Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

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1 Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/12 Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere October/November 2015 Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. 1 hour 30 minutes Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. Section A 1 For Examiner s Use 2 Section B Total This document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages. DC (SLM) [Turn over

2 2 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a pattern of global air circulation in the troposphere. latitude 90 N 60 N tropopause X 30 N 0 Equator Y 30 S 60 S 90 S Key high pressure low pressure prevailing surface winds circulation of air in the troposphere cloud and rain Fig. 1.1 (i) State the name of the prevailing surface winds found at X and Y, as shown on Fig X... Y...[2]

3 3 (ii) Describe two factors that influence the direction of prevailing surface winds as shown in Fig [4] (iii) With reference to Fig. 1.1, explain why cloud and rain often occur at the Equator....[3] (iv) With reference to Fig. 1.1, explain why the areas around 30 N and 30 S are prone to drought....[4] [Turn over

4 (b) Fig. 1.2 shows climate statistics for the town of Churchill in Sub-Arctic Canada temperature / C precipitation / mm 30 J F M A M J J A S O N D month 0 Fig. 1.2 (i) With reference to Fig. 1.2, describe the pattern of temperature and precipitation in Churchill....[4] (ii) Outline one way in which human activity is influenced by the climate shown in Fig [3] [Total: 20]

5 5 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a simplified cross-section of the boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. sea level Key volcanic islands Indo-Australian Plate X Pacific Plate molten rock direction of plate movement rate of plate convergence is 10 cm per year Fig. 2.1 (i) State the name of the feature labelled with an X on Fig [1] (ii) State the name of the plate that is being subducted in Fig [1] (iii) With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe how the process of subduction leads to frequent volcanic activity....[4] [Turn over

6 (b) Fig. 2.2 is a website report of a tsunami which occurred on 2 April Dozens feared dead in Solomon Islands tsunami Papua New Guinea Pacific Plate Solomon Islands N Indo-Australian Plate Australia 0 km 500 Key direction of plate movement Dozens of people are feared dead in the Solomon Islands, after an under-sea earthquake caused a powerful tsunami to sweep across the South Pacific. The earthquake, and a series of aftershocks, prompted a tsunami alert across much of the Pacific region. The earthquake, measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale, sent a wall of water five metres high crashing over coastal villages in the west of the low-lying islands. The islands are popular with international travellers for scuba diving. Most homes in the islands are constructed of timber and bamboo, with villagers relying on fishing and logging for their livelihood. Fig. 2.2 (i) State what is meant by the term tsunami....[2] (ii) With reference to Fig. 2.2, explain why the Solomon Islands experience tsunamis....[2]

7 7 (iii) With reference to Fig. 2.2, describe the possible short and long term effects of the tsunami on the Solomon islanders....[6] (iv) With reference to Fig. 2.2, assess the extent to which the Solomon Islands can be protected against the threat of tsunami....[4] [Total: 20] [Turn over

8 8 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 Fig. 3.1 is a map showing noise levels produced by all forms of traffic in the city of Berlin in Germany. A open spaces N B city centre C D E F G major roads km Key noise levels / decibels > <55 city boundary Fig. 3.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe the pattern of noise shown and suggest possible explanations for this pattern. [10] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, describe the effects of noise pollution in urban areas. Assess the strategies for reducing noise in these areas. [30] [Total: 40]

9 9 4 Fig. 4.1 is a diagram describing the process of carbon capture and storage. Carbon capture is a method of reducing excess atmospheric carbon dioxide. water wash gas with CO 2 removed trapped underground bacteria stored in oceans waste gas with CO 2 cooling water gas solvent with CO 2 CO 2 to storage power station / refinery cooled gas enters absorption tower solvent absorbs CO 2 CO 2 stripped from solvent by adding heat solvent recycled Key CO 2 carbon dioxide Fig. 4.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, describe the process of carbon capture and storage. [10] (b) With reference to examples from both LEDCs and MEDCs, assess the consequences of failing to reduce carbon dioxide emissions for both the natural environment and for human populations. [30] [Total: 40] [Turn over

10 10 5 Fig. 5.1 shows the global distribution of landslides over a two-year period which resulted in deaths. N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Key landslide resulting in deaths elevation / m greater than or less Fig. 5.1 (a) Describe the distribution of landslides resulting in deaths shown in Fig Suggest two possible reasons for this distribution. [10] (b) Using examples with which you are familiar, describe the management of mass movements on gentle and steep slopes. Explain why it is often difficult to manage the prevention of mass movements. [30] [Total: 40]

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12 12 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level *4991806411* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/11 Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2017 Additional Materials: