Geospatial Information. Linda Zellmer Government Information & Data Services Librarian Western Illinois University

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1 Geospatial Information Linda Zellmer Government Information & Data Services Librarian Western Illinois University

2 Introduction Geospatial Information what is it? What is a Map? Map Properties. What do maps show & types of maps published by government agencies. Map Reference Sources. Geographic Information Systems. Future trends.

3 Geospatial Information Data that relates to a place. Data that is referenced to a set of geographic coordinates that can be gathered, manipulated & displayed in real time (Congressional Research Service, Geospatial Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Current Issues and Future Challenges. Congressional Research Service Report R40625). Generally refers to data used with Geographic Information Systems, rather than maps.

4 What is a Map? A 2-dimensional representation of the 3- dimensional earth.

5 What Do Maps Show? Distribution or movement of commodities or population. Historical features (boundaries, land use, trails, buildings). Environmental information (soils, geology, land use, vegetation, environmental hazards). Transportation. Relief.

6 Geologic Map Aerial Photography Shaded Relief Map Topographic Map Digital Elevation Model

7 Map Properties - Scale Scale ratio between the distance on a map and the distance on the ground. Given as a statement (1 inch to a mile), representative fraction (1:24,000) or scale bar.

8 Scale 1:250,000

9 Scale 1:100,000

10 Scale 1:24,000

11 Map Properties Projection system used to depict the spherical surface of the Earth on a flat medium (paper). Can cause Earth features to be distorted.

12 Map Properties - Projection Mercator Transverse Mercator Lambert Conformal Conic Robinson

13 Double Cordiform Map by Mercator, 1538, David Rumsey Collection

14 Map Properties Reference System means of locating features on a map. Latitude/Longitude. Universal Transverse Mercator. State Plane Coordinate System. X Y Z (Star Trek).

15 Map Properties - Datum Definition - The mathematical model that defines the size and shape of the Earth and the coordinate systems used to map features on the Earth. Earth is not an exact sphere; flat at the poles; bulges at the equator. Shape is called a spheroid or ellipsoid. Datum accounts for the irregular shape of the Earth and the reference point from which other places are measured or surveyed.

16 Common North American Datums NAD 1927 used on all U.S. maps before Based on surveys in the 1800s. Uses Clarke (1866) Spheroid. Reference point is at Meade s Ranch, Kansas. North American Datum 1983 used on U.S. and Canadian maps after Ellipsoid based on Earth s center of mass. Cooperatively developed by U.S. & Canada.

17 Common North American Datums WGS Ellipsoid developed for worldwide use. Based on Earth s center of mass. Used by GPS satellites. Nearly the same as NAD83.

18 Map Properties Reference System means of locating features on a map. Latitude/Longitude. Universal Transverse Mercator. State Plane Coordinate System. X Y Z (Star Trek).

19 Types of Maps Many different types of maps. Show information on a wide variety of topics. Most now delivered online rather than in print. Available from many different agencies Federal, State & Local.

20 U.S. Geological Survey - Topographic Maps Show elevation using contours lines of equal elevation

21 U.S. Geological Survey Shaded Relief Map Show elevation using shading and tints.

22 U.S. Geological Survey - Geology Show age and type of rocks in a given area.

23 U.S. Geological Survey - Land Use & Cover Show how the land is used and the type of vegetation in an area.

24 U.S. Geological Survey - Natural Hazards Show different types of natural hazards.

25 U.S. Geological Survey Natural Hazards - Ground Shaking Potential in Seattle

26 U.S. Geological Survey Aquifer Thickness

27 U.S. Geological Survey - Aerial Photography Many different uses.

28 U.S. Geological Survey - Aerial Photography Historical Aerial Photography (Denver, 1965)

29 U.S. Geological Survey & NASA Satellite Imagery

30 Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Hazards from EPA s Enviromapper

31 Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Hazards from EPA s Enviromapper

32 Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Hazards & Population Density from EPA s EJScreen

33 Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Maps & Data

34 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Nautical Charts

35 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration & National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Aeronautical Charts

36 National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Foreign Topographic Maps

37 National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Maps for Defense Department Activities

38 Army Corps of Engineers Reservoir Maps

39 Army Corps of Engineers River Charts

40 Bureau of Land Management Surface & Mineral Rights Ownership (Western U.S.)

41 U.S. Forest Service National Forests & Grasslands maps (including topographic maps).

42 U.S. Forest Service National Forest & Grassland visitor maps (also maps for firewood cutting).

43 Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Maps

44 Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Maps Pearl Street Mall, Boulder, CO

45 U.S Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife Refuge Maps

46 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife Refuge Maps

47 National Park Service National Park Maps

48 Other Map Examples

49 Precipitation

50 Temperature

51 Population Density

52 Coal Resources

53 Water Resources Water Levels in Aquifers

54 State Government Mapping Agencies Geological Surveys state and local geologic maps. Water Resource Agencies (separate in Western US). Transportation road maps. Natural Resources trails, recreation, (sometimes water resources). Aerial photography might be commissioned by states, U.S. Government agencies, or done cooperatively.

55 County & Local Government Mapping Agencies Land use. Zoning. Planning. Land ownership. Tax assessments. Aerial Photography.

56 Commercial Map Vendors Omni Resources East View Cartographic

57 Reference Resources Indexes, Bibliographies. Dictionaries. Biographical Works. Gazetteers. Style Guides.

58 Indexes & Bibliographies Index maps used to find maps published as sets (topographic, NGA). No comprehensive bibliography, closest is World Mapping Today. Some vendor web sites provide bibliographic information. USGS Geologic Map Index. Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).

59 Dictionaries Glossary of Mapping, Charting & Geodetic Terms. Glossary of the Mapping Sciences. Style Guides Cartographic Citations: A Style Guide. Suggestions to Authors of Reports of the United States Geological Survey.

60 Place Name Resources Print gazetteers used to be essential for locating places. Have been replaced by web sites. GNIS, GeoNet, country gazetteers. Some sites for World place names. Many countries have their own sites.

61 Internet Place Name Resources May give latitude and longitude, or other information (topographic map name including the feature, elevation). May include link to digital map showing location of feature. Historic or current names. Know why information is needed.

62 U.S. Place Name Resources GNIS (Geographic Name Information System). US Gazetteer (Census Bureau) (download only). Commercial sources (Terraserver).

63 World Place Name Resources Geonet World Place Names Server (NIMA). Shtetl Seeker. Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names. Columbia Gazetteer of the World (print or online for a fee).

64 Future Trends Maps have gone digital. National Map, American Factfinder (mapping component), state atlases (WIU Map Collection Web Site).

65 Digital Maps

66 Digital Maps

67 Digital Publications

68 Geographic Information Systems

69 Introduction What is a GIS? What can you do with a GIS? What do you need to offer GIS services in a Library? Description of GIS services in libraries. Live Demonstration. World Countries & Geology. US Data on Coal Use & Production.

70 What is a Geographic Information System or GIS? An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. -- ESRI, 1990

71 What CAN you do with a GIS? Make Maps

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78 Index Map to ASU s Fairchild Photos

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81 What CAN you do with a GIS? Manipulate Spatial Data

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88 What CAN you do with a GIS? Analyze Spatial Data

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91 What do you need to offer GIS Services in a Library?

92 GIS Definition Provides a Clue An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. -- ESRI, 1990

93 Computer Hardware Computer Software Geographic Data Personnel

94 Hardware ESRI support ( provides system requirements for their current software. Plan for growth. You can never be too rich, too thin, too good looking or have too much RAM. (Seen on a T-Shirt at an ESRI meeting. Order extra RAM and a larger hard drive.

95 Software: ArcGIS Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) The most commonly used GIS software. Relatively user friendly. Many Universities have site licenses. Program for schools in many states. Some communities also have the software.

96 GIS Data Three types of data used for GIS. Spatial (geographic) data - data that makes up maps. Attribute data - thematic data about the areas on maps. Raster Data Scanned maps or image data.

97 Geographic (Spatial) Data Information about the location and shape of geographic features, and the relationships between those features, usually stored as coordinates and topology. ESRI GIS Glossary

98 Spatial Data Digital map data. The points, lines and polygons that make up maps.

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101 Point Data

102 Line Data

103 Polygon Data

104 Image Data

105 Attribute Data Information about geographic features, in the form of numbers, descriptive text or images, stored in tabular format and linked to the features by an identifier.

106 Attribute Data Population characteristics of a city, county or census tract. Feature information: name of a road, river, summit or populated place. Type of soil, rock or vegetation, etc. Feature classification: arterial street vs. interstate highway.

107 Attribute Data

108 Historical Population NAME LATITUDE LONGITUDE Apache Junction Avondale Buckeye Chandler El Mirage Gilbert Glendale Goodyear Guadalupe Mesa Paradise Valley Peoria Phoenix Scottsdale Surprise Tempe

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110 Arizona Ethnicity Asian/ Native Pacific County White Black American Islanders Hispanic Other Apache Cochise Coconino Gila Graham Greenlee La Paz Maricopa Mohave Navajo Pima Pinal Santa Cruz Yavapai Yuma

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113 Types of Spatial Data Spatial data has a wide variety of uses. Available from many sources including local, county, state and federal government agencies or commercial firms. Each agency may produce unique data.

114 Traffic Volume in Denver Transportation Data

115 Agricultural Data

116 Biological Data

117 Health Data

118 Income Data

119 Data Available in Libraries ESRI (Data & Maps). US Census Bureau. US Geological Survey. State & County GIS Agencies. Commercial sources. Data collected and developed during research.

120 Personnel Ability to identify, collect, organize and manipulate data (database management skills). Ability to work with and instruct users and write user guides. Technical Expertise (knowledge of GIS, cartographic techniques and principles).

121 Knowledge Needed Librarians serving people using GIS or providing GIS services need to know about types of data available, its uses and how to obtain it. Also need to know something about data formats.

122 Data Formats Each GIS software has a unique data format; data developed on one system may not work on another. ESRI GeoDatabase, Layers & Shapefiles; older data may be available in ArcInfo Export Format or as Coverages.

123 Data Formats MapInfo - MapInfo TAB format; other data formats as well. Computer Aided Design (.cad) Need to know Projections & Datums used for each data set, and how to convert between them.

124 Data Sources

125 Federal Data Most Federal mapping agencies have GIS data. Federal agency clearinghouses. Search the Internet for an agency name and GIS. Some data can be found through DATA.GOV ( Some data available from the National Map website (data download page) at

126 State Data State agencies develop data and also receive or use data from Federal government. Many states have GIS clearinghouses to facilitate data development and sharing (not Colorado). Look for your state s clearinghouse (search state name & GIS data).

127 Local & County Data City & county governments. Tax Assessor - maintain property ownership & assessed values. Engineers & planners use GIS to manage and plan operations and growth. Social Service Agencies use it to develop plans for health and social services.

128 Local & County Data Data may be available fee or free. Contact at a local city or county agency that may work with GIS (Engineer, Planner, Transportation, Information Services). They can provide more information on who to contact.

129 GIS User Organizations Look for state GIS user organizations (sometimes coordinated by agency, sometimes a separate organization). Become active in organization (attend annual or other meetings, do committee work).

130 Anything Else?

131 GIS Takes Time

132 Staff working with GIS need TIME to:

133 Learn about software and data (training & meetings).

134 Share techniques learned with colleagues.

135 Collect Data

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139 Organize Data

140 Data Directories World Data World North America South America Europe Asia Africa Australia Illinois Data ISGS County Data Local Data US Data East US West US

141 Work with the public

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147 Conclusions

148 Libraries have a role in GIS Introduce technology to users. Direct users to places for training. Collect data of interest to specific user groups and direct them to other sources for data. Help novice users make maps. Advocates for data archiving. Possible site for archiving data. Develop data management plans.

149 Library s Role in GIS? Libraries can and should be advocates for data archiving, develop metadata and/or serve as data archives. Help users develop data management plans for GIS data.

150 Providing GIS in a Library requires computer hardware, software, digital spatial data, personnel, and TIME

151 GIS is an expanded service of a Map Collection, but does not replace a traditional Map Collection.

152 GIS is an Expanded Library Service Able to make thematic maps with Census and other data on demand (by appointment). Provide maps as GIF images via the World Wide Web for class assignments. Produce general and thematic maps on demand for individual users.

153 Future Trends Maps are being delivered digitally, rather than on paper. Sometimes, data is being disseminated instead of maps (e.g. Census Tract Maps). Librarians need to provide access to and use data and online resources to assist users. Benefits of digital information can be transformed to show meaningful information.

154 Natural Hazard Map Soil Shrink-Swell Potential

155 Future Problems? Data must be delivered barrier free access to maps should not become a mediated service in libraries. Trust if big government is bad and work is outsourced, will information from private contractors be filtered to support a particular viewpoint? Will data & information be available to the public? Not everyone has high speed Internet.

156 Future Problems? Maps printed from digital products are not always legible. Data must be archived for future use and users. Liability issues (Queen Elizabeth II). Archival standards developed recently. Data format must be updated for current software. What happens when the government shuts down??

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159 Live Demonstration