Asteroids III. William F. Bottke Jr. Alberto Cellino Paolo Paolicchi ' Richard P. Binzel. Editors. With 150 collaborating authors

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1 Asteroids III William F. Bottke Jr. Alberto Cellino Paolo Paolicchi ' Richard P. Binzel Editors With 150 collaborating authors Foreword by Tom Gehrels THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS Tucson in collaboration with LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE Houston

2 Contents Collaborating Authors Acknowledgment of Reviewers Foreword Preface xi xii xiii xvii PART I: INTRODUCTION An Overview of the Asteroids: The Asteroids III Perspective W. F. Bottke Jr., A. Cellino, P. Paolicchi, and R. P. Binzel 3 Giuseppe Piazzi and the Discovery of Ceres G. Fodera Serio, A. Manara, and P. Sicoli 17 PART II: REMOTE OBSERVATIONS 2.1. Surveys: Numbers, Orbits, Biases, and Size Distributions Asteroid Orbit Computation E. Bowell, J. Virtanen, K. Muinonen, and A. Boattini 27 Near-Earth Asteroid Search Programs G. H. Stokes, J. B. Evans, and S. M. Larson 45 Asteroid Close Approaches: Analysis and Potential Impact Detection A. Milani, S. R. Chesley, P. W. Chodas, and G. B. Valsecchi 55 Observational Selection Effects in Asteroid Surveys R. Jedicke, J. Larsen, and T. Spahr 71 The Comparison of Size-Frequency Distributions of Impact Craters and Asteroids and the Planetary Cratering Rate B. A. Ivanov, G. Neukum, W. F. Bottke Jr., and W. K. Hartmann Physical Properties: Sizes, Shapes, Spins, and Composition Asteroid Masses and Densities J.L.Hilton 103 Asteroid Rotations P. Pravec, A. W. Harris, and T. Michatowski 113 Asteroid Photometric and Polarimetric Phase Effects K. Muinonen, J. Piironen, Yu. G. Shkuratov, A. Ovcharenko, and B. E. Clark '. 123 Asteroid Models from Disk-integrated Data M. Kaasalainen, S. Mottola, and M. Fulchignoni 139

3 Asteroid Radar Astronomy S. J. Ostro, R. S. Hudson, L. A. M. Benner, J. D. Giorgini, C. Magri, J. L. Margot, and M. C. Nolan 151 Visible-Wavelength Spectroscopy of Asteroids S. J. Bus, F. Vilas, and M. A. Barucci 169 Mineralogy of Asteroids M. J. Gaffey, E. A. Cloutis, M. S. Kelley, and K. L. Reed 183 Asteroids in the Thermal Infrared A. W. Harris and J. S. V. Lagerros 205 Observations from Orbiting Platforms E. Dotto, M. A. Barucci, T. G. Miiller, A. D. Storrs, and P. Tanga 219 Hydrated Minerals on Asteroids: The Astronomical Record A. S. Rivkin, E. S. Howell, F. Vilas, and L. A. Lebofsky 235 Physical Properties of Near-Earth Objects t R. P. Binzel, D. Lupishko, M. Di Martino, R. J. Whiteley, and G. J. Hahn 255 Physical Properties of Trojan and Centaur Asteroids M. A. Barucci, D. P. Cruikshank, S. Mottola, and M. Lazzarin Asteroids Do Have Satellites W. J. Merline, S. J. Weidenschilling, D. D. Durda, J. L. Margot, P. Pravec, and A. D. Storrs 289 PART III: IN SITU EXPLORATION Cratering on Asteroids from Galileo and NEAR Shoemaker C. R. Chapman 315 Asteroid Geology from Galileo and NEAR Shoemaker Data R. J. Sullivan, P. C. Thomas, S. L. Murchie, and M. S. Robinson 331 Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous: Mission Summary A. F. Cheng 351 Spacecraft Exploration of Asteroids: The 2001 Perspective R. Farquhar, J. Kawaguchi, C. Russell, G. Schwehm, J. Veverka, and D. Yeomans Dynamical PART IV: EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES Regular and Chaotic Dynamics in the Mean-Motion Resonances: Implications for the Structure and Evolution of the Asteroid Belt D. Nesvorny, S. Ferraz-Mello, M. Holman, and A. Morbidelli 379 The Effect ofyarkovsky Thermal Forces on the Dynamical Evolution of Asteroids and Meteoroids W. F. Bottke Jr., D. Vokrouhlicky, D. P. Rubincam, and M. Broz ; 395

4 Origin and Evolution of Near-Earth Objects A. Morbidelli, W. F. Bottke Jr., Ch. Froeschle, and P. Michel Collisional Asteroidal Dust S. F. Dermott, D. D. Durda, K. Grogan, and T. J. J. Kehoe 423 Asteroid Impacts: Laboratory Experiments and Scaling Laws K. Holsapple, I. Giblin, K. Housen, A. Nakamura, and E. Ryan 443 Asteroid Interiors E. Asphaug, E. V. Ryan, and M. T. Zuber 463 Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure D. T. Britt, D. Yeomans, K. Housen, and G. Consolmagno 485 Gravitational Aggregates: Evidence and Evolution D. C. Richardson, Z. M. Leinhardt, H. J. Melosh, W. F. Bottke Jr., and E. Asphaug 501 Side Effects of Collisions: Spin Rate Changes, Tumbling Rotation States, and Binary Asteroids P. Paolicchi, J. A. Burns, and S. J. Weidenschilling 517 The Fate of Asteroid Ejecta D. J. Scheeres, D. D. Durda, and P. E. Geissler 527 Collisional Evolution of Small-Body Populations D. R. Davis, D. D. Durda, F. Marzari, A. Campo Bagatin, and R. Gil-Hutton Cosmochemical Thermal Evolution Models of Asteroids H. Y. McSween Jr., A. Ghosh, R. E. Grimm, L. Wilson, and E. D. Young 559 Geological History of Asteroid 4 Vesta: The "Smallest Terrestrial Planet" K. Keil Space Weathering Asteroid Space Weathering and Regolith Evolution B. E. Clark, B. Hapke, C. Pieters, and D. Britt Asteroid Families PART V: HISTORY AND INTERRELATIONS WITH OTHER SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES The Determination of Asteroid Proper Elements Z. Knezevic, A. Lemaitre, and A. Milani 603 Asteroid Family Identification Ph. Bendjoya and V. Zappala 613 Physical and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families V. Zappala, A. Cellino, A. Dell'Oro, and P. Paolicchi 619

5 Spectroscopic Properties of Asteroid Families A. Cellino, S. J. Bus, A. Doressoundiram, and D. Lazzaro : Relationships Asteroid Meteoroid Streams T. J. Jopek, G. B. Valsecchi, and Cl. Froeschle 645 Meteoritic Parent Bodies: Their Number and Identification T. H. Burbine, T. J. McCoy, A. Meibom, B. Gladman, and K. Keil 653 Evolution of Comets into Asteroids P. R. Weissman, W. F. Bottke Jr., and H. F. Levison Origins Chronology of Asteroid Accretion and Differentiation A. Shukolyukov and G. W. Lugmair 687 Meteorite Evidence for the Accretion and Collisional Evolution of Asteroids E. R.D.Scott.'. 697 Primordial Excitation and Depletion of the Main Belt J.-M. Petit, J. Chambers, F. Franklin, and M. Nagasawa 711 Origin and Evolution of Trojan Asteroids F. Marzari, H. Scholl, C. Murray, and C. Lagerkvist The Impact Hazard Dealing with the Impact Hazard D. Morrison, A. W. Harris, G. Sommer, C. R. Chapman, and A. Carusi 739 Asteroid Data Archiving in the Planetary Data System PART VI: DATABASES C. L. Neese, E. J. Grayzeck, and M. V. Sykes 757 Glossary 761 Color Section following page 774 Index 775