Bear Conservation. Recolonization. Reintroduction IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL COLONIZATION PATTERNS FOR REINTRODUCED BLACK BEAR POPULATIONS
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1 IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL COLONIZATION PATTERNS FOR REINTRODUCED BLACK BEAR POPULATIONS Jared Laufenberg Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries University of Tennessee Bear Conservation Distribution and Population Decline Overexploitation Habitat loss Combination Servheen 1990 Long-term Persistence Legal Protection Habitat recovery Recolonization Recolonization Challenges Increasing habitat fragmentation Poor colonizers Low reproductive rates Historic Current American Black Bear Distribution Reintroduction Source: Pelton and van Source: Manen Hall
2 Bear Reintroductions What We Know Release techniques Homing and mortality Population demographics Genetic viability Habitat requirements However Socio-political aspects Colonization Patterns Identify interaction zones Conflict mitigation Management planning Education programs Big South Fork Reintroduction N=14 bears Soft release Outcome: Pending Reintroduction Site Big South Fork NRRA Eastridge and Clark 2001 Great Smoky Mountains NP
3 Study Objectives Determine the distribution of black bear habitat on public versus non-public lands Develop and test a data-based approach to predict colonization patterns National Forest Study Area (NF) -Cherokee/Nantahala National Forests Big South Fork Study Area (BSF) -100km radius from reintroduction site Reintroduction site Telemetry DATA SOURCES: Villarrubia 1982 Garris 1983 Clevenger 1986 SELECTION CRITERIA: 3.5 years old 35 locations/bear 1/location/bear/day Exclude den/trap locations
4 Home Range Estimation Home range is sampling unit Fixed-kernel method Calculated 95% probability contour 20 bears: 10 M:10 F Sampling Habitat Conditions Individual home ranges Presence-only data Assumptions: -Full range of variation -Ecologically relevant variables NF vs BSF Habitat Variables Terrain ruggedness index Average difference in elevation Percent forest cover Deciduous, evergreen or mixed Human population density People/km 2 Road density Linear distance (km/km 2 )
5 Scale of Analysis Spatial patterns vary with scale Scale relevant to species Determining Appropriate Measurement Scale 1) Moving window analysis 4 variables/2 scales Radius = mean female home range (small) Radius = mean overall home range (large) 2) Mean habitat value within home ranges 3) Scale with lowest coefficient of variation x Mahalanobis Distance (D 2 ) Measure of dissimilarity (Clark et al. 1993) D 2 = 1 ( x uˆ ) Σ ( x uˆ ) x = vector of habitat characteristics in GIS û = mean vector of habitat characteristics sampling locations 1 Σ = inverse of variance - covariance matrix Habitat Classification Habitat categories - Primary D 2 95 th percentile - Secondary 95 th > D th percentile - Unsuitable D 2 > 100 th percentile
6 source point Cost-Weighted Distance Least accumulative cost Based on cost surface Big South Fork -Cost = D 2 -Source = Reintroduction Site source point -Generated map based on 10 quantile classes Model Assessment Habitat Model: predicted habitat versus occupied habitat Colonization Model: predicted pattern vs. nuisance locations Home Ranges 95% Fixed kernel home range areas (km 2 ) BEAR ID HOME RANGE BEAR ID HOME RANGE F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M Mean 14.6 Mean Overall Mean 89.9
7 Measurement Scale Selection Small spatial scale - Percent forest - Road density - Human density Large spatial scale - Terrain ruggedness index Mahalanobis Distances BEAR ID Mean D 2 BEAR ID Mean D 2 F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M Mean 6.8 Mean Overall Mean % on public lands
8 Habitat Distribution 27.3% Big South Fork 63.7% Blue Ridge Mtns, TN Laufenberg and van Manen 2007 Model Assumptions Classification of used habitats - accurate and precise datasets - home ranges as sampling units Home range estimates - < 50 locations biased high - 1 of 5 home ranges large Demographically representative sample - Juveniles excluded - 20 bears represent adult population National Forest conditions Big South Fork - variables with broad ecological importance
9 Habitat Model Assessment Management Implications Identify spatial and temporal colonization patterns Address public concerns Mitigate potential human-bear conflicts Assess range expansion of established populations
10 Acknowledgments Dr. Frank van Manen C. Thatcher J.E. Clark University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
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