GIS Institute Center for Geographic Analysis

Transcription

1 GIS Institute Center for Geographic Analysis

2 Welcome Intensive training in the application of GIS to research Collection, management, analysis, and communication of spatial data Topics include: data collection, management and manipulation, spatial and non-spatial analysis, and communication (graphic and cartographic) We are following a long tradition of GIS training and research at Harvard

3 Institute and CGA Team l Jason Ur, Director l Wendy Guan l Jill Kelly l Devika Kakkar l Jeff Blossom l Ben Lewis l Lex Berman l Paolo Corti l Josh Lieberman l Stacy Bogan l Fei Meng l Peter Bol, Founding Director

4 The Institute Team Week 1 will include end-of-day forums Today: Everyone Tuesday Friday: small group each day in thematic seminars Participant introductions, research interests, AND project topic Opportunity to learn more about each other s project and continue to develop project parameters

5 Locations CGA, Science Center

6 Learning Outcomes Integration of spatial analysis into research l Requirements l Limitations l Thinking Spatially/Geographically Use a research tool, vocabulary, and approach to thinking about problems Ask spatial and geographic questions

7 Goals Primary l Your projects Secondary l Asking spatial questions l Performing spatial analysis l Managing, displaying, and querying spatial data

8 Spatial Relevance vs. Spatial Analysis Some spatial questions don t require spatial analysis l Do some states have higher infant mortality than others? If so, which? Others do l Are states with higher infant mortality clustered together? Are infant mortality rates within states associated with other geographic phenomena?

9 Geographic Terminology Definitions are critical What does it mean for something to be: l Clustered, close, near, far, proximal, within, peripheral, central, distributed, regular, associated with something else, etc? Our view of the world also matters l Often in GIS we are limited by our data l The search for good data can take as much effort as the analysis we perform

10 Projects Contribute to the success of your research GIS exists to supplement your research: letting it play a role in conducting your research should be done thoughtfully Spatial analysis vs. analysis of place l Units of Analysis and Area of Study

11 Project Presentations While we have high expectations for your presentations we don t have the same expectations for each of you Grouped by theme l Topic l Technique l Place l Other Lunch, Social

12 Agenda Skills and Knowledge based Workshops and Exercises will focus on developing GIS and related software skills Lectures and Seminars will focus on providing background, context, and critical thinking opportunities

13 Agenda Week 1 focus is skill development related to creating, acquiring, managing, analyzing, and communicating spatial information Week 2 focus is critical thinking related to your personal research project Overall focus is generating a foundation in the practice and theory of spatial information

14 GIS Institute Center for Geographic Analysis What is GIS?

15 Outline The roots of GIS l Geography, Information, System Learning Outcomes l Distinguish between Geography and GIS l Describe advantages and limitations of taking a formal and quantitative view of the world

16 What is GIS? Roots of GIS l Geography, Information, System Geography: A discipline focused on the spatial arrangement of features (human and non-human) on and near the Earth s surface Information: facts about known reality System: a whole composed of parts based on rules and definitions 16

17 Geographic Concepts Spatial arrangements l Distributions, networks, areas Spatial relationships l Distance, direction, correlation Spatial processes l Flows, forces, movement Processes that alter spatial arrangements l Scale Energy 17

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19 Geography Exploration of geographic phenomena l Modern day explorers of already discovered places Space vs. Place 19

20 Information Can come in many forms l Text, numbers, pictures, lists and tables, sounds, maps and images, movies, animation, models These forms can represent almost anything l locations, quantities, identities, time, emotions, attitudes, etc. 20

21 Value of Information Information is the basis for knowledge l Experience (and other modes or acquisition) exposes us to information l Exposure to information, along with understanding, leads to knowledge l Knowledge is the basis for problem solving (which at some point in history meant survival) 21

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23 Spatial Representations A spatial representation uses aspects of space to communicate l Example include graphs, diagrams, cartoons, plots, plans, AND maps A spatial representation can communicate both spatial and non-spatial information l Population pyramids use space to summarize the age and sex distribution of a place s population 23

24 Representations of Space There are many ways we can summarize the geographic and spatial nature of the world l Route description, computer program, music, lyrics, novels, AND maps We are not limited to maps or other spatial representations when communicating about geographic or spatial entities, patterns, or information 24

25 System for Integrating Information System: a whole composed of parts (in an orderly arrangement) based on some scheme or plan l Not associated with a simple composition Information System (informal) l Provides the baseline for sharing and combining information l Not necessarily digital 25

26 Formal Information Systems Integration of information in a digital system l Provides formal rules for entry, storage, editing, relating, querying, and presenting information l While most of above could be done by hand, a computing environment makes it easier and faster (if you learn the language) l Benefits outweigh the drawbacks Drawbacks l Traditionally difficult to incorporate qualitative, fuzzy, affective information 26

27 Geographic Information Systems Formal structure for dealing with geographic information Generic and Specific technology GIS as an application l hardware, data, software and people needed to solve a problem GIS as software l Developer specific (i.e. Microsoft, Oracle, ESRI) 27 S4, Brown University

28 Essential Elements of GIS Location, Location, Location l Coordinate Systems Global Absolute vs Other (local, regional, personal, etc.) l Models of Earth Geodetic Datums Globes Maps l Models of Reality Data Models 28 S4, Brown University

29 GIS Software Spatially explicit commands and functionality l l Display, edit, change, transform, measure (distances, areas, volumes), and combine Manage, compare, judge, analyze, decide, predict, etc. The user combines their knowledge, with existing data, using generic hardware running GIS software l l Can range from free to very expensive Can focus on a subset of GIS functions or can cover the breadth of possible functions 29

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