Application of satellite InSAR data for hydrocarbon reservoir monitoring

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1 Application of satellite InSAR data for hydrocarbon reservoir monitoring A. Tamburini, A. Belson, A. Ferretti, F. Novali TRE Milano, Italy Copyright - Tele-Rilevamento Europa

2 Outline SqueeSAR TM technique Operating principle 1D to 2D surface displacement measurement Available SAR Satellites Case studies Middle East In Salah (Algeria) Tengiz (Caspian Region) Conclusions

3 Why Radar Remote Sensing? 1. It s an active system: it does not require external illumination sources (Sun light) like optical systems 2. It operates at microwave frequencies: they can penetrate through the clouds 3. It is a coherent system: it allows to precisely measure changes in the satellite-target distance by means of interferometry

4 Basic Principle of Interferometry 1 st acquisition 2 nd acquisition Δt = 8/11/24/35 days R1 R2 Area affected by surface deformation Detection of possible range variations ΔR

5 SqueeSAR Understanding Displacement Satellite images are analysed using a multi image approach Images are acquired each time the satellite passes over the same area of ground As interferograms are acquired, they are stacked Consistent PS/DS are identified in the data Individual displacement time-series is calculated for each PS/DS Time Time-series of PS Stack of interferograms

6 San Francisco Bay area Hayward Fault

7 Berkeley Landslides G. Hilley, R. Bürgmann, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, F. Rocca - Dynamics of Slow-Moving Landslides from Permanent Scatterer Analysis SCIENCE MAGAZINE, June 2004

8 Measurements along the Line Of Sight (LOS) RED, identifies PS moving away from the satellite. BLU, identifies PS moving toward the satellite. GREEN, identifies stable PS. θ PS d PS d real 8

9 Ascending and Descending Geometries N N S S Ascending Descending By combining the rotation of the Earth and the orbital paths of the satellites, the entire surface of the Earth is illuminated by two different satellite geometries.

10 Estimating 2D Surface Displacement Ascending orbit satellite Descending orbit satellite θ θ d Œ º d Ø EW -1 V ø œ ß = G Ød Œ º d LOS _ A LOS _ D ø œ ß d EW d LOS_D d v d LOS_A Actual Movement

11 RADAR Satellites and revisiting time Historical Analysis Monitoring Repeat Time (days) ERS Envisat 35 RADARSAT-1 RADARSAT C-band Resolution TerraSAR-X COSMO SkyMed 11 4 X-band Present Day Future 11

12 Middle East EOR: fault recognition 28 processed RSAT-1 images period: area: 120 Km 2 ~ PS 50 mm/yr -50 Middle East EOR Wells 12

13 Does vertical displacement evolution show evidences of fault reactivation? km years mm Vertical displacement evolution along an E-W cross section Neighbourhood statistics on original data (mean ~ 200 m radius) 13

14 Gradient field of vertical displacements low high

15 In Salah CCS project: fault opening First results obtained by TRE and LBNL in 2008 Detected uplift was unexpected KB 503 KB 502 KB 501 ENVISAT data

16 Input data: Estimating 2D Surface Displacement Envisat Descending geometry, processed applying SqueeSAR Envisat Ascending interferogram, no atmospheric compensations possible Vertical East - West

17 2D Displacement at KB502 and KB503 Due to CO2 sequestration, seismic events can occur, like faults reactivation as in case of KB-502. Dangerous for cap-rock integrity and possible CO2 leakage. Vertical East - West

18 Fault Reactivation Detection Dislocations Volume changes KB-502 Satellite-based measurements of surface deformation reveal fluid flow associated with the geological storage of CO2 D. W. Vasco, A. Rucci, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, R. C. Bissell, P. S. Ringrose, A. S. Mathieson, I. W. Wright Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, l03303, doi: /2009gl041544, 2010 KB-503

19 In Salah: high precision monitoring Nov injection

20 In Salah: displacement vs injected volumes courtesy of BP, LBNL

21 X-Band Cumulative Vertical Displacement

22 X-Band Cumulative E-W Displacement

23 X-Band High Resolution Analysis - Wadi LANDSAT ENVISAT -2 mm/yr TerraSAR-X? +10 mm/yr

24 X-Band High Resolution Analysis - Wadi ENVISAT In October 2008 a severe flood occurred in Southern Algeria that filled the wadis TerraSAR-X

25 Tengiz: LOS avg yearly displacement rate RSAT1 ascending data (June 2004 to May 2007)

26 Tengiz: cumulative LOS displacements [mm] 50 RSAT1 ascending data (June 2004 to May 2007) - 50 mm

27 Tengiz: Vertical and E-W displacement evolution vertical E-W horizontal

28 Tengiz: displacement gradient map Chambers et al., 1997 high gradient areas (yellow) probably corresponding to the buildup flanks top reservoir contour lines

29 Tengiz: displacement evolution vertical displacement (mm) A A 0 distance along profile (km) 30 Presence of high displacement gradient areas, probably corresponding to the structure flanks Isochronous displacement profiles show a continuous lateral transition from min to max No evidence of faults; nevertheless we can t exclude a smoothing effect on the displacement profiles related to both depth of the reservoir and plastic behaviour of the evaporite seal A A

30 Middle East vs Tengiz displacement profiles vertical displacement (mm) fault 0 distance along profile (km) 12 fault fault 0 distance along profile (km) 30

31 Conclusions SqueeSAR TM advantages: high measurement point density at high precision low cost data over long time period historical analyses and ongoing monitoring remote, no field work Presented case studies showed that measuring surface displacements can help in: detecting evidence of fault reactivation at the ground surface induced by reservoir operations constraining the probable subsurface deformation SqueeSAR TM is complementary to conventional techniques in performing reservoir management

32 Tele-Rilevamento Europa Ripa di Porta Ticinese Milano Italia www. TRE Canada Inc. # Granville Street Vancouver, BC, V6C 1T2 Canada

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