UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA A GEOSPATIAL APPROACH IN MODELING URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN MOHSEN DADRAS FK

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1 UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA A GEOSPATIAL APPROACH IN MODELING URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN MOHSEN DADRAS FK

2 A GEOSPATIAL APPROACH IN MODELING URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN By MOHSEN DADRAS Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2015

3 All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for noncommercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright Universiti Putra Malaysia

4 Objective of this study is to arrive at a better understanding of spatio-temporal dynamics of urban growth through integration of mathematical and statistical models and remote sensing data, and the techniques of GIS. Bandar Abbas is the study area of this research. Bandar Abbas has been facing many problems such as decayed urban district, unbalance and interaction of uses, restrictions of lands suitable for development, and physical limitation in urban sprawl due to the irregular growth, increasing migration of population and the lack of planning in urban management. The remote sensing data were used to calculate the urban sprawl and changes in land use. The results indicate that from , the urban area has increased from hectares to hectares and the population of the city has grown to more than 30 times in the past six decades. The sprawl of the urban boundary of Bandar Abbas is determined by using the aerial photos and satellite images of 5 periods in over 56 years in this study. The analysis of remote sensing data in the 60-year period show that more than 50 percent of the urban area in Bandar Abbas city in decayed areas is scattered. The criteria and subcriteria effective in urban development and redevelopment were determined based on experts' opinions, model of Pathway Analysis and creation of statistical database based on questionnaires. According to the main objective of the study, a novel method is used for identification of suitable land for development and redevelopment in urban areas. Using the results obtained in this study, a novel method to identify the following effective criteria and sub-criteria, determine the suitable land for urban development and redevelopment, provide planning and land management solution based on smart growth model and taking into account the actual conditions existing in parallel developed and presented.

5 Abstract of the thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of philosophy A GEOSPATIAL APPROACH IN MODELING URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND REDEVELOPMENT OF BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN By MOHSEN DADRAS March 2015 Chairman: Associate Professor Helmi Zulhaidi bin Mohd Shafri, PhD Faculty: Engineering In general, the objective of this study is to arrive at a better understanding of spatio-temporal dynamics of urban growth through integration of mathematical and statistical models and data remote sensing (RS), and the techniques of GIS. Bandar Abbas is the study area of this research. Bandar Abbas has been facing many problems such as decayed urban district, unbalance and interaction of uses, restrictions of lands suitable for development, and physical limitation in urban sprawl due to the irregular growth, increasing migration of population and the lack of planning in urban management. The remote sensing data were used to calculate the urban sprawl and changes in land use. The results indicate that from , the urban area has increased from hectares to hectares and the population of the city has grown to more than 30 times in the past six decades. The sprawl of the urban boundary of Bandar Abbas is determined by using the aerial photos and satellite images of 5 periods in over 56 years in this study. The comparison of the results obtained from the analysis of the master plan show that in terms of the pattern of land-use changes in the fundamental changes over the past 60 years has been created. However, such comparison indicates that the current situation is a continuation of the past and the irregularity of urban growth from a lack of appropriate allocation of land use and lack of knowledge about the land use changes over the past years. The first objective of the research and results obtained from the use of spatial data with high spatial resolution are upgraded and the master plan of land use is refined to identify the finer land use changes. Then, in order to identify the process of urban sprawl over time, the official boundary of Bandar Abbas was divided which is placed in a circular area in 32 geographical directions. The statistical models of Pearson chi-square and the Shannon's entropy were used to calculate the degree-of-freedom and degree-of-sprawl used in the analysis of urban growth. The results of the analysis show that Bandar Abbas enjoys high degree-of-freedom and degree-of-sprawl and negative value of degree-of-goodness. i

6 The second objective of the study was to analyze the pattern and process of urban growth over the past 60 years. To achieve the second objective of the study, the remote sensing data with high spatial resolution are used in order to extract the built-up areas. Further, the use of statistical models and its analysis to identify more precisely the pattern and process of urban growth in the past 60 years are also utilized. The analysis of remote sensing data in the 60-year period show that more than 50 percent of the urban area in Bandar Abbas city in decayed areas is scattered. The criteria and sub-criteria effective in urban development and redevelopment were determined based on experts' opinions, model of Pathway Analysis and creation of statistical database based on questionnaires. The analysis is performed by entering the intended variables and to use the mathematical and statistical formula and GIS tools. The qualitative and quantitative models such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy AHP, Frequency Ratio, Weighting index, and Weighting factor are used in this study for identification of lands suitable for development and redevelopment. TOPSIS model is used as an ideal solution to identify and prioritize appropriate lands identified. Then, the models of smart growth (TND, RCD and SD) and Smart Code are applied for the planning of lands identified. The correlation between the 1300 points sampled and field observations show that the Fuzzy AHP model has the most significant correlation (R 2 = 0.822) with the reality. Eastern and southern neighborhoods of the city have a great potential for urban development. Based on the models used in identifying suitable land for urban redevelopment, Frequency Ratio model has the most significant correlation (R 2 = 0.918) with the reality. The central, southern and southwestern areas adjacent to Bandar Abbas have great potential for urban redevelopment. For third and fourth objective of the study, a novel method is used for identification of suitable land for development and redevelopment in urban areas. Using the results obtained in this study, a novel method to identify the following effective criteria and sub-criteria, determine the suitable land for urban development and redevelopment, provide planning and land management solution based on smart growth model and taking into account the actual conditions existing in parallel developed and presented. ii

7 Abstrak thesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah PENDEKATAN GEOSPATIAL DALAM PEMODELAN PEMBANGUNAN TANAH BANDAR DAN PEMBANGUNAN SEMULA BANDAR ABBAS, IRAN Oleh MOHSEN DADRAS Mac 2015 Pengerusi: Profesor Madya Helmi Zulhaidi bin Mohd Shafri, PhD Fakulti: Kejuruteraan Secara umumnya, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang dinamik spatio-temporal dalam pertumbuhan bandar melalui integrasi model matematik dan statistik dan data penderiaan jauh (RS), dan teknik GIS. Kawasan kajian dalam penyelidikan ini adalah Bandar Abbas. Disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan yang tidak teratur, peningkatan penghijrahan penduduk dan kurangnya perancangan dalam pengurusan bandar, Bandar Abbas telah menghadapi banyak masalah dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini seperti kemerosotan bandar, keseimbangan dan interaksi kegunaan, sekatan tanah yang sesuai untuk pembangunan, dan penularan fizikal terhad di bandar. Untuk mengira terkapar bandar dan perubahan dalam penggunaan tanah, data remote sensing telah digunakan. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa dalam tempoh , kawasan bandar telah meningkat daripada hektar kepada hektar, dan penduduk bandar telah berkembang kepada lebih daripada 30 kali dalam tempoh enam dekad yang lalu. Dalam kajian ini, gambar-gambar dari udara dan imej satelit dalam 5 tempoh, lebih 56 tahun telah digunakan untuk menentukan sempadan penularan bandar di Bandar Abbas. Bandingkan keputusan yang diperolehi daripada analisis paln induk menunjukkan bahawa dari segi corak guna tanah perubahan dalam perubahan asas dalam tempoh 60 tahun yang lalu telah dijadikan. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan membandingkan keputusan yang diperolehi dengan pelan induk yang menunjukkan bahawa keadaan semasa adalah sebenarnya kesinambungan masa lalu dan ketidakteraturan pertumbuhan bandar dari kekurangan peruntukan yang sesuai penggunaan tanah dan kekurangan pengetahuan tentang perubahan penggunaan tanah ke atas tahun yang lalu. Malah, Objektif pertama kajian dan sumbangan hasil daripada penggunaan data spatial dengan resolusi spatial tinggi telah dinaik taraf dan memperbaiki pelan induk penggunaan tanah dan mengenalpasti lebih halus adalah penggunaan tanah perubahan. Kemudian, untuk mengenalpasti proses penularan Bandar dari masa ke masa, sempadan rasmi Bandar Abbas dibahagikan kepada 32 arah geografi dan diletakkan di kawasan bulatan. Model statistik Pearson chi-square dan entropi Shannon ini telah digunakan untuk mengira darjah kebebasan dan darjah penularan yang digunakan dalam analisis pertumbuhan bandar. Keputusan analisis menunjukkan bahawa Bandar Abbas menikmati darjah kebebasan yang iii

8 tinggi dan darjah penularan dan nilai negatif darjah kebaikan. Objektif kedua kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis corak dan proses pertumbuhan bandar sejak 60 tahun yang lalu. Menurut hasil, kedua penyelidikan sumbangan objektif menggunakan data penderiaan jauh dengan resolusi spatial tinggi untuk mengekstrak kawasan binaan, penggunaan model statistik dan analisis untuk mengenal pasti dengan lebih tepat corak dan proses pertumbuhan bandar di 60 masa lalu tahun. Analisis data remote sensing dalam tempoh 60 tahun yang menunjukkan bahawa lebih daripada 50 peratus daripada kawasan bandar di bandar Bandar Abbas di kawasan reput bertaburan. Kriteria dan sub-kriteria yang berkesan dalam pembangunan bandar dan pembangunan semula telah ditentukan berdasarkan pendapat pakar-pakar, model Analisis Laluan dan penciptaan pangkalan data statistik berdasarkan kepada soal selidik dengan memasukkan pembolehubah yang dimaksudkan bagi menjalankan analisis menggunakan formula matematik dan statistik dan alat GIS. Model-model kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam kajian ini untuk mengenal pasti tanah-tanah yang sesuai untuk pembangunan dan pembangunan semula termasuk Proses Hierarki Analisis (AHP), Fuzzy AHP, Nisbah Frekuensi, indeks Pemberat, dan faktor Pemberat. Model TOPSIS telah digunakan sebagai satu penyelesaian yang ideal untuk mengenal pasti dan memberi keutamaan kepada tanah-tanah yang sesuai. Seterusnya, model pertumbuhan pintar (TND, RCD dan SD) dan Kod Pintar digunakan bagi perancangan tanah yang dikenal pasti. Hubungan antara 1300 titik sampel dan pemerhatian di lapangan menunjukkan bahawa model AHP Fuzzy mempunyai korelasi yang paling penting (R 2 = 0.822) dengan realiti. Kawasan timur dan selatan bandar mempunyai potensi yang besar untuk pembangunan bandar. Berdasarkan model yang digunakan dalam mengenal pasti tanah yang sesuai untuk pembangunan semula bandar, model Nisbah Kekerapan mempunyai korelasi yang paling penting (R 2 = 0.918) dengan realiti. Kejiranan di Bandar tengah, selatan dan selatan-barat Bandar Abbas mempunyai potensi yang besar untuk pembangunan semula bandar. Menurut ketiga-alik objektif dan hasil carian dicapai, Sumbangan utama di bahagian kajian membentangkan kaedah baru untuk mengenal pasti tanah yang sesuai untuk pembangunan dan pembangunan semula di kawasan bandar. Dengan menggunakan keputusan yang diperolehi dalam kajian ini, satu kaedah baru untuk mengenal pasti kriteria berikut berkesan dan subkriteria, menentukan tanah yang sesuai untuk pembangunan bandar dan pembangunan semula, menyediakan perancangan dan penyelesaian pengurusan tanah berdasarkan model pertumbuhan pintar dan mengambil kira keadaan sebenar sedia ada selari dibangunkan dan dibentangkan. iv

9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise and thanks are due to God who gave me strength and determination to complete my study. This study would never have materialized without the contribution of many individuals and organizations to whom I have the pleasure of expressing my appreciation and gratitude. I gratefully acknowledge my gratitude to my former supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Helmi Zulhaidi bin Mohd Shafri and thank him for his inspiring guidance and valuable support especially during the last year of the research period. I appreciate him for his critical reading and comments on the drafts of different chapters and the adjusting his schedule. His never-ending support, excellent guidance and outstanding advice accompanied me through the whole period of my Ph.D. I heartedly appreciate his professional view on research issues, critical comments, intellectual opinion, and the way he put them in simple and straightforward argument and suggestion. Unfortunately, words fall short when I try to reciprocate honestly to all that he has done for me. I respectfully acknowledge the scientific and moral support received from you and the most importantly for being a great teacher, friend and guide for me. Thanks are also extended to my committee members who honored me by accepting to be in my graduation committee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noordin Ahmad and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Biswajeet Pradhan. My special thanks go to my ex-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Rodzi Bin Mahmod for supporting and encouraging me during supervising me. My appreciation will be incomplete without mentioning the other Geospatial Information Science Research Center (GISRC) members Prof. Dr. Shattri Bin Mansor and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rashid Shariff during my PhD degree. I am also grateful my dear friends, especially Aminreza Neshat, Arash Ebrahimi, Mehdi Nazari, Reza Kamali, Taher Ghadiriyan, Farhad Hosseini Tayefeh, Ebrahim Taherzadeh, Milad Bagheri and Moein Shahbazi for their support and inspiration in times of need. My father and mother has always been there for me spiritually, emotionally, psychologically, and financially when needed. Nothing can really express my feelings and gratitude towards my lovely parent for the values they have given me. They have taught me to never be afraid of the truth and openly express my thoughts and feelings. Most importantly, I wish to thank my beloved wife, Sahabeh Safarpour who sincerely believes and shares my dreams with me. Sahabeh always provided tireless dedication and devoted love to me. A special note of thanks and a profound gratitude to my brother Masoud and sisters Maryam who tolerated my absence for a long time. They have been a constant source of sacrifice, encouragement, prays, good wishes and support throughout my life. v

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11 This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows: Helmi Z.M. Shafri, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Noordin Ahmad, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Biswajeet Pradhan, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: vii

12 Declaration by graduate student I hereby confirm that: this thesis is my original work; quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced; this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other degree at any other institutions; intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012; written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of Deputy Vice- Chancellor (Research and Innovation) before thesis is published (in the form of written, printed or in electronic form) including books, journals, modules, proceedings, popular writings, seminar papers, manuscripts, posters, reports, lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012; there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, and scholarly integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision ) and the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules The thesis has undergone plagiarism detection software. Signature: Date: Name and Matric No.: viii

13 Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee This is to confirm that: the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our supervision; supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision ) are adhered to. Signature: Name of Chairman of Supervisory Committee: Signature: Name of Member of Supervisory Committee: Signature: Name of Member of Supervisory Committee: ix

14 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPROVAL DECLARATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER Page i iii v vi viii xiii xv xxi xxv 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Problem Statement Goal and Objectives Scope of the Research Thesis Organization 9 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Urbanization in Iran Abnormality in society and urbanization of Iran in 12 transition to modernity Transformation in structure of cities Concept of urban decay Factors affecting urban decay Urban Growth Land Development Land Redevelopment Remote Sensing Geographical Information System Smart Growth model by using GIS Principles of Smart Growth Tools of Smart Growth Summary 30 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS / METHODOLOGY Introduction Study Area Historical and Cultural criteria Ecological and Environmental criteria Physical criterion Economic criterion Social criterion Structural criterion Accessibility criterion Data collection and acquisition 63 x

15 3.3.1 Remote Sensing data Spatial and Attribute databases Research questionnaire Research Methodology Land Use change detection Urban Growth model Difference between the observed and 79 expected urban growth Person Chi Square Shannon s Entropy Degree-of-Goodness Pathway Analysis Internal variables External variables Remaining variables Analytical Hierarchy Process Fuzzy AHP Frequency Ratio Bivariate Statistic TOPSIS Smart Growth Definition of Smart Growth Smart Code Smart Growth analysis Summary LAND USE CHANGE AND URBAN GROWTH IN BANDAR ABBAS CITY ( ) Introduction Urban planning in Iran and Bandar Abbas Population growth and urban sprawl Land use/cover transformations Urban extent Built-up area and urban growth Difference between the observed and expected 120 urban growth Pearson s chi-square statistics and urban growth Shannon s entropy and urban growth Degree-of-goodness Discussion of urban growth Summary IDENTIFYING SUITABLE LANDS FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT Introduction Result of Pathway analysis method Results of Analytical Hierarchy Process method (AHP) Results of Fuzzy AHP method Determining best method for land development Result of Fuzzy TOPSIS method for land development Result of Smart Growth model for land development 182 xi

16 5.7.1 Land development pattern in TND zone Land development pattern in RCD zone Land development pattern in SD zone Discussion of Land Development Summary IDENTIFYING SUITABLE LANDS FOR IDENTIFYING SUITABLE LANDS FOR Introduction Result of Frequency Ratio (FR) method Results of Weighting index (Wi) method Results of Weighting factor (Wf) metho Determining best method for land redevelopment Result of Fuzzy TOPSIS method for land redevelopment Result of Smart Growth model for land redevelopment Land redevelopment pattern in TND zone Land redevelopment pattern in RCD zone Land redevelopment pattern in SD zone Discussion of Land Redevelopment Summary CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 249 FUTURE RESEARCH 7.1 Conclusion Methodological contribution to urban land development Research Finding Recommendation 258 REFERENCES 259 APPENDICES 276 BIODATA OF STUDENT 342 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 343 xii

17 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Characteristics of vertical aerial photos taken of the Bandar Abbas 66 city 3.2 Technical characteristics of camera Ultra CAM-d Specifications and spectral details of the image of IRS-P6 satellite Characteristics and spectral details of satellite image of Landsat7-67 ETM Characteristics and spectral details of GeoEye-1 satellite image Spatial and attribute data of the research Built-up area (in hectare) Linguistic variables describing weights of the criteria and values of 86 rating 3.9 Zoning levels in the smart code in Bandar Abbas city Population, area and their percentage increase in Bandar Abbas Changes in all classes of land use/cover in six periods studied Land use/cover matrix, (ha) Built-up area (in hectare) Observed growth in built-up area (in hectare) Built-up growth rate for fifty six-yearly period (in percent) Expected growth of built-up area (in hectare) Difference between observed and expected built-up growth (in 122 hectare) 4.9 Degree-of-freedom for urban growth in each temporal span Degree-of-freedom for urban growth in each zone Shannon s entropy of each temporal span Shannon s entropy for different zones Degree-of-goodness for urban growth in each temporal span Degree-of-goodness for urban growth in each zone Overall degree-of-freedom, degree-of-sprawl, and degree-ofgoodness Amount of direct, indirect and total effect of cultural and historic 132 criterion independent variable on structural quality 5.2 Amount of direct, indirect and total effect of ecological and 133 environmental criterion independent variable on structural quality 5.3 Amount of direct, indirect and total effect of physical criterion 134 independent variable on structural quality 5.4 Amount of direct, indirect and total effect of economic criterion 135 independent variable on structural quality 5.5 Amount of direct, indirect and total effect of social criterion 136 independent variable on structural quality 5.6 Amount of direct, indirect and total effect of structural criterion 137 independent variable on structural quality 5.7 Amount of direct, indirect and total effect of accessibility criterion 138 independent variable on structural quality 5.8 Direct, indirect and total effect of independent variables of criteria 139 on structural quality 5.9 Pairwise comparisons of land selection criteria for urban development via TFN 178 xiii

18 5.10 Comparison of alternatives according to criteria Weighted normalized decision matrix Fuzzy TOPSIS results Sensitivity analysis result of suitable land for development Pairwise comparisons of land selection criteria for redevelopment via 236 TFN 6.2 Comparison of alternatives according to criteria Weighted normalized decision matrix Fuzzy TOPSIS results Sensitivity analysis result of suitable land for redevelopment 239 xiv

19 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 The Changes and Transition from Tradition to modernity and 12 networking Society on the Axis of Time 2.2 Process of urban growth and urbanization in Iran ( ) Methodology and the main structure of research Geographical location of the study area Old and decayed district of Bandar Abbas New district of Bandar Abbas Mixed district of Bandar Abbas Classification of historical and cultural sub-criteria Percentage area of classes of sub-criteria of historical and cultural 42 criteria 3.8 Classification of ecological and environmental sub-criteria Percentage area of classes of ecological and environmental subcriteria Classification of physical sub-criteria Percentage area classes of sub-criteria of physical criterion Classification of economic sub-criteria Percentage area of classes of economic sub-criteria Classification of social sub-criteria Percentage area of classes of social sub-criteria Classification of structural sub-criteria Percentage area of classes of structural sub-criteria Classification of access sub-criteria Percentage area of classes of access sub-criteria Characteristic of aerial photo and flowchart of digital ortho-mosaic 65 generation (adapted from López-Sándoval, 2004) 3.21 Location of the field observations and data collected under study Methodology of detecting process of changes in the use/cover in 75 Bandar Abbas 3.23 Radar chart indicating the areas built in urban boundary in different 76 geographical directions 3.24 Flowchart and methodology of analysis of images for extraction of 77 the built-up areas 3.25 Components of a path analysis diagram Linguistic variables for the importance of each criterion Degree of possibility V(M i M j) Framework of research methodology used to specify the suitable 90 lands for urban development in Bandar Abbas 3.29 Transverse segmentation of the pattern of urban growth and building 100 blocks of Bandar Abbas 3.30 Zoning of transverse segmentation of Bandar Abbas use pattern and 102 building blocks 4.1 Urban growth and sprawl in Bandar Abbas ( ) Growth of population and built-up area in the last 60 years Change in built-up per capita during First perspective of master plan, Bandar Abbas City 107 xv

20 4.5 Second perspective of master plan, Bandar Abbas City Third perspective of master plan, Bandar Abbas Forth perspective of master plan, Bandar Abbas City Fifth perspective of master plan, Bandar Abbas City Changes in land use/cover over the past sixty year Land use/cover change maps Radar chart showing built-up area in different directions Conceptual model for effects of cultural and historic sub-criteria 132 structural quality 5.2 Conceptual model for effects of ecological and environmental subcriteria 133 on structural quality 5.3 Conceptual model for effects of physical sub-criteria on structural 134 quality 5.4 Conceptual model for effects of economic sub-criteria on structural 135 quality 5.5 Conceptual model for effects of social sub-criteria on structural 136 quality 5.6 Conceptual model for effects of structural sub-criteria on structural 137 quality 5.7 Conceptual model for effects of accessibility sub-criteria on 138 structural quality 5.8 Conceptual model for effects of research criteria on structural 139 quality 5.9 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and cultural and historic cultural and 141 historic criterion (AHP 5.10 Importance of lands for urban development based on cultural and 142 historic criterion (AHP) 5.11 Percentage of land area based on cultural and historic criterion for 142 urban development (AHP) 5.12 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and ecological and environmental 143 criterion (AHP) 5.13 Importance of lands for urban development based on ecological and 144 environmental criterion (AHP) 5.14 Percentage of land area based on ecological and environmental 144 criterion for urban development (AHP) 5.15 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and physical criterion (AHP) Importance of lands for urban development based on physical 146 criterion (AHP) 5.17 Percentage of land area based on physical criterion for urban 146 development (AHP) 5.18 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and economic criterion (AHP) Importance of lands for urban development based on economic 148 criterion (AHP) 5.20 Percentage of land area based on economic criterion for urban 148 development (AHP) 5.21 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and social criterion (AHP) Importance of lands for urban development based on social criterion 150 (AHP) 5.23 Percentage of land area based on social criterion for urban 150 development (AHP) 5.24 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and structural criterion (AHP) 151 xvi

21 5.25 Importance of lands for urban development based on structural 152 criterion (AHP) 5.26 Percentage of land area based on structural criterion for urban 153 development (AHP) 5.27 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and accessibility criterion (AHP) Importance of lands for urban development based on accessibility 155 criterion (AHP) 5.29 Percentage of land area based on accessibility criterion for urban 155 development (AHP) 5.30 Suitable and Unsuitable lands from urban development point of 156 view derived using AHP model 5.31 Percentage of appropriate and inappropriate lands for urban 157 development (AHP) 5.32 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and cultural and historic criterion 158 (Fuzzy AHP) 5.33 Importance of lands for urban development based on cultural and 159 historic criterion (Fuzzy AHP) 5.34 Percentage of land area based on cultural and historic criterion for 159 urban development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.35 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and ecological and environmental 160 criterion (Fuzzy AHP) 5.36 Importance of lands for urban development based on ecological and 160 environmental criterion (Fuzzy AHP) 5.37 Percentage of land area based on ecological and environmental 161 criterion for urban development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.38 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and physical criterion (Fuzzy AHP) Importance of lands for urban development based on physical 163 criterion (Fuzzy AHP) 5.40 Percentage of land area based on physical criterion for urban 163 development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.41 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and economic criterion (Fuzzy 164 AHP) 5.42 Importance of lands for urban development based on economic 164 criterion (Fuzzy AHP) 5.43 Percentage of land area based on economic criterion for urban 165 development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.44 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and social criterion (Fuzzy AHP) Importance of lands for urban development based on social criterion 166 (Fuzzy AHP) 5.46 Percentage of land area based on social criterion for urban 167 development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.47 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and structural criterion (Fuzzy AHP) Importance of lands for urban development based on structural 169 criterion (Fuzzy AHP) 5.49 Percentage of land area based on structural criterion for urban 170 development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.50 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and accessibility criterion (Fuzzy 171 AHP) 5.51 Importance of lands for urban development based on accessibility criterion (Fuzzy AHP) 172 xvii

22 5.52 Percentage of land area based on accessibility criterion for urban 173 development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.53 Suitable and Unsuitable lands from urban development point of 173 view derived using Fuzzy AHP model 5.54 Percentage of appropriate and inappropriate lands for urban 174 development (Fuzzy AHP) 5.55 Correlation and standardization diagram of models used for 175 detecting urban development appropriate lands 5.56 Potential location of suitable lands for urban development New CC value of the alternatives Land development zoning based on smart code Area percentage of land development zoning based on smart code Zoning of smart code sub-zones based on City Center Zone Percentage of smart code sub-zones based on City Center zone Weights of classes, sub-criteria and cultural and historic criterion 190 (FR) 6.2 Importance degree of lands based on cultural and historic criterion 191 for urban redevelopment (FR) 6.3 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on cultural 191 and historic criterion (FR) 6.4 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and ecological and environmental 192 criterion (FR) 6.5 Importance degree of lands based on ecological and environmental 193 criterion for urban redevelopment (FR) 6.6 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 193 ecological and environmental criterion (FR) 6.7 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and physical criterion (FR) Importance degree of lands based on physical criterion for urban 195 redevelopment (FR) 6.9 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on physical 195 criterion (FR) 6.10 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and economic criterion (FR) Importance degree of lands based on economic criterion for urban 196 redevelopment (FR) 6.12 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 197 economic criterion (FR) 6.13 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and social criterion (FR) Importance degree of lands based on social criterion for urban 198 redevelopment (FR) 6.15 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on social 198 criterion (FR) 6.16 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and structural criterion (FR) Importance degree of lands based on structural criterion for urban 200 redevelopment (FR) 6.18 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 201 structural criterion (FR) 6.19 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 202 structural criterion (FR) 6.20 Importance degree of lands based on accessibility criterion for urban redevelopment (FR) 203 xviii

23 6.21 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 203 accessibility criterion (FR) 6.22 Suitable and Unsuitable lands from urban redevelopment point of 204 view derived using FR model 6.23 Percentage of appropriate and inappropriate lands for urban 205 redevelopment (FR) 6.24 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and cultural and historic criterion 206 (Wi-Wf) 6.25 Importance degree of lands based on cultural and historic criterion 207 for urban redevelopment (Wi) 6.26 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on cultural 207 and historic criterion (Wi) 6.27 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and ecological and environmental 208 criterion (Wi-Wf) 6.28 Importance degree of lands based on ecological and environmental 209 criterion for urban redevelopment (Wi) 6.29 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 209 ecological and environmental criterion (Wi) 6.30 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and physical criterion (Wi-Wf) Importance degree of lands based on physical criterion for urban 211 redevelopment (Wi) 6.32 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on physical 211 criterion (Wi) 6.33 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and economic criterion (Wi-Wf) Importance degree of lands based on economic criterion for urban 212 redevelopment (Wi) 6.35 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 213 economic criterion (Wi) 6.36 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and social criterion (Wi-Wf) Importance degree of lands based on social criterion for urban 215 redevelopment (Wi) 6.38 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on social 215 criterion (Wi) 6.39 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and structural criterion (Wi-Wf) Importance degree of lands based on structural criterion for urban 217 redevelopment (Wi) 6.41 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 218 structural criterion (Wi) 6.42 Weights of classes, sub-criteria and accessibility criterion (Wi-Wf) Importance degree of lands based on accessibility criterion for urban 220 redevelopment (Wi) 6.44 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 220 accessibility criterion (Wi) 6.45 Suitable and Unsuitable lands from urban redevelopment point of 221 view derived using Wi model 6.46 Percentage of appropriate and inappropriate lands for urban 222 redevelopment (Wi) 6.47 Importance degree of lands based on cultural and historic criterion 223 for urban redevelopment (Wf) 6.48 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on cultural and historic criterion (Wf) 223 xix

24 6.49 Importance degree of lands based on ecological and environmental 224 criterion for urban redevelopment (Wf) 6.50 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 224 ecological and environmental criterion (Wf) 6.51 Importance degree of lands based on physical criterion for urban 225 redevelopment (Wf) 6.52 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on physical 225 criterion (Wf) 6.53 Importance degree of lands based on economic criterion for urban 226 redevelopment (Wf) 6.54 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 226 economic criterion (Wf) 6.55 Importance degree of lands based on social criterion for urban 227 redevelopment (Wf) 6.56 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on social 227 criterion (Wf) 6.57 Importance degree of lands based on structural criterion for urban 228 redevelopment (Wf) 6.58 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 229 structural criterion (Wf) 6.59 Importance degree of lands based on accessibility criterion for urban 230 redevelopment (Wf) 6.60 Percentage of lands area for urban redevelopment based on 231 accessibility criterion (Wf) 6.61 Suitable and Unsuitable lands from urban redevelopment point of 231 view derived using Wf model 6.62 Percentage of appropriate and inappropriate lands for urban 232 redevelopment (Wf) 6.63 Correlation and standardization diagram of models used for 233 detecting urban redevelopment appropriate lands 6.64 Potential location of suitable lands for urban redevelopment New CC value of the alternatives Land redevelopment zoning based on smart code Area percentage of land redevelopment zoning based on smart code Zoning of smart code sub-zones based on City Center Zone Percentage of smart code sub-zones based on City Center zone 245 xx

25 LIST OF APPENDICES Table Page A List of the names of experts along with their degrees and 276 workplace used in the process of making decision using their opinions E Category of main sub domains residential, commercial activity, 335 open space, green space and coastline in master plan of Bandar Abbas city F Urban land use per capita in Bandar Abbas city (Sharmand, ) G General construction regulations in Bandar Abbas city 340 H Defining economic plans in the boundary of Bandar Abbas city 341 xxi

26 LIST OF APPENDICES Figure B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 C4-A C4-B Flowchart of identifying land-use classes and determining the criteria and sub-criteria of the research using the experts' opinions Determining the weights of criteria and sub-criteria of the research based on experts' opinions for analysis using models of AHP and Fuzzy AHP (identifying lands suitable for urban development). Stage Three: identification of decayed district and old buildings in Bandar Abbas, and the use of FR, Wi, and Wf to identify lands suitable for urban redevelopment Using experts' opinions to classify the results obtained from the models of analysis and determination of the neighborhoods with the highest percentage of land uitable for urban development and redevelopment Use of experts' opinions based on smart growth model to identify new plans for urban land development pattern. Transect Zone Descriptions. This table provides descriptions of the character of each T-zone Sector/Community Allocation. Defines the geography, including both natural and infrastructure elements, determining areas that are or are not suitable for development. Specific Community types of various intensities are allowable in specific Sectors. This table also allocates the proportions of Transect Zones within each Community Type Vehicular Lane Dimensions. This table assigns lane widths to Transect Zones. The Design ADT (Average Daily Traffic) is the determinant for each of these sections. The most typical assemblies are shown in Table 3B. Specific requirements for truck and transit bus routes and truck loading shall be decided by Warrant Vehicular Lane/Parking Assemblies. The projected design speeds determine the dimensions of the vehicular lanes and Turning Radii assembled for Thoroughfares Public Frontages - General. The Public Frontage is the area between the private Lot line and the edge of the vehicular lanes. Dimensions are given in Table 4B Public Frontages - Specific. This table assembles prescriptions and dimensions for the Public Frontage elements - Curbs, walkways and Planters relative to specific Thoroughfare types within Transect Zones. Table 4B-a assembles all of the elements for the various street types. Locally appropriate planting species should be filled in to the calibrated Code Thoroughfare Assemblies. These Thoroughfares are assembled from the elements that appear in Tables 3A and 3B and incorporate the Public Frontages of Table 4A. The key gives the Thoroughfare type followed by the right-of-way width, followed by the pavement width, and in some instances followed by specialized transportation capability C4-C Page xxii

27 C5 C5: Public Lighting. Lighting varies in brightness and also in the 287 character of the fixture according to the Transect. The table shows five common types. A listed set of streetlights corresponding to these types would be approved by the utility company and listed on the page C6 Public Planting. This table shows six common types of street tree 288 shapes and their appropriateness within the Transect Zones. The local planning office selects species appropriate for the bioregion. C7 Private Frontages. The Private Frontage is the area between the 289 building Facades and the Lot lines C8 Building Configuration. This table shows the Configurations for 290 different building heights for each Transect Zone. It must be modified to show actual calibrated heights for local conditions. Recess Lines and Expression Lines shall occur on higher buildings as shown. N = maximum height C9 Building Disposition. This table approximates the location of the 291 structure relative to the boundaries of each individual Lot, establishing suitable basic building types for each Transect Zone. C10 Building Function. This table categorizes Building Functions 292 within Transect Zones. Parking requirements are correlated to functional intensity. For Specific Function and Use permitted By Right or by Warrant, see Appendix C11 Parking Calculations. The Shared Parking Factor for two 292 Functions, when divided into the sum of the two amounts as listed on the Required Parking table below, produces the Effective Parking needed for each site involved in sharing. Conversely, if the Sharing Factor is used as a multiplier, it indicates the amount of building allowed on each site given the parking available C12 Specific Function & Use. This table expands the categories of 293 Appendix 6-10 to delegate specific Functions and uses within Transect Zones. Appendix 6-12 should be customized for local character and requirements C13 Structure of Specific Function & Use 294 C14 Subject to calibration for local context 295 C15 Types of standard design for smart code (A) 296 C16 Types of standard design for smart code (B) 297 C17 Types of standard design for smart code (C) 298 C18 Types of standard design for smart code (D) 299 C19 Metrics for each column of this table (SD1, SD2, etc.) are to be 300 filled in for each Special District as they currently exist, or as they are permitted. More pages can be added. Special Districts that do not have provisions within this Code shall be governed by the standards of the pre-existing zoning C20 THOROUGHFARE & FRONTAGES 301 D1 Master Plan of functional zoning of Bandar Abbas City (Sharmand, ) D2 Master Plan of road networking of Bandar Abbas City (Sharmand, ) D3 Distribution of main land uses current situation (Sharmand, 2008) 319 D4 Structure of the street network Current Situation (Sharmand, 2008) 320 xxiii

28 D5 Ecologic Structure Current Situation (Sharmand, 2008) 321 D6 Spatial Structure Current Situation (Sharmand, 2008) 322 D7 Distribution of major urban land use Suggested (Sharmand, ) D8 Ecologic structure Suggested (Sharmand, 2008) 324 D9 Spatial structure Suggested (Sharmand, 2008) 325 D10 Spatial structure Suggested Alternative 1 (Sharmand, 2008) 326 D11 Spatial structure Suggested Alternative 2 (Sharmand, 2008) 327 D12 Structure of road network Suggested Alternative 1 (Sharmand, ) D13 Structure of road network Suggested Alternative 2 (Sharmand, ) D14 Zoning of urban land use Alternative 1 (Sharmand, 2008) 330 D15 Zoning of urban land use Alternative 2 (Sharmand, 2008) 331 D16 Main structure of service Alternative 1 (Sharmand, 2008) 332 D17 Main structure of service Alternative 2 (Sharmand, 2008) 333 D18 Zoning of residential density - Suggested (Sharmand, 2008) 334 xxiv

29 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AHP APA ASTER DA DEM et al. etc. ETM+ FR FAHP GIS ha HS HUS IMU IRS Km LD LRD LUC LULU LUCD MCDM M M PA PSO RCD RS SD SG S TFN TND TOPSIS US VHS VHUS Wf Wi Analytical Hierarchy Process American Planning Association Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Discriminant Analysis Digital Elevation Model et alia et cetera Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus Frequency Ratio Fuzzy AHP Geography Information System hectare High Suitable High Unsuitable Inertial Measurement Unit Indian Remote Sensing kilometer Land Development Land Redevelopment Land Use Change Land Use Land Cover Land Use Change Detection Multi Criteria Decision Making meter Moderate Pathway Analysis Port and Shipping Organization Regional Center District Remote Sensing Special District Smart Growth Suitable Triangular Fuzzy Number Traditional Neighborhood Center The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Unsuitable Very High Suitable Very High Unsuitable Weighting factor Weighting index xxv

30 CHAPTER I 1.1 Introduction INTRODUCTION In developing countries, population growth has increased the demand for land use appropriate for residence and providing suitable infrastructure. On the other hand, this process is deemed a necessity in maintaining the sustainable development of urban land in the cities facing restrictions in the land-use appropriate for development. Therefore, a variety of aspects have to be investigated in urban development, including items such as: changes in land use in past and present, urban expansion, identifying land suitable for the development and redevelopment and urban planning and management. The process of urbanization in history has always been dependent on several factors such as environmental and ecological, physical, economic, social, cultural, political and structural ones. In the present century, due to the advances in technology, several factors have been effective in the process of urban growth and development, such as landscapes, the development of infrastructure and appropriate access in urban communities (Knox, 1994). The process of urbanization has always occurred along with physical expansion of cities and changes in landscapes and urban uses. In the last few decades, given the city's population increase, expansion of cities and changes in landscapes and uses have been observed to had speeded up in developed and developing countries. Total area of the construction in cities with a population of more than in 1990 has increased by one-third of the extent of the period and this growth has occurred almost equally in industrial and developing countries (Angel et al., 2005). Countries of India, China and South Africa have had the highest rate of growth of urban land expansion in the past two decades and the North America has had the highest change in the total amount of the urban expanse from 1970 up to 2012 (United Nations, 2012). In the year 2012, the urban population rate had been 52% (3.6 billion), whilst it had been 13% in 1900 (United Nations, 2012). Changes in the population are deemed as a basic and important factor in the process of formation and spatial expansion of cities, especially in developing countries. In the industrial and developed countries wherein population growth is more or less stabilized, the spatial growth of cities has occurred quickly. Factors influencing the occurrence of this phenomenon, one can primarily mention the increased citizens demand for private vehicles and the economic growth of urban communities due to the changes brought about by industrialization in these communities (Clarke et al., 1997). Land development is conversion of raw land into construction ready housing, commercial, educational, green space, sport or industrial building sites. Land development process involves improvements that have indefinite life, such as draining, dredging, excavating, filling, grading, paving, etc. Land development refers to altering the landscape in any number of ways such as: Changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as agriculture or housing, Subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes, 1