rosemead, CA 9177, USA; tel: ; fax: ; grovers@sce.com. A. Jahn: Port of Oakland Environmental Planning, 53 Water Street, Oakland, CA 9467, USA; tel: ; ajahn@portoakland.com Introduction As mitigation for an estimated loss of 61 ha of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh, owing to the operation of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) in northern San Diego County, California, Southern California Edison (SCE) is constructing a 61 ha artificial reef to restore these kelp resources (Ambrose, 1994). Its construction requires the development of a set of design parameters that should guarantee a persistent population of giant kelp. This reef is the largest one ever constructed and is deemed to be the first to sustain a long-term kelp population. Giant kelp forms one of the dominant nearshore communities in Southern California that provides habitat for hundreds of species of fish, invertebrates, and algae (Foster and Schiel, 1985; Dayton, 1985; DeMartini and Roberts, 199). Artificial reef construction in Southern California has a long history (Lewis and McKee, 1989). The first reefs were built in 1958 at Paradise Cove in Malibu and at Redondo Beach. The Paradise Cove reef was constructed from 2 old automobile bodies and the Redondo Beach reef consisted of six wooden streetcars that were sunk by the Navy. Both reefs were placed in 18 m of water. Since that time, a total of 22 reefs have been built in Southern California. Because they were built to support sport fisheries, most were constructed in water too deep for kelp growth. However, the six shallow reefs built in water depths of less than 17 m serve as potential models for the SCE mitigation reef and we have reviewed the history of kelp populations on these reefs. The planning studies began in 1993 and had two primary purposes. The first was to find the optimal /2/S21+7 $35./ 22 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

2 S22 L. E. Deysher et al. Table 1. Summary information on shallow water artificial reefs in Southern California. Reef Year Position D (m) S (ha) W (t) M (#) Configuration Torrey Pines N W m (4 m relief) Pendleton N W m (4 m relief) Pitas Point N W m (3 m relief) Oceanside N W 13,17, m 3 depths (4 m and 2 m relief) Pacific Beach N W 13,17, depths (4 m and 2 m relief) Carlsbad N W 11,13, depths D: depth MLLW; S: reef size; W: amount of quarry rock; M: modules. location for the mitigation reef that would satisfy a complex set of biological, physical, and political requirements. Second was to create a set of design specifications. Siting studies have determined the region offshore of San Clemente, California, just north of SONGS, to be the optimum location (Deysher et al., 1998). Here, we present the results of surveys that led to the design specifications for a recently completed experimental reef consisting of 56 modules with eight different design configurations. These design elements relate specifically to the relief, proportion of hard substrate and sand within the reefs, and the type and size of substrate used for construction. Materials and methods We first compiled all available information for the six artificial reefs (constructed by California Department of Fish and Game; general descriptions are given in Table 1) that are in a depth range appropriate for giant kelp. Previous surveys on these reefs (Davis et al., 1982; Grant et al., 1982; Carter et al., 1985; Wilson and Togstad, 1987; Ambrose and Swarbrick, 1989; DeMartini et al., 1994; Johnson et al., 1994; Kashiwada, 1998) used a variety of methods including quantitative evaluations of the physical and biological attributes of each reef and non-quantitative observations of the relative abundance of kelp and other selected species. We have summarized these observations to describe the physical condition of the reefs and to examine their history with respect to the occurrence of kelp and other prominent biological features that may influence kelp populations. Secondly, we compared substrate characteristics of natural kelp beds with high and low persistence of kelp canopy. Patton et al. (1994) found that the highest densities were found on low relief substrate. To examine whether low relief substrate also promoted the most persistent populations, we defined regions of different kelp persistence using a GIS database (Deysher et al., 1995) developed from maps of annual kelp canopy surveys (North et al., 1993). Aerial surveys of the kelp canopies between Newport Beach and the Mexican Border were made at least four times per year during the period of greatest canopy cover each year from 1975 to The aerial survey with the largest canopy area for each year was selected for charting and was included in the persistence database. Areas of high persistence were defined as those where kelp canopy was present for more than eight out of 16 years. These sites were identified in the kelp persistence maps (Figure 1) and paired with a nearby site of low kelp persistence defined as having less than five years of canopy presence. At each site (size approximately 2 m by 125 m), divers using SCUBA surveyed substrate type and substrate relief, as well as density of kelp, invertebrates and fish on a series of 25-m transects. Two transects were positioned on the offshore edge of each site, four in the centre, and two on the inshore edge. On each transect, the divers noted the maximum change in depth along each 5-m segment to quantify fine scale relief. Substrate composition was determined by visual estimation of the percent sand, pebble (<1 cm in diameter), cobble (1 3 cm), boulder (>3 cm), and continuous rock within each of five.25 m 2 quadrats per transect. Densities of kelp, sea urchins, and sea fans were determined in a 2-m-wide band along each transect. There were six paired highpersistence/low-persistence sites ranging from La Jolla to San Mateo Point just north of SONGS. The role of substrate size in kelp survival has been addressed by a set of surveys conducted in the San Onofre Kelp (SOK) bed just offshore of SONGS, when tagged Macrocystis juveniles were followed for over a year. Juveniles were defined as those individuals with two or more fronds, but with a total length of <2 m. The location of each individual within sixteen 1 1 m quadrats was noted, as well as the size of the rock onto which it had attached. Tags involved a numbered plastic marker on a metal spike driven into the sand/cobble substrate next to each plant. Survival of cohorts of juveniles recruited in 1983 and in 1984 was determined at intervals of three months for approximately one year.

3 Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp S23 Figure 1. Kelp persistence map of the San Clemente region (just north of SONGS) used to select high-persistence and low-persistence kelp sites for use in the comparisons of substrate types. Results All six shallow-water reefs had substantial populations of Macrocystis during the first few years after construction. However, after about three years the kelp populations were lost and never returned (Figure 2). The sequence of events and possible causes for the loss of kelp can be gleaned from quantitative assessments Year Torrey Pines Reef 2 Kelp No kelp Pendleton Reef Pitas Point Reef Pacific Beach Reef Oceanside Reef 2 Carlsbad Reef Figure 2. Summary of the history (presence/absence) of kelp populations on shallow-water artificial reefs in Southern California.

4 S24 L. E. Deysher et al. made on two of the reefs. A dense population of Macrocystis developed on Torrey Pines Reef within one year after its construction in 1975 (Davis et al., 1982), but this population was lost during winter storms about two years later and never recovered. The short period of kelp presence in the early 198s (Figure 2) reflects a kelp transplant effort that was not successful in establishing a long-term population, possibly because of grazing by sea urchins. The reef is dominated currently by sea fans. The Pendleton Reef was built as a prototype for a kelp mitigation reef. Hundreds of adult and juvenile kelp plants were transplanted to this reef soon after construction, but they were all lost to intense fish grazing (Grant et al., 1982). Natural recruitment was reported in the late 198s, when kelp populations became established at many locations along the Southern California coast. The cause of this recruitment event appears to be a severe storm (18 January 1988) that caused a great deal of disturbance and opened substrate for new settlement. The storm was followed by a period of La Niña conditions providing colder, nutrient-rich water that stimulated kelp growth and survival. This period of kelp recruitment, however, did not sustain a long-lived kelp population on the Pendleton Reef (Figure 2). High-persistence and low-persistence natural reef pairs were similar in terms of mean relief (Figure 3A). Relief was generally low, usually less than 3 cm and with one exception, all reefs had a maximum relief of <8 cm. It appears that low relief substrate is the preferred habitat for kelp. The amount of sand in the natural kelp bed sites was variable both within and between the high-persistence and the low-persistence sites (Figure 3B). In general, there was less sand on the former. However, two highpersistence sites had sand cover >4%. The relationship between kelp density and sea fan density was the most significant one detected among the various physical and biological parameters measured (r=.55; p<.1; Figure 4). The surveys of sporophyte survival in the SOK bed showed that adult M. pyrifera were more abundant on boulders (>3 cm) than on cobbles. Within the 16 juvenile kelp survival quadrats examined, 19% of the bottom was covered by sand, 71% by cobble, and only 1% by boulders. Despite the relatively low proportion of this substrate, 54% of the surviving adults were attached to boulders, the disproportionate number of plants resulting from a higher survival rate (Figure 5A). For kelp initially tagged in 1983, the percent survival rate increased linearly with substrate size, to a maximum value of 38% on the largest (>4 cm) boulders. In 1984, survival rates reached near 3% on 2 3 cm cobbles, with no significant increase on boulders >3 cm. Differences in the relationship between substrate size and survival between the two years may have been due to differences in storm activity: storms were generally more Relief (cm) % Sand (a) (b) San Mateo N. Carlsbad High-persistence Low-persistence S. Carlsbad Encinitas Del Mar LaJolla Figure 3. Comparisons of (A) average relief and (B) average sand coverage on the paired high-persistence and lowpersistence kelp survey sites. intense during the winter of than of Higher storm frequency may have resulted in a higher mortality rate for kelp attached to smaller rock substrates. Rocks in the range of approximately 3 5 cm are assumed to be stable under most storm waves at kelp bed depths. Interestingly, most of the recruitment observed in the quadrats was on the smaller substrates. Figure 5B shows that significantly more newly recruited sporophytes were seen on small cobbles as compared to large boulders (χ 2 =77, p<.1). The number of plants per substrate is

5 Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp S (a) Kelp density (m 2 ) 3 2 % survival a conservative statistic because larger rocks have more available surface area. Small cobbles are more likely to be disturbed by wave action and if this causes removal of organisms, more space is provided for new kelp settlement and recruitment. Discussion Seafan density (m 2 ) Figure 4. Relationship between kelp density and sea fan density on the natural and artificial reefs surveyed for the SCE mitigation reef. Observations on both artificial and natural reefs indicate that low relief reef is the most favorable configuration to support kelp populations. The most persistent beds appear to occur on solid rock substrate with moderately low relief and moderate coverage by sand. Very low reefs, with an abundance of sand, have less persistent kelp. The high relief of the artificial reefs currently built in Southern California has led to a dominance by sea fans and the exclusion of kelp. These conclusions are supported by observations of Patton et al. (1994) that adult plants were more common on hard substrates lying less than 1 m above the surrounding sand than on higher relief substrate. These findings suggest that giant kelp is a moderately opportunistic species that does best under conditions of intermediate disturbance. Similar observations have been made by Foster (1975), Wells (1983), and Dayton (1985). Occasional burial or abrasion by sand cleans the hard substrate of competitors and allows settlement of the microscopic stages of the Macrocystis life history. However, gametophytes and small sporophytes on reefs subject to too much disturbance are killed before they become established (Devinny and Volse, 1978). Too little disturbance, on the other hand, creates Plants > 1 (b) > 1 >1 2 >2 3 >3 4 >4 >1 2 >2 3 >3 Rock size class (cm) Figure 5. Comparison of (A) kelp survival and (B) sporophyte recruitment on different sizes of rock substrate. reefs dominated by other organisms, such as sea fans, that exclude new kelp recruitment. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is supported by the relationship between kelp density and rock size. The highest density of newly recruited individuals was seen in the smallest rock class ( 1 cm), which would be expected to provide the greatest amount of available space for settlement because of disturbance. However, highest density of adults was on the larger boulders providing sufficient stability for growth and development of the young sporophyte. The relationship between sand cover and kelp density provided a narrower focus for selecting an appropriate reef design, but was too variable to specify optimum dispersion of rock. Because of these remaining

6 S26 L. E. Deysher et al. uncertainties, we designed an experimental reef programme to test several different substrate types and substrate covers. This experimental reef will use both quarry rock and recycled concrete for construction. These materials will be dispersed at substrate coverages of 17%, 34%, and 67%. The lower value was selected because it represents the cover of larger boulders in the SOK bed, while the upper value represents the cover of cobbles plus boulders. Quarry rock is readily available in Southern California and has proven environmentally acceptable for use in reef construction. The rock is obtained from Catalina Island and can be loaded directly onto barges and towed to the construction site. Concrete material has been included in the experimental reef design because a recently constructed concrete reef offshore of San Diego has shown promise as a kelp habitat (Kashiwada, 1998). In addition, remainders from construction projects have often been offered for use in artificial reef projects. California Department of Fish and Game has developed a set of standards for its use, which state, inter alia, that the material has to be free of oil and chemicals and that steel reinforcing rod must be cut flush to the surface of the concrete. Economics of using concrete material were good when it was primarily disposed of in landfills. At present, however, much of the concrete from demolition projects is crushed and used in place of gravel. We will follow economic trends for the application of concrete rubble over the next few years to determine whether it provides a viable option for construction of the full mitigation reef. Southern California Edison has just completed construction of a 9 ha experimental reef consisting of 56 modules, 4 4 m each and arranged in seven blocks of eight treatment types. Treatments include 17%, 34%, and 67% coverage of both quarry rock and concrete and two additional sets of 34% quarry rock and concrete onto which small kelp sporophytes were transplanted. The modules were constructed offshore of San Clemente at the site selected for the full mitigation reef based on biological, physical and political criteria (Deysher et al., 1998). The modules were placed in the optimum depth range for kelp recruitment and growth of m, at sites having a thin layer (3 5 cm) of sand overlaying hard substrate, because individual rocks and concrete pieces should not become buried owing to wave action. Areas of natural exposed hard substrate were avoided. Modules were constructed using a derrick barge with a 6-point anchor system, which was moved by 2.5 m increments to provide even coverage of substrate on the bottom within each module. The derrick barge was used to precisely position supply barges from which reef material was dispersed with a front-loader. The experimental reef will be studied for five years. Parameters of primary interest during monitoring are the extent to which rock and concrete material is buried by sand, the colonization rate and survival of kelp, and the colonization of other kelp forest organisms (algae, invertebrates, and fish). Design elements that support a kelp population of at least four adult plants per 1 m 2 and invertebrate and fish populations similar to natural reefs will be selected for use in the 61 ha mitigation reef. References Ambrose, R. F Mitigating the effects of a coastal power plant on a kelp forest community: rationale and requirements of an artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science, 55: Ambrose, R. F., and Swarbrick, S. L Comparison of fish assemblages on artificial and natural reefs off the coast of Southern California. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44: Carter, J. W., Jessee, W. N., Foster, M. S., and Carpenter, A. L Management of artificial reefs designed to support natural communities. Bulletin of Marine Science, 37: Davis, N., Van Blaricom, G. R., and Dayton, P. K Man-made structures on marine sediments: effects on adjacent benthic communities. Marine Biology, 7: Dayton, P. A Ecology of kelp communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16: DeMartini, E. E., and Roberts, D. A Effects of giant kelp (Macrocystis) on the density and abundance of fishes in a cobble-bottom kelp forest. Bulletin of Marine Science, 46: DeMartini, E. E., Barnett, A. M., Johnson, T. D., and Ambrose, R. F Growth and production estimates for biomass-dominant fishes on a Southern California artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science, 55: Devinny, J. S., and Volse, L. A Effects of sediments on the development of Macrocystis pyrifera gametophytes. Marine Biology, 48: Deysher, L. E., Ayers, R., Grove, R., and Jahn, A GIS analysis of kelp canopy remote sensing data. Proceedings of the Third Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments. I-7 I-78. Seattle, Washington. Deysher, L. E., Dean, T. A., Grove, R., and Jahn, A An experimental reef program to test designs of an artificial reef for kelp mitigation. Gulf of Mexico Science, 16: Foster, M. S Algal succession in a Macrocystis pyrifera forest. Marine Biology, 32: Foster, M. S., and Schiel, D. R The ecology of giant kelp forests in California: a community profile. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, 85 (7.2). Grant, J. J., Wilson, K. C., Grover, A., and Togstad, H Early development of Pendleton artificial reef. Marine Fisheries Review, 44: Johnson, T. D., Barnett, A. M., DeMartini, E. E., Craft, L. L., Ambrose, R. F., and Purcell, L. J Fish production and habitat utilization on a Southern California artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science, 55: Kashiwada, J biological surveys of four Southern California artificial reefs: Oceanside #2, Carlsbad, Pacific Beach, and Mission Bay Park. California Department of Fish and Game Administrative Report No Lewis, R. D., and McKee, K. K A guide to the artificial reefs of Southern California. California Department of Fish and Game. 73 p. North, W. J., James, D. E., and Jones, L. G History of kelp beds (Macrocystis) in Orange and San Diego Counties, California. Hydrobiologia, 26/261:

7 Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp S27 Patton, M. L., Valle, C. F., and Grove, R. S Effects of bottom relief and fish grazing on the density of the giant kelp, Macrocystis. Bulletin of Marine Science, 55: Wells, R. A Disturbance mediated competition between Macrocystis pyrifera and articulated coralline algae. In Proceedings of the symposium on the effects of waste disposal on kelp communities, pp Ed. by W. Bascom. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Long Beach, California.

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