GEOMORPHOLOGIC ANALYSIS AND CARTOGRAPHY BASED ON SPATIAL IMAGES. APPLICATIONS TO TWO MASSIFS FROM THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS
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1 VASILE LOGHIN 311 GEOMORPHOLOGIC ANALYSIS AND CARTOGRAPHY BASED ON SPATIAL IMAGES. APPLICATIONS TO TWO MASSIFS FROM THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS Keywords: spatial image, geomorphologic cartography, thematic map, Bucegi, Leaota Abstract: This paper demonstrates the qualities of high resolution spatial images in geomorphologic analysis and cartography. Our application concerns two important massifs from the Romanian Carpathians: Bucegi Mountains and Leaota Mountains. The relief analysis and cartography, based on a spatial image recorded by the astronauts on the space craft Endeavour, were achieved both on the whole as well as on representative samples. The images (global or zooms) and the resultant thematic geomorphologic maps (the general orographic map, morphographic map, relief fragmentation density map, morphostructural map) are superimposed or represented in parallel. The materials obtained in this manner will be included in the relief informational section from the GIS dedicated to the two Carpathian massifs, one of them Bucegi Mountains having been declared a natural park. 1. Introduction High resolution spatial images can be used effectively in the analysis and cartography of relief seen from a morphographic, morphometric and morphogenetic point of view. In these operations the use of topographical maps is however indispensable. The correlation between spatial images and traditional topographical maps is necessary. This is how a series of special geomorphologic maps are realized (general orographic map, relief fragmentation density map, relief energy map, morphostructural map, actual geomorphologic processes map and implicitly the map of geomorphologic risks) along with the general geomorphologic map. The qualities of spatial images in geomorphologic analysis and cartography are demonstrated on two massifs from the Romanian Carpathians Bucegi (maximum height 2505 m) and Leaota (2133 m). The application concerns clusters and representative samples. Space images (global or zooms) and geomorphologic maps are superimposed or rendered in parallel in order to demonstrate that our approach is possible. This is how we have obtained the following thematic maps: the general orographic map, the morphographic map, the relief fragmentation density map and the morphostructural map. The comparison to topographical maps indicates however a series of deformations related especially to the satellite observation angle, to the resolution and scale of the image, this makes it compulsory to use the two kinds of maps to complement each other. We mention therefore that the spatial image that lays at the basis of our study was taken under the following technical conditions: Endeavour space craft, orbit 177, 11 th of October 1994, time GMT, coordinates of the orbital points of the spaceship northern latitude, 26.5 eastern longitude, 143 o Sun s azimuth, 31 o height of the Sun above the horizon, 203 km altitude of the spaceship. 2. The general orographic map (The disposition of the main lines of the relief) The visual analysis of the spatial image makes it possible to follow and to map the main lines of sculptural forms: the valleys and interfluves. The valleys are identified by means
2 of the river course and the interfluves through the watershed (Figure 1). First of all it is necessary to correctly map the hydrographic network of different orders. This makes it possible to map the interfluves (peaks) later on (be they principal or secondary). For the representation of the river courses and interfluves to be as exact as possible we must observe the alternation of plans (mountain sides) differently orientated and lighted as well as their modality of intersection and interconnection. In the case of high mountains peak representation is made easier thanks to the snow layer repartition, which is in strong contrast to the tone of the forest area, a thing that is to be noticed in Bucegi Mountains (maximum height 2505 m) and Leaota Mountains (2133 m). At the moment of this recording (11 th of October 1994) the snow layer was at around 1500 m. Another point of reference concerning the altitude, the boundary between the alpine and forest level in these Carpathian massifs, is at approximately 1700 m, the variations being caused mainly by the orientation of the flanks and sides and by human interventions. The cartographic document will be completed with height values and toponyms taken over from the topographic map. Figure 1. a Image obtained by the astronauts form the space craft Endeavour (11 th October 1994) ; b The general orographic map based on spatial image; c - The general orographic map based on topographic map (1:300,000). A Bucegi Mountains; B Leaota Mountains 1 hydrographic network; 2 main interstream area; 3 second interstream area These operations are important for the geomorphologist because, as we know, the disposition of peaks and valleys reflects a series of general and isolated features of the pri-
3 VASILE LOGHIN 313 mary relief (tectono-structural) and of the derived relief (sculptural relief). For instance, in Bucegi Mountains, the main peak, shaped as a horse-shoe, indicates its concordance with the slopes of a suspended synclinal whose orientation is N-S (this orientation is marked by the drainage network within this morphostructure Ialomita and its tributaries). This synclinal is marked in the N, E and W by important tectono-structural abrupt slopes ( m), intersected by a very dense border hydrographical network. On the contrary, in Leaota Mountains, the sinuous principal peak with its general orientation from NE to SW and its main diverging ramifications suggest an ample convex structure (an anticlinal). Similarly, by representing the river courses and interfluves we can get to know the way in which different generations of valleys and interfluves were formed. 3. The morphographic map The morphographic analysis based on the spatial image taken by Endeavour, in analog form, has led us to determine and map the form of the interfluves (and valleys) both longitudinally as well as transversally. The application was achieved on a secondary basin from Leaota Mountains (1). A close look at the configuration of interfluves has allowed us to identify and represent two types of interfluves (peaks): convex, which are dominant, and steep. In their longitudinal profile we mapped a series of prominences (convex areas), interpreted as witnesses of erosion, and a series of concave areas interpreted as the result of linear/ indepth erosion. The predominance of this alpine massif slightly higher than 2000 m in the central high area suggests an evolved relief, grafted on an anticlinal (ample convex geological structure), untouched by the action of Pleistocene glaciers. The alternation along the interfluves of the witnesses of erosion (convex areas) and of the concave areas highlights the specific of the morphodynamic relations existing between the hydrographical basins of different orders (Figure 2). Figure 2. Morfographic map realized by spatial image interpretation. In medallion, morfographic map obtained using topographic map. 1 hydrographic network; 2 convex interstream area; 3 outlier; 4 gap
4 4. The map of relief fragmentation density The fact that spatial images allow the mapping of the hydrographical network makes it possible to also calculate the relief fragmentation density. this is an important parameter in the geomorphologic analysis, because it helps us evaluate the intensity of the erosion generated by running waters. In order to determine this parameter it is necessary to establish the image scale by comparison to a classical topographical map (1:25000, 1:50000). then, on a chosen sample (2), we draw a network of square cells. in every square cell we measure the length of the drainage network which is then reported to its surface (km/km 2 ). the resulting values are put down in the respective square cells. it is to be noted that the values are very similar to those calculated on the basis of the topographical map 1:50000, which validates the procedure we used (figure 3). the values between 2 and 3 km/ km 2 are specific to the mountains in temperate regions, indicating a dense hydrographical network and an intense modeling of the relief due to the existence of running waters and rainfalls. Figure 3. The map of relief fragmentation density (km/km 2 ): A based on spatial image; B based on topographic map. 5. The morphostructural map A close analysis of the spatial images can help us to realize the morphostructural map, a document presenting the relation between relief and geological structure. for this we have focused on bucegi mountains where the relief as a whole presents marked features of adaptation to a suspended synclinal. on the spatial image we notice that the eastern and western flanks of this carpathian massif are pushed up in comparison to the central area, which corresponds to the synclinal axis, oriented from north to south. within these flanks there are cuestas, sculpted on monoclynal structure. Our application concerned only a representative sample taken from the eastern flank of bucegi mountains (3). It is the area where the geological strata are oriented from east to west, towards the axis of the synclinal. For this perimeter we mapped ridge escarpment (corresponding to stratum ends), structural surfaces (corresponding to the stratum plan) and obsequent valleys, oriented contrarily to strata inclination and sectioning the escarpment marginally (figure 4).
5 VASILE LOGHIN 315 The morphostructural map that we obtained is comparable to the morphostructural map obtained through analysis and mapping starting from the topographical map 1:50000, this fact validating the procedure we used. Figure 4. The morphostructural map based on spatial image. 1 hydrographic network; 2 cuesta; 3 obsequent valley 6. CONCLUSIONS Space images and map are more used in geomorphological analysis and map drawing. Usually, they are used together with classic topographic maps. Our demonstration focuses on some representatives samples from two carpathians massifs, attentively selected by analyzing spatial image realized by the astronauts on the space craft endeavour. Zooms and thematic geomorphological maps are shown in couple, in a logical succession and an expressive form. The materials obtained (general orographic map, morphographic map, relief fragmentation density map, morphostructural map) will be used to make the informational layer regarding the relief from the gis of the two carpathians massifs. One of these bucegi montains is a protected area, a natural park, where scientific researches are ment to improve its management.
6 7. References Loghin, V., Cartografia spaţială şi cercetarea geografică. In: Comunicări de geografie, vol. V, Edit. Universităţii Bucureşti, pp Loghin, V., Antohe, C., The use of satellite documents for studying geomorphological risks in the Romanian Carpathians. In: Observing our environment from space. New solutions for a new millennium, Proceedings of the 21 st EARSeL Symposium, Paris, May 2001, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands, pp publicat în: New Strategies from European Remote Sensing, Proceedings of the 24 th Symoposium of the EARSeL Millpress, Rotterdam, 2005,CD-ROM p
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