Planning in a Geospatially Enabled Society. Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara

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1 Planning in a Geospatially Enabled Society Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara

2 What is a geospatially enabled society? Knowing the locations of all points of interest and their geometries and attributes Knowing ones location at all times geospatially enabled mobile devices Knowing the locations of all things of interest at all times and their attributes the Internet of things e.g., all vehicles A rich array of sensors with known locations

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5 BIM:

6 stem.cs.pusan.ac.kr

7 What does this enable? People can find their way indoors as well as outdoors People can re-optimize travel to avoid traffic to minimize pollution Travel can be replaced with online purchases with telecommuting with online courses using delivery services

8 Wygonik, E. and A. Goodchild, Evaluating the efficacy of shared-use vehicles for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: A U.S. case study of grocery delivery. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum 51(2):

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10 Depicting container moves Consignee (importing customer) loaded container move empty container move Shipper (exporting customer) port Most empties are taken to the port & stored. Many of those empties are then picked up and taken to a shipper for filling before export

11 Depicting container moves consignee loaded container move empty container move shipper port Empties can sometimes be taken directly to a shipper, thereby reducing a move to the port and a subsequent move from the port Such moves are supported through the use of a virtual container yard

12 Augmented reality (AR) Knowing ones location allows devices to augment ones reality by providing information about ones surroundings that is not available from the operative senses of additional value when one or more senses is disabled outside the vision field, e.g., around the corner or under the street annotation and markup augmenting vision or sound requires sensing of orientation

13 Reg Golledge, UC Santa Barbara

14 Steven Feinberg, Columbia University

15 Project Battuta, UC Santa Barbara

16 Google Glass

17 AR with a contemporary smartphone 17

18 The uncertainty question How accurate does positioning need to be? and orientation 10m with good GPS signal outdoors 300m with tower triangulation 10km with IP geolocation What advances will be needed? to get to meter, decimeter, centimeter positioning map-matching, image-matching Vernor Vinge (2006) Rainbows End at what point does AR overwhelm?

19 Implications Printed maps, guidebooks no longer essential for tourism Visibility is no longer an issue for businesses real-estate values change dramatically accessibility is all-important The need for comparison shopping will no longer produce clustering These are fundamental changes in the urban fabric

20 China s Great Uprooting: Moving 250 million people into cities New York Times, June 15, 2013

21 Chongqing Planning Museum

22 Tracks New data sources leading to improved knowledge of spatial behavior Social media leading to early warning of events VGI Leading to synthesis of rich new geospatial data sets

23 New computation Simulation of processes using powerful new models CyberGIS giving access to high-performance computing supporting simulations that are: at finer resolutions massively linked over broad areas coupling many processes

24 GeoDesign with GIS Geography Design GeoDesign is where geography meets design GeoDesign intervenes in the world to achieve desirable objectives

25 Some starter definitions GeoDesign is changing geography by design. Carl Steinitz GIS is about what is. GeoDesign is about what could be. Michael Goodchild GeoDesign is designing with nature in mind. Jack Dangermond

26 Why GeoDesign now? We are increasingly aware of the need to design sustainably - with due regard to the environment, human needs, cultural heritage With GIS, we are increasingly able to assess the impacts of interventions - impacts on human health, the environment, water and air quality, communities, the economy - using models based in good science In GIS, we have abundant resources of geospatial data about the planet We have access to technologies - for design, evaluation, collaborative decision-making

27 A model for landscape architecture Ian McHarg s school at the University of Pennsylvania Meteorology Geology Hydrology Plant ecology Animal ecology Limnology Ian McHarg Computation Remote sensing

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29 For the first time, a department of landscape architecture could recruit a faculty of distinguished natural scientists sharing the ecological view and determined to integrate their perceptions into a holistic discipline applied to the solution of contemporary problems. I.L. McHarg, A Quest for Life (Wiley, 1996, p. 192)

30 45 years later Has a science of intervention evolved? Is intervention more scientific? - or is it dominated by esthetics? Has the role of technology advanced? - what are its components? How should we update the McHarg model?

31 The McHarg team of 2013 Information scientists (geographic information scientists) - information integration - information management - semantic interoperability - visualization of scenarios - spatial decision support systems - public-participation GIS, crowdsourcing

32 The social sciences Decision scientists - uncertainty, risk Cognitive scientists - human computer interaction - information technology enabling, not imposing Social psychologists - the process of group consensus At a different scale of intervention - environmental economists - political scientists

33 GIS in Design McHarg s vision as one of its roots - but also automated cartography - also measurement - also management of assets - also scientific discovery Did the McHarg vision get lost along the way? - were we too busy doing other things with GIS?

34 GeoDesign: A Problem in Two Related Parts sketch record evaluate analyze predict modify improve esthetics humanism science evaluation modeling

35 Spatial data model 2D/3D/4D Environment below/on/above the geo-surface Geospatial Entities physical, temporal, conceptual relational, complex Geospatial Features layers, surfaces, fields, meshes events, agents 3D Concept Diagram

36 Creation tools Drawing / Sketching quick, intuitive, comprehensive Modification Tools context, content, relationships Feature Templates definition, representation Inference Engines generic, domain specific Graphics Tablet by Wacom

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38 Feedback tools Status Fields variables and derivatives Dashboards static, interactive Reports on-the-fly, on-demand Internet Enabled browser-based tools Las Vegas decision support dashboard (IBM)

39 Collaboration tools Virtual Studios creation, evaluation, sharing Project Teams distributed in time and space Stakeholders alternate value sets, changing Group-based Decisions Delphi process, conflict resolution K-12 Students

40 Scenario management tools Version Control alternate solutions, variations Selection evaluation, side-by-side comparison Extraction segments, portions, subsets Synthesis combine, further develop

41 seasketch.org

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43 Reorienting GIS Key challenges from analysis and inventory to design and intervention Addressing weaknesses in the GIS toolkit sketch and beyond the cartographic metaphor relationships, affordances what, where, when, and why model integration interoperability and performance search, discovery, evaluation of fitness for use collaboration