Summary. Tomography with geological constraints

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1 : an alternative solution for resolving of carbonates Olga Zdraveva*, Saeeda Hydal, and Marta Woodward, WesternGeco Summary Carbonates are often present in close proximity to salt in the sedimentary basins around the world. They could be highly heterogeneous and, in addition, are often interspersed with lower-velocity sediments. The occurrence of high-velocity contrast layering in some portion of the lithology section could pose a problem for grid tomography and may result in insufficient resolution and poor delineation of the layer boundaries, unless many iterations of high-resolution tomography are run. We present a method for successful delineation of carbonate layers by introducing implicit and explicit geological constraints during the global common image point (CIP) tomography updates. The use of geological constraints in the CIP tomography yields high-resolution models over large areas of significant complexity with a reduced number of iterations. In addition, it eliminates the need to consider separate geobodies and multilayer representation of the medium. We show examples of successful application of this method to data sets with variable acquisition geometries from the Gulf of Mexico and offshore West Africa. Introduction Due to the usually high velocity contrast across carbonate boundaries, the most common industry practice for resolving carbonates during velocity model building relies on interpretation of layer boundaries and multilayer model representation. With such model representation, the tomographic updates are normally conducted either with layer stripping and hybrid schemes (Jones et al., 2007) or in a multilayer tomography scheme (Guillaume et al., 2012). O Briain et al. (2004) demonstrated that unconstrained common image point (CIP) tomography (Woodward et al., 1998) used at high resolution in a global scheme can be quite successful in recovering carbonate thin layering in close proximity to salt. However, latter required additional iterations of tomography that made it less attractive from a turnaround and efficiency standpoint. We propose an alternative method that allows CIP tomography to resolve carbonate layers of variable thickness and complexity in a global scheme without the use of multilayer representation, and that yields highresolution models in fewer iterations compared to traditional high-resolution runs. We introduce implicit and explicit geological constraints in CIP tomography (Woodward et al., 2008) that speed-up the convergence and allow accurate delineation of carbonate layers. The tomography utilizes a space-partitioned model representation incorporating tetrahedral interpolation, thus allowing features smaller than the cell size of the property grids to be preserved and accurately represented. We show examples from several basins in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and West Africa s (WAF) Kwanza basin where analysis based on stratigraphic classification from measurements in many wells suggests that velocities associated with carbonates are highly variable and have a clear dependency on the depth below mudline. We demonstrate that the application of the new method leads to superior imaging over large areas of significant complexity with a relatively low number of tomography iterations and minimal interpretation effort. Tomography with geological constraints The method presented here is implemented in the CIP tomography algorithm described by Woodward et al., (2008). The model update α is re-parameterized as α=s α, where S is a preconditioning (directional or non-directional) smoother. The basic equation for updating model parameters is: w LS α = w z where L contains the ray-traced Frechet derivatives relating changes in the model properties to changes in the data, and the w term is the weighting that balances the contributions of the different data terms. The approach we use is usually multiscale, where the scale length of S is reduced from iteration to iteration as the image approaches its convergent depth. The tomography operator can incorporate prior geological constraints in addition to the seismic (and borehole) measurements. Implicit geological constraints are part of the shaping operator S and are imposed by steering filters using geological dip measured from seismic images or interpretation (Clapp et al., 2004; Bakulin et al., 2010). They help to speed-up the convergence in the model areas that are poorly constrained by seismic data alone, for example, zones of limited illumination or complex topology zones representing sharp velocity contrasts. Explicit geological constraints are enabled by the w term and consist of a preferential weighting of the data associated with specific zones in the model space. They are used normally to correct for insensitivity of the global SEG Houston 2013 Annual Meeting Page 4770

2 objective function to important features with size much smaller than the size of the whole inversion problem. They are normally driven by horizon interpretation and used only during the last one or two iterations of the tomography when the features that need sharpening are close to their true spatial locations. Very often, resolving for carbonates with complex topology requires the combined use of implicit and explicit geological constraints. Real data examples In 2012, we used implicit and explicit geological constraints during the anisotropic model building of a fullazimuth survey, shot in a very challenging area of the western GoM. Figure 2 compares the salt flood model obtained with the new technique (2b) against a salt flood model for an overlapping wide-azimuth (WAZ) survey (2a), updated in a conventional way. The dotted light blue line in the lower right corner of Figure 2c indicates the location of the seismic cross sections shown on Figures 2a and 2b. We applied this technique as part of an anisotropic model building workflow (Zdraveva and Cogan, 2011; Zdraveva et al., 2012) to several large projects in the GoM and WAF using different combinations of geological constraints in CIP tomography, depending on the specifics of the area and project objectives. Figure 1 demonstrates the effects of the application of implicit constraints with steering filters to the magnitude and spatial distribution of the velocity update ( V P0 ) for a large narrow-azimuth (NAZ) survey in the Kwanza basin. One can observe that, when using steering filters, the update closely follows the geology as expected. Where there is good signal in the data, this signal drives the velocity update and is not overridden by the implicit structural constraint. The use of implicit and explicit constraints on this project helped us to build a very detailed tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) model and a recently drilled well confirmed its reliability as it accurately predicted the depth of the target. Figure 1: Migrated images with corresponding V P0 update ( V in m/s) overlaid on seismic data: (a) unconstrained, (b) with implicit constraints. The white and black lines represent top of Albian and top of salt correspondingly outlining the zone where carbonates are present. Figure 2: Migrated images with corresponding V P0 (in Kft/s) overlaid on seismic data: (a) 2010 WAZ data unconstrained, (b) 2012 FAZ data with implicit and explicit geological constraints, and (c) situation map showing the surveys overlap area and carbonate layers interpretation in blue. SEG Houston 2013 Annual Meeting Page 4771

3 One can clearly see the localized nature of the rafted sections (Figure 2c) and the good delineation of the carbonate zones (Figure 2b). The sedimentary model yielded by the new method in the same number of iterations looks geologically plausible and its use resulted in very different salt geometry interpretation and improved the imaging of the deeper targets. Figure 3 compares the results we obtained by using just explicit geological constraints in the Walker Ridge area of the GoM using WAZ data in 2011 against the 2010 results in the overlapping areas with similar occasional rafts for two previously acquired WAZ surveys. All models are vertically transversely isotropic (VTI) with similar quality of anisotropic parameters and were updated with three iterations of multiazimuth, multiscale CIP tomography. In addition, for the southern 2010 WAZ result (Figure 3e), a carbonate geobody was inserted and flooded with carbonate velocities in an attempt to resolve the problem area. It is evident that, without the constraints (Figures 3b and 3e) and in three iterations only, tomography was unable to resolve the carbonates, indicated by the bright amplitudes on the seismic section (Figures 3a and 3d). The inserted geobody on Figure 3e looks artificial and cannot reflect the real complexity of the raft in the presence of dips and changing depth of burial. In contrast, the results obtained by using explicit geological constraints (Figures 3c and 3f) look much more geologically plausible and convincing. These changes in the model had a dramatic effect on the salt interpretation and greatly improved the overall quality of the subsalt images. Figure 4: Migrated images with sediment V P0 (in Kft/s) overlaid on seismic data: (a) inline and (b) crossline example from the eastern GoM Figure 3: Seismic data at the south (a) and north (d) edges of the 2011 WAZ survey in the areas of overlap with 2010 WAZ surveys; V P0 (in ft/s) after three iteration of tomography for: 2010 WAZ south (b), 2010 WAZ north (e) (where a carbonate zone was explicitly inserted) and with explicit geological constraints for 2011 WAZ survey (c and f). Figure 4 shows the effect of using the implicit geological constraints on a km 2 project in the eastern GoM using NAZ data. We built a TTI model and updated it in three iterations of multiscale CIP tomography. The carbonates in the Cretaceous section have very complex behavior, but as we can see, were nicely delineated without any interpretation effort. Conclusions We presented a method for recovering carbonate layers or occasional rafts in close proximity to salt that yields improved imaging over large areas of complex geology, SEG Houston 2013 Annual Meeting Page 4772

4 without the need to use layered medium representation. This method helps to delineate carbonate layers and achieve high-resolution tomographic updates in a reasonable number of iterations with limited to no interpretation effort. We showed real data examples from the GoM and WAF. The technique is applicable to other regions, such as offshore Brazil, the Mediterranean and the North Sea. Acknowledgements We thank Sonangol E.P. and WesternGeco for allowing us to use Kwanza basin and GoM data to conduct these studies. The authors are grateful to Stephanie Savoie, Camille Ward, Albert Zhang, and many other WesternGeco colleagues for assistance with the production work. SEG Houston 2013 Annual Meeting Page 4773

5 Main Menu EDITED REFERENCES Note: This reference list is a copy-edited version of the reference list submitted by the author. Reference lists for the 2013 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts have been copy edited so that references provided with the online metadata for each paper will achieve a high degree of linking to cited sources that appear on the Web. REFERENCES Bakulin, A., M. Woodward, Y. Liu, O. Zdraveva, D. Nichols, and K. Osypov, 2010, Application of steering filters to localized anisotropic tomography with well data: 80th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, , Clapp, R. G., B. Biondi, and J. F. Claerbout, 2004, Incorporating geologic information into reflection tomography: Geophysics, 69, , Guillaume, P., J.-P. Montel, S. Hillingworth, X. Zhang, A. Prescott, M. Reinier, R. Jupp, G. Lambare, O. Pape and A. Cavalie, 2012, Seismic imaging with multi-layer tomography: First Break, 30, Jones, I. F., M. J. Surgue and P. B. Hardy, 2007, Hybrid gridded tomography: First Break, 25, O Briain, M., U. Albertin, M. Woodward, and J. Kapoor, 2004, Depth imaging in a carbonate and salt environment using grid-based tomography: 66th Conference and Exhibition, EAGE, Extended Abstracts, Woodward, M., P. Farmer, D. Nichols, and S. Charles, 1998, Automated 3D tomographic velocity analysis of residual move-out in prestack depth migrated common image point gathers: 68th Annual International Meeting SEG, Expanded Abstracts, , Woodward, M., D. Nichols, O. Zdraveva, P. Whitfield, and T. Johns, 2008, A decade of tomography: Geophysics, 73, no. 5, VE-5 VE11, Zdraveva, O., and M. Cogan, 2011, Building anisotropic models for large scale TTI imaging in areas with limited well control: Kwanza basin case study: 73rd Conference and Exhibition, EAGE, Extended Abstracts, Zdraveva, O., R. Hubbard, M. O Briain, D. Zhang, and C. Vito, 2012, Anisotropic model building in complex media: Three successful strategies applied to wide-azimuth data from Gulf of Mexico: 74th Conference and Exhibition, EAGE, Extended Abstracts, DOI SEG Houston 2013 Annual Meeting Page 4774

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