Improvement of the National Hydrography Dataset for Parts of the Lower Colorado Region and Additional Areas of Importance to the DLCC

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1 Improvement of the National Hydrography Dataset for Parts of the Lower Colorado Region and Additional Areas of Importance to the DLCC Carlos Reyes-Andrade California State University, Northridge September 28, 2015 July 15, 2016 Advisor: Joel Osuna, Center for Geographical Studies July 6,

2 Contents Acknowledgements... 3 Executive Summary... 4 Project Objectives... 5 Project Approach... 6 Project Outcome... 9 Conclusion

3 Acknowledgements I would like to give special thanks to the Water Resources Institute (WRI) at California State University, San Bernardino for giving me this internship opportunity. I would also like to personally thank Sam Guerrero and Joel Osuna for introducing me to this opportunity with WRI and anyone at the Center for Geographical Studies that assisted me in this project. This project was supported by Hispanic Serving Institution s Education Program Grant no from the USDA National Institute Food and Agriculture. 3

4 Executive Summary Due to recent changes in the climate, many regions of the world are dealing with severe drought causing environmental problems such as the shortage of water resources in ecosystems. Many organizations have been created to monitor the effects of water shortages in different landscapes such as the Desert Landscape Conversation Cooperative (DLCC). The DLCC, an organization developed by The Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is responsible for providing scientific and resources management support for semiarid to arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. One method that the DLCC uses to monitor hydrologic features in their region is implementing the use of geospatial technology such as Geographic Information System (GIS) and using the U.S. Geologic Survey s (USGS) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). NHD, in essence, are surface water features such as lakes, streams, washes, and canal ditches in a GIS format provided by the USGS. However, after examining the data, the DLCC came to a conclusion that NHD data needed to be updated and improved. For that reason, the DLCC has asked the Center for Geographical Studies (CGS), located at California State University, Northridge, to assist in the improvement of the NHD in their study area. The DLCC has collaborated with CGS and USGS National Geospatial Program to improve the NHD of priority areas in the arid southwestern parts of United States. The main purpose of the project was to provide an updated NHD to help support the science and resource management objectives of the DLCC and deliver an improved NHD data for the public to use. Three major tasks were implemented for this project: the improvement and update for the Lower Colorado River Basin, implementing the Sky Island Alliance s spring database in selective areas in Arizona, and updating NHD data for other prioritized areas in the DLCC s study area. In addition, standardized business and mapping rules were developed for the scope of the project. 4

5 Project Objectives The main objective of this project was to produce a comprehensively updated dataset of surface water features for in the Lower Colorado River Region and beyond to support DLCC s science objectives. However, the scope of the project was divided into three major tasks which include the following: Task 1: The improvement and enchantment of NHD data in the Lower Colorado River Basin (HUC ) region located between the lower border of California and Arizona and covers approximately 3,700 square miles. Major emphasis was placed on addition/improvement on NHD lines, flowlines, area and waterbody features. Task 2: The review and implementation of springs database developed by the Sky Island Alliance (a non-governmental organization created to protect and reinstate biodiversity in the Sky Island Region). This task also includes enhancing the database and performing any other associated duties. The Sky Island Alliance s database covers the majority of HUC8s in the southeastern part of the Lower Colorado Region. Task 3: Focused on the improvement of NHD data in prioritized areas selected by the DLCC and their associates. This task also included the addition/improvement of NHD lines, flowlines, area and waterbody features. The comprehensive update of the hydrography data will then support research in hydrologic modeling, accurate determination of perennial and intermittent streams, impacts of flow due to storms and other science/resource management objectives. This aligns with my potential career pathway as a hydrologist since the focus of a hydrologist is to comprehend the distribution and use of water features in land surfaces. One of the most important aspects of this project was to correctly identify the distribution of surface water features in arid landscapes. I believe that this project was a stepping-stone for my potential career as a hydrologist since the main premise of this project was to have a well-rounded understanding of hydrologic features. Although my initial goal of the project was to better understand the hydro-climatology of the DLCC s region, I learned a lot about the development and changes of surface water features in arid landscapes. 5

6 Project Approach In order to carry out the deliverables of the project the most recent (2015) National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial imagery, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) ArcGIS software, and specialized NHD Edit and Update Tools were used to interpret, modify, and map surface water features. In addition, other reference datasets such as US Topographic Maps, Bing/Google Maps, Google Earth, Color Infrared (CIR) imagery, and the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) were used to help interpret and map surface water features. However, to help limit the scope of the project standardized business and mapping rules were developed at CGS to help in the improvement and editing of surface water features in arid regions. For instance, a standard reference scale of 1: 24,000 was used to identify surface water features with the exception of dense areas, a 1: 15,000 scale was used instead. However, editing and mapping of surface water features were done on a finer scale, 1: 10,000 12,000. The purpose of having a standard reference scale was to ensure that the accuracy or the alignment of surface water features was mapped correctly at the 1: 24,000 scale. With regards to the project, training and workflow procedures were designed at CGS to carry out the project which includes the following: Training in basic understanding of the water cycle and USGS s NHD classification, aerial imagery interpretation of surface water features (including seasonality), and NHD Edit and Update Toolbar Prioritized HUC8s were checked out and processed from the USGS s National NHD database Pre-Initial Quality Control (QC) Tasks include identifying any errors in the NHD data NHD Editing and Updating process Quality Control from a second editor and running NHD Utility Quality Control Job Submitted back to USGS National NHD database Within the training, I learned how to interpret surface water features using aerial imagery and collateral datasets (US Topographic Maps, CIR, and Google Earth). For example, I learned when interpreting surface water features you should always examine the color of the vegetation, soil, and terrain when making any edits and additions to the NHD data. For instance, vegetated areas in valleys, or canyons, usually showed a strong indication of streams. I also learned the difference between swamp marshes and riparian vegetation, canal ditches and channelized streams, and depression versus flowing water bodies. However, the most important aspect of the training was to understand the seasonality of surface water features. It was important to understand that surface water feature change over time because of seasonality and changes in the climate. The majority of the work for this project was to modify and add NHD Flowlines (rivers, creeks, streams, canal ditches etc.), however, because the area of interest is located in an arid landscape, seasonality had to be take into consideration when dealing with NHD Flowlines. The training went over the major difference between ephemeral, intermittent, and perennial streams. Ephemeral features only have water after rainfall, intermittent features have water for a short period of time, and perennial features have water all year long. In addition, training was done in interpreting CIR imagery to enhance surface features such as vegetation and water. The CIR imagery would make vegetated and 6

7 valleys more distinct then the NAIP imagery, making surface water features interpretation easier. After training was finished a NHD production job was assign to me to complete. Due to the timing of the internship, my assignment was placed under Task 3, completing a HUC8 selected by the DLCC. My HUC8 was the Upper Gila-San Carlos Reservoir (HUC8: ) located at the southeastern edge of Arizona (Figure 1). The geography of the Upper Gila- San Carlos Reservoir is the mostly desert environment and mountainous areas with major agricultural areas located adjacent to the Gila River. 7

8 Figure 1 This map shows the extent of the Upper Gila-San Carlos Reservoir subbasin. 8

9 Project Outcome The results of the project demonstrated that the NHD in the DLCC s region needed to be updated and improved upon. The modification of the NHD data included densification or addition of NHD Flowline streams. Most of the streams that were added were ephemeral streams since the environment of the area is considered to be arid land (Figure 2). However, there are also perennial streams such as named creeks that needed to be updated. Other work also included geometry updates of streams as flow directions for some streams have changed over time. In addition, intensive work had to be done on the Gila River and areas adjacent to it (Figure 3). However, since the duration of the internship was not the same as the project, the Upper Gila-San Carlos Reservoir basin was not completed. Much work still needed to be done in the agriculture areas as they are dominating land types in the subbasin. Nonetheless, most of the NHD flowlines, waterbodies, and areas were updated to meet the standardized rules devolved for this project. 9

10 Before: After: Figure 2 Ephemeral streams were prevalent throughout the area as indicated by the above images. Intermittent streams were only added if there was strong evidence that the streams had intermittent qualities. 10

11 Before: After: Figure 3 The Gila River needed to be updated to meet the current representation of the aerial imagery. Additional intermittent tributaries had to be added to the main channel of the Gila River and ephemeral streams were added adjacent to the Gila River 11

12 Conclusion The goal of the project was to provide an accurate representation of surface water features in a spatial data format (NHD) that will help in the investigation and resource management of surface water systems for the DLCC and its stakeholders. The results of the projected demonstrated that improvement work needed to be done in the DLCC s region. Nonetheless, this project also demonstrated that standardized guidelines in interpreting and classifying surface water features can be implemented in other arid areas. Although this internship did not align with the duration of this project, it did, however, further my knowledge in hydrologic features, specifically in arid regions. I believe that this project can open up the door to future opportunities as a hydrologist with an emphasis in a GIS background. 12

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