Specifying of Requirements for Spatio-Temporal Data in Map by Eye-Tracking and Space-Time-Cube

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Specifying of Requirements for Spatio-Temporal Data in Map by Eye-Tracking and Space-Time-Cube"

Transcription

1 Specifying of Requirements for Spatio-Temporal Data in Map by Eye-Tracking and Space-Time-Cube Stanislav Popelka, Vít Voženílek Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic ABSTRACT One of the most objective methods of map use evaluation (in terms of reading, analysis and interpretation. is an analysis of eye movements of map reader, known as eye-tracking method. GazePlots and HeatMaps as the most commonly used visualization methods of eye-tracking data cannot effectively express the change of time. The authors introduce a Space-Time-Cube for spatio-temporal visualization. It displays the map at the base of the cube (axes X and Y) while Z axis is used to represent time. Spatial and temporal components of a map are shown together, and relationship between space and time can be revealed. During the authors research, the user interaction over the map legend of agriculture of the Czech Republic school maps was tested. Space-Time-Cube displayed both components (spatial and temporal) together and allowed easy visual analysis of four respondents (map readers ) work with a map. Using Space- Time-Cube for visual analysis provides satisfactory results, although this form of visualization is not widespread and for someone it may seem complex and confusing. Keywords: Space-Time-Cube, Spatio-Temporal data, Eye-tracking, Eye-movement, Visualization 1. INTRODUCTION Any map can be evaluated from many perspectives. One of the most objective methods of map use evaluation (in terms of reading, analysis and interpretation according to Kimerling et al. [7] is an analysis of eye movements of map reader, known as eye-tracking method. Digital records of eye movements during reading a map can be analyzed as a common data set and can be visualized as a series of spatio-temporal data. The most commonly used visualization methods in the field of eye-tracking are GazePlots and HeatMaps. These methods cannot effectively show the change of point of regard in time. When using two-dimensional visualization methods, visualization of time information is limited and overlapping of newer and older records may occur. It may result in the impossibility of interpreting the phenomenon development for the entire period. The cause of this problem is displaying of the three-dimensional data (X, Y, time) in two-dimensional space (X, Y) [12]. For a more detailed analysis, it is necessary to use methods of spatio-temporal visualization. One of these methods is Space-Time-Cube, which displays the map at the base of the cube (axes X and Y) while Z axis is used to represent time. Spatial and temporal components of a map are shown together, and relationship between space and time can be revealed. By traditional methods of eye-tracking data visualization (GazePlot and HeatMap), these relationships are being remained hidden. 2. SPACE-TIME-CUBE The most important element in the Hägerstrand s spatio-temporal model [3] is Space Time Cube. The concept of Space-Time-Cube is explained by Figure 1. Left part of the figure 1 shows the traditional map containing three colour lines. These lines express the movements of three subjects in Europe in a period of time without time expressions. On the right of the picture, the same situation is displayed using Space-Time-Cube visualization, however with time. The movement of the particular subjects along their routes is shown using time lines in the same colours as the map on the left side. The trajectory of time line clearly indicates the change of the position of the subject on the route. Timelines with direct and perpendicular course to the cube basis express no movement, i.e. no change in position. Steep but not perpendicular course of timeline reflects a slow movement (position change) of a subject over time. The slower (close to horizontal) course of the timeline, the faster change of position of the object/phenomenon.

2 Figure 1 shows that the red subject has moved quickly between two stations. The green object had moved only twice (with lower speed than the red), and the slowest was the blue subject when moving around Europe. Points and surfaces can be also displayed in the Space-Time-Cube. Fig. 1: The concept of Space-Time-Cube based on time expression using the Z axis. Both images show the same situation. Some contemporary software packages automatically allow creating a Space-Time-Cube from the database. One of them is CommonGIS, developed at the Fraunhofer Institute IAIS. User selections of the elements in the database are immediately reflected in the Space-Time-Cube and vice versa. Current computer technologies allow interactive rotating of the cube and choosing the best perspective for visual data analysis. In CommonGIS, several views of the cube can be displayed in parallel. The main advantage of a Space-Time-Cube is simultaneous displaying of space and time in a uniform environment. 3. APPLICATIONS OF SPACE-TIME-CUBE By Space-Time-Cube, any spatio-temporal data can be displayed. Those can be, for example, data recorded by GPS devices, statistical data with location and time component or data acquired with the eye-tracking technology. Space- Time-Cube visualization can be applied in a variety of different areas. Kraak and Madzudzo [8] applied visualization of point data to the study of Black Death. Sites where plague has been reported were identified as stations. Each station contained an attribute with a time of the beginning and the end of the epidemic and the number of casualties. Displaying of the stations in Space-Time-Cube environment enabled the authors to better understand the development of the epidemic in Europe. It began in the south and gradually expanded to the north. At the bottom of the cube, stations from southern Europe occur almost entirely, whereas upper part of the cube contains mostly stations from the north. More frequent use of Space-Time-Cube is for displaying data using linear Space-Time-Path, especially routes recorded by GPS receivers. Andrienko and Andrienko [1] used Space-Time-Cube, clustering and similarity analysis of individual routes for visualizing and analyzing of the GPS records of 365 routes of one vehicle during the year. Their aim was to determine the distribution of routes within individual days and weekdays throughout the year. Space-Time-Cube visualization of eye-tracking data has been discussed only by [13, 2] and marginally by [9]. The research at Palacký University in Olomouc deals with differences in the perception of 2D and 3D maps [10] or optimization of maps [11]. Maps are evaluated on the basis of the correct composition, map contents or appropriately selected colours. 4. EYE-TRACKING Eye-tracking technology is based on the principles of tracking movements of the human eye while perceiving the visual scene. The measurement device used for measuring eye movements is commonly known as eye-tracker. Eyetracking is one of the methods of usability studies and is considered as an objective because it is not influenced by the

3 opinion of respondents as the other methods (e.g. questionnaire). Usability can reveal qualities of the product as well as lack of its functionality, which usually arises during the design phase of a product [5]. The modern eye-trackers use contact less (noninvasive) measurements in the visible parts of the eye (pupil, iris and sclera boundary) or corneal reflection of direct beam of infrared light. The reflected light is recorded by camera or other optical sensor. From analysis of the changes of corneal reflection, the point of regard is calculated. The human eye performs several types of movement. The most important are fixations and saccades. During a fixation, eyes are relatively steadily looking at one spot in the visual scene. Irwin [6] states that the average fixation duration is between 150 and 600 ms. The transition between the two fixations is known as saccade. This movement is extremely fast. Saccade usually takes from 30 to 80 ms and we are blind during the most of saccade [4]. Qualitative information about eye movements describes the way in which the user explores the stimulus. It can reveal areas of greatest interest, disruptive elements or search tactics during answering the question. Qualitative information can be obtained, for example, by visual analysis of GazePlots. Quantitative information can be derived from eye-tracking data through metrics of fixation and saccades. They are, for example, the fixation length, saccade amplitude, fixation/saccade ratio or dwell time. This value represents the time spent in predefined areas of interest (AOI). In cartography, AOI can be successfully used for evaluating the composition of maps. These metrics quantify how long each user spent inside composition elements, how many, how long fixation and where fixations were identified or what was the order of visited composition elements. Point of regard of the eye is usually visualized using the GazePlots. GazePlot represents the trajectory of the eye on which the fixations are displayed as circles whose radius corresponds to the length of fixation, and saccades are shown as lines (Fig. 2 right). Visualization of GazePlots for multiple users and for a longer period of time occurs overlaps and possible misinterpretation. Fig. 2: Visualization of raw data from the eye-tracker (left) and their visualization in GazePlot (right). In GazePlot, size of the circles represents the length of fixation. Circles are connected by lines that represent saccades. 5. SPACE-TIME-CUBE AND EYE-TRACKING In the research of map reading during solving the geographic problems at Palacký University in Olomouc, SMI RED 250 eye-tracker developed by SensoMotoric Instrument was used. The device allows data acquisition with frequency of 60 Hz, or 120 Hz. Point of regard of the eye, expressed with Y and Y coordinates is recorded and stored with a regular interval of 8 or 16 milliseconds. During the research, the user interaction over the map legend of agriculture of the Czech Republic school maps was tested. Respondents were asked to quickly find areas where the flax is grown and identify it by clicking the mouse in the map. Total of 16 respondents were participated on the test. Half of the respondents have completed university cartography course, and the rest were non-cartographers. The question was posed to respondents before the stimulus. Respondents have unlimited time to remember it. The time for answering has been set to 45 seconds. Two types of visualization of measured data in a Space-Time-Cube have been tested. The first type was visualization of trajectory made directly from raw. The second type displays the fixations connected with lines (representing saccades). With CommonGIS control feature, the basis of Space-Time-Cube was moved along the Z axis. From the intersection of Space-Time-Paths with the basis plane, the places where the respondent focused were compared. Figure 3 shows that

4 in the first two seconds of the task both respondents chose almost identical approach of map reading. The first fixations of both respondents are located in the map legend. After that, the respondents sought answers to the question differently and began to search the map by different ways. Fig. 3: Comparison of point of regard trajectories of two respondents viewed from two different angles. From the Space-Time-Cube visualization is evident when respondents proceeded almost identically, and when their trajectories of view were split. Fixation can be visualized as points, but visualization of fixation points connected with lines is highly illustrative. Compared to the previous example, when all vertexes of trajectory of view were connected by lines, there is shown a smaller amount of elements (Fig. 4). Fixation visualization is also not degraded with errors of eye-tracker. These errors are caused by very short loss of data, when eye-tracker writes coordinates [0, 0]. These inaccuracies are filtered out when the algorithm detects fixations. The graphical representation of the length of each fixation can be more illustrative, however the CommonGIS does not include this functionality. Fig. 4: Visualization of the fixations and the links between them. This visualization is clearer than the trajectory of the view. Much smaller amount of data is displayed. 6. CONCLUSIONS Visual analysis of fixation and saccades for several respondents in Space-Time-Cube was processed during the case study. It was found that: regardless cartographic education of the respondents, their first view was directed in the map legend in almost all cases. respondents used a legend several times during the search for answers to the question. one of the questions was constructed so that the respondent had to find the object in the map, but the object was lacking in the legend. Most users spent most of time searching for the object in the map legend.

5 Most of these conclusions are possible to derive from traditional visualization methods of eye-tracking data. However, only the implementation of Space-Time-Cube can simultaneously show the spatial and temporal component of the data to reveal the sequence of events and the relationship between trajectories of view of individual users. An alternative to traditional methods of data visualization is Space-Time Cube, which displays the map at the base of the cube (axes X and Y) and Z axis is used to represent time. Thanks to spatio-temporal nature of data generated with eyetracking technology, visual analysis of Space-Time-Cube can be used successfully with advantage. The relationship between space and time has been analyzed with the use of Space-Time-Cube. In the case study map reading during answering to the geographic question was testing. Space-Time-Cube displayed both components (spatial and temporal) together and allowed easy visual analysis of four respondents (map readers ) work with a map. Using Space-Time-Cube for visual analysis provides satisfactory results, although this form of visualization is not widespread and for someone it may seem complex and confusing. Although it is possible to statistically evaluate a large number of eye-tracking metrics, visual analysis is a necessary step in the evaluation and optimization of maps using eye-tracking. Visual analysis reveals interesting or problematic areas and issues which require deeper analysis using statistical methods, but it also serves as a stand-alone tool for cognitive cartography. The results of almost all the tests can be visualized in the Space-Time-Cube in addition to traditional visualization techniques. The significant benefit for visual analysis was gained from using of this method. It has considerable potential to reveal spatio-temporal patterns of geographic phenomena that will remain hidden using traditional visualization methods. REFERENCES [1] G. Andrienko and N. Andrienko, Dynamic time transformations for visualizing multiple trajectories in interactive Space-Time-Cube, ICC 2011, (2011) [2] N. Andrienko, G. Andrienko and P. Gatalsky, Visual data exploration using Space-Time-Cube, ICC 2003, , (2003) [3] T. Hägerstrand, What about people in regional science? Papers in regional science, Vol. 26/1, 6-21, (1970) [4] K. Holmqvist, M. Nyström, R. Andersson, R. Dewhurst, J. Halszka and J. Van De Weijer, Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures, Oxford University Press, (2011) [5] M. Hub, O. Víšek and P. Sedlák, Heuristic Evaluation of Geoweb: Case Study. Europan Computing Conference. Proceedings of the European Computing Conference (ECC 11), , (2011) [6] D. E. Irwin, Visual Memory Within and Across Fixations. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading. Springer-Verlag, New York, , (1992) [7] A. J. Kimerling, A. R. Buckley, P. C. Muehrcke and J. O. Muehrcke, Map Use: Reading and Analysis, ESRI Press, Redlands, California, (2009) [8] M.-J. Kraak and P. Madzudzo, Space time visualization for epidemiological research. Proceedings 23rd International Cartographic Conference, 302, (2007) [9] A. S. Nossum and T. Opach, Innovative analysis methods for eye-tracking data from dynamic, interactive and multi-component maps and interfaces, ICC2011, (2011) [10] S. Popelka, A. Brychtová and J. Brus, Evaluation of user preferences during reading of 2D and 3D cartographic visualizations.conference Proceedings SWAET 2012, The Scandinavian Workshop on Applied Eye Tracking Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, 56, (2012) [11] S. Popelka, A. Brychtová and J. Brus, Advanced Map Optimalization Based on Eye-tracking. Ed.: C. Bateira, Cartography InTech, Rieka, Croatia, (2012) [12] V. Voženílek, Time and Space in Network Data Structures for Hydrological Modelling. In: M. Craglia, H. Onsrud: Geographic Information Research - Trans-Atlantic Perspectives. London, Taylor & Francis, , (1999) [13] L. Xia, A. Çöltekin and M.-J. Kraak, Visual Exploration of Eye Movement Data Using the Space-Time-Cube, GIScience, , (2010)

EYE-TRACKING TESTING OF GIS INTERFACES

EYE-TRACKING TESTING OF GIS INTERFACES Geoinformatics EYE-TRACKING TESTING OF GIS INTERFACES Bc. Vaclav Kudelka Ing. Zdena Dobesova, Ph.D. Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic ABSTRACT Eye-tracking is currently

More information

Exploring the Influence of Color Distance on the Map Legibility

Exploring the Influence of Color Distance on the Map Legibility Exploring the Influence of Color Distance on the Map Legibility Alžběta Brychtová, Stanislav Popelka Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republic Abstract.

More information

USER PREFERENCES IN IMAGE MAP USING

USER PREFERENCES IN IMAGE MAP USING USER PREFERENCES IN IMAGE MAP USING A. Vondráková *, V. Vozenilek Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic alena.vondrakova@upol.cz,

More information

Visualization of Trajectory Attributes in Space Time Cube and Trajectory Wall

Visualization of Trajectory Attributes in Space Time Cube and Trajectory Wall Visualization of Trajectory Attributes in Space Time Cube and Trajectory Wall Gennady Andrienko, Natalia Andrienko, Heidrun Schumann and Christian Tominski Abstract Space time cube is often used as a visualization

More information

Exploring the map reading process with eye movement analysis

Exploring the map reading process with eye movement analysis Exploring the map reading process with eye movement analysis Vassilios Krassanakis School of Rural & Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens 9, Heroon Polytechniou Str., Zographos,

More information

GIScience & Mobility. Prof. Dr. Martin Raubal. Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation SAGEO 2013 Brest, France

GIScience & Mobility. Prof. Dr. Martin Raubal. Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation SAGEO 2013 Brest, France GIScience & Mobility Prof. Dr. Martin Raubal Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation mraubal@ethz.ch SAGEO 2013 Brest, France 25.09.2013 1 www.woodsbagot.com 25.09.2013 2 GIScience & Mobility Modeling

More information

Extracting Patterns of Individual Movement Behaviour from a Massive Collection of Tracked Positions

Extracting Patterns of Individual Movement Behaviour from a Massive Collection of Tracked Positions Extracting Patterns of Individual Movement Behaviour from a Massive Collection of Tracked Positions Gennady Andrienko and Natalia Andrienko Fraunhofer Institute IAIS Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 Sankt Augustin,

More information

Implementing Visual Analytics Methods for Massive Collections of Movement Data

Implementing Visual Analytics Methods for Massive Collections of Movement Data Implementing Visual Analytics Methods for Massive Collections of Movement Data G. Andrienko, N. Andrienko Fraunhofer Institute Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems Schloss Birlinghoven, D-53754

More information

Animating Maps: Visual Analytics meets Geoweb 2.0

Animating Maps: Visual Analytics meets Geoweb 2.0 Animating Maps: Visual Analytics meets Geoweb 2.0 Piyush Yadav 1, Shailesh Deshpande 1, Raja Sengupta 2 1 Tata Research Development and Design Centre, Pune (India) Email: {piyush.yadav1, shailesh.deshpande}@tcs.com

More information

CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASSISTANT FOR CHANGE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS BASED ON REMOTELY SENSED SCENES

CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASSISTANT FOR CHANGE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS BASED ON REMOTELY SENSED SCENES CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASSISTANT FOR CHANGE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS BASED ON REMOTELY SENSED SCENES J. Schiewe University of Osnabrück, Institute for Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Seminarstr.

More information

VISUAL ANALYTICS APPROACH FOR CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTY INFORMATION IN CHANGE ANALYSIS PROCESSES

VISUAL ANALYTICS APPROACH FOR CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTY INFORMATION IN CHANGE ANALYSIS PROCESSES VISUAL ANALYTICS APPROACH FOR CONSIDERING UNCERTAINTY INFORMATION IN CHANGE ANALYSIS PROCESSES J. Schiewe HafenCity University Hamburg, Lab for Geoinformatics and Geovisualization, Hebebrandstr. 1, 22297

More information

Studying the attentive behavior of novice and expert map users. using eye tracking. {Kristien.Ooms;

Studying the attentive behavior of novice and expert map users. using eye tracking.   {Kristien.Ooms; Published as: Ooms, K., De Maeyer, P., Fack, V., 2014, Study of the attentive behavior of novice and expert map users using eye tracking. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 41 (1), p. 37-54

More information

Measuring locations of critical points along cartographic lines with eye movements

Measuring locations of critical points along cartographic lines with eye movements Measuring locations of critical points along cartographic lines with eye movements Theodora Bargiota, Vasilis Mitropoulos, Vassilios Krassanakis, Byron Nakos School of Rural & Surveying Engineering, National

More information

The use of GIS tools for analyzing eye- movement data

The use of GIS tools for analyzing eye- movement data The use of GIS tools for analyzing eye- movement data Tomasz Opach Jan Ke>l Rød some facts In recent years an eye- tracking approach has become a common technique for collec>ng data in empirical user studies

More information

FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOINFORMATICS PART-II (CLASS: FYBSc SEM- II)

FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOINFORMATICS PART-II (CLASS: FYBSc SEM- II) FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOINFORMATICS PART-II (CLASS: FYBSc SEM- II) UNIT:-I: INTRODUCTION TO GIS 1.1.Definition, Potential of GIS, Concept of Space and Time 1.2.Components of GIS, Evolution/Origin and Objectives

More information

A CARTOGRAPHIC DATA MODEL FOR BETTER GEOGRAPHICAL VISUALIZATION BASED ON KNOWLEDGE

A CARTOGRAPHIC DATA MODEL FOR BETTER GEOGRAPHICAL VISUALIZATION BASED ON KNOWLEDGE A CARTOGRAPHIC DATA MODEL FOR BETTER GEOGRAPHICAL VISUALIZATION BASED ON KNOWLEDGE Yang MEI a, *, Lin LI a a School Of Resource And Environmental Science, Wuhan University,129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079,

More information

ArcGIS for Desktop. ArcGIS for Desktop is the primary authoring tool for the ArcGIS platform.

ArcGIS for Desktop. ArcGIS for Desktop is the primary authoring tool for the ArcGIS platform. ArcGIS for Desktop ArcGIS for Desktop ArcGIS for Desktop is the primary authoring tool for the ArcGIS platform. Beyond showing your data as points on a map, ArcGIS for Desktop gives you the power to manage

More information

Laboratory on Geoinformatics and Cartography

Laboratory on Geoinformatics and Cartography Research on usability testing and cognitive issues of cartographic visualizations in the context of different groups of users Milan Konečný Čeněk Šašinka, Zbyněk Štěrba Masaryk University, Brno, CZ 19.

More information

Online visualization of multi-dimensional spatiotemporal

Online visualization of multi-dimensional spatiotemporal Online visualization of multi-dimensional spatiotemporal data Visualization of weather data of Germany in a large time scale Keni Han Final presentation Supervisor: Dr.-Ing. Mathias Jahnke Univ.Prof. Mag.rer.nat.

More information

a system for input, storage, manipulation, and output of geographic information. GIS combines software with hardware,

a system for input, storage, manipulation, and output of geographic information. GIS combines software with hardware, Introduction to GIS Dr. Pranjit Kr. Sarma Assistant Professor Department of Geography Mangaldi College Mobile: +91 94357 04398 What is a GIS a system for input, storage, manipulation, and output of geographic

More information

LAB 2 - ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION

LAB 2 - ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION Name Date Partners L02-1 LAB 2 - ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION OBJECTIVES Slow and steady wins the race. Aesop s fable: The Hare and the Tortoise To learn how to use a motion detector and gain more familiarity

More information

Geospatial Visual Analytics and Geovisualization in VisMaster (WP3.4)

Geospatial Visual Analytics and Geovisualization in VisMaster (WP3.4) Geospatial Visual Analytics and Geovisualization in VisMaster (WP3.4) Gennady Andrienko Fraunhofer Institute IAIS Sankt Augustin Germany http://geoanalytics.net/and Heidrun Schumann University of Rostock

More information

Tick Talk. Introduction

Tick Talk. Introduction Tick Talk Douglas J. Davidson (dvdsn@casper.beckman.uiuc.edu) Kathryn Bock (kbock@s.psych.uiuc.edu) David E. Irwin (dirwin@s.psych.uiuc.edu) Beckman Institute University of Illinois 405 N. Mathews Urbana,

More information

ROLE ICA VE KARTOGRAFIE.

ROLE ICA VE KARTOGRAFIE. ROLE ICA VE KARTOGRAFIE Is Cartography s there is quite some confusion about the status, relevance and importance of Cartography w business debates amongst major software companies, in mass market applications

More information

GPS-tracking Method for Understating Human Behaviours during Navigation

GPS-tracking Method for Understating Human Behaviours during Navigation GPS-tracking Method for Understating Human Behaviours during Navigation Wook Rak Jung and Scott Bell Department of Geography and Planning, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Wook.Jung@usask.ca and

More information

Representing and Visualizing Travel Diary Data: A Spatio-temporal GIS Approach

Representing and Visualizing Travel Diary Data: A Spatio-temporal GIS Approach 2004 ESRI International User Conference, San Diego, CA Representing and Visualizing Travel Diary Data: A Spatio-temporal GIS Approach Hongbo Yu and Shih-Lung Shaw Abstract Travel diary data (TDD) is an

More information

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN LOGGING OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS LOCATION DATA

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN LOGGING OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS LOCATION DATA XI International Symposium ROAD ACCIDENTS PREVENTION 2012 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN LOGGING OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS LOCATION DATA Ivan Dadić Rajko Horvat Marko Ševrović Bojan Jovanović 11th and 12th October,

More information

Research Group Cartography

Research Group Cartography Research Group Cartography Research Group Cartography Towards supporting wayfinding LBS components 1. Mobile devices 2. Communication Network 3. Positioning Component 4. Service and Application Provider

More information

DATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS. By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore

DATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS. By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore DATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore 1 1. GIS stands for 'Geographic Information System'. It is a computer-based

More information

Modeling Discrete Processes Over Multiple Levels Of Detail Using Partial Function Application

Modeling Discrete Processes Over Multiple Levels Of Detail Using Partial Function Application Modeling Discrete Processes Over Multiple Levels Of Detail Using Partial Function Application Paul WEISER a and Andrew U. FRANK a a Technical University of Vienna Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography,

More information

Interactive Cumulative Curves for Exploratory Classification Maps

Interactive Cumulative Curves for Exploratory Classification Maps Interactive Cumulative Curves for Exploratory Classification Maps Gennady Andrienko and Natalia Andrienko Fraunhofer Institute AIS Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany Tel +49-2241-142486,

More information

Cell-based Model For GIS Generalization

Cell-based Model For GIS Generalization Cell-based Model For GIS Generalization Bo Li, Graeme G. Wilkinson & Souheil Khaddaj School of Computing & Information Systems Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames Surrey, KT1 2EE UK

More information

Three-Dimensional Visualization of Activity-Travel Patterns

Three-Dimensional Visualization of Activity-Travel Patterns C. Rinner 231 Three-Dimensional Visualization of Activity-Travel Patterns Claus Rinner Department of Geography University of Toronto, Canada rinner@geog.utoronto.ca ABSTRACT Geographers have long been

More information

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences. Using eye tracking to evaluate the usability of animated maps

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences. Using eye tracking to evaluate the usability of animated maps SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences RESEARCH PAPER March 2014 Vol.57 No.3: 512 522 doi: 10.1007/s11430-013-4685-3 Using eye tracking to evaluate the usability of animated maps DONG WeiHua *, LIAO Hua, XU Fang,

More information

Improved Kalman Filter Initialisation using Neurofuzzy Estimation

Improved Kalman Filter Initialisation using Neurofuzzy Estimation Improved Kalman Filter Initialisation using Neurofuzzy Estimation J. M. Roberts, D. J. Mills, D. Charnley and C. J. Harris Introduction It is traditional to initialise Kalman filters and extended Kalman

More information

FROM DATA TO CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION METHODS

FROM DATA TO CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION METHODS FROM DATA TO CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION METHODS Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa Adress: Chair of Cartography, Warsaw University ul. Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30 00-927 Warsaw, POLAND tel: (4822) 55-20-632 fax: (4822)

More information

Visual Analytics ofmovement

Visual Analytics ofmovement Gennady Andrienko. Natalia Andrienko Peter Bak Daniel Keim Stefan Wrobel Visual Analytics ofmovement ~ Springer Contents 1 Introduction... 1 1.1 A Single Trajectory.....................................

More information

URBAN LAND COVER AND LAND USE CLASSIFICATION USING HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGES AND SPATIAL METRICS

URBAN LAND COVER AND LAND USE CLASSIFICATION USING HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGES AND SPATIAL METRICS URBAN LAND COVER AND LAND USE CLASSIFICATION USING HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGES AND SPATIAL METRICS Ivan Lizarazo Universidad Distrital, Department of Cadastral Engineering, Bogota, Colombia; ilizarazo@udistrital.edu.co

More information

METHODS FOR STATISTICS

METHODS FOR STATISTICS DYNAMIC CARTOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR VISUALIZATION OF HEALTH STATISTICS Radim Stampach M.Sc. Assoc. Prof. Milan Konecny Ph.D. Petr Kubicek Ph.D. Laboratory on Geoinformatics and Cartography, Department of

More information

GIS Institute Center for Geographic Analysis

GIS Institute Center for Geographic Analysis GIS Institute Center for Geographic Analysis Welcome Intensive training in the application of GIS to research Collection, management, analysis, and communication of spatial data Topics include: data collection,

More information

Visualizing and Discriminating Atom Intersections Within the Spiegel Visualization Framework

Visualizing and Discriminating Atom Intersections Within the Spiegel Visualization Framework Visualizing and Discriminating Atom Intersections Within the Spiegel Visualization Framework Ian McIntosh May 19, 2006 Contents Abstract. 3 Overview 1.1 Spiegel. 3 1.2 Atom Intersections... 3 Intersections

More information

From User Requirements Analysis to Conceptual Design of a Mobile Augmented Reality Tool to be used in an Urban Geography Fieldwork Setting

From User Requirements Analysis to Conceptual Design of a Mobile Augmented Reality Tool to be used in an Urban Geography Fieldwork Setting From User Requirements Analysis to Conceptual Design of a Mobile Augmented Reality Tool to be used in an Urban Geography Fieldwork Setting Xiaoling Wang, Corné P.J.M. van Elzakker, Menno-Jan Kraak 2016

More information

GIS at UCAR. The evolution of NCAR s GIS Initiative. Olga Wilhelmi ESIG-NCAR Unidata Workshop 24 June, 2003

GIS at UCAR. The evolution of NCAR s GIS Initiative. Olga Wilhelmi ESIG-NCAR Unidata Workshop 24 June, 2003 GIS at UCAR The evolution of NCAR s GIS Initiative Olga Wilhelmi ESIG-NCAR Unidata Workshop 24 June, 2003 Why GIS? z z z z More questions about various climatological, meteorological, hydrological and

More information

3D MAPS SCALE, ACCURACY, LEVEL OF DETAIL

3D MAPS SCALE, ACCURACY, LEVEL OF DETAIL 26 th International Cartographic Conference August 25 30, 2013 Dresden, Germany 3D MAPS SCALE, ACCURACY, LEVEL OF DETAIL Prof. Dr. Temenoujka BANDROVA Eng. Stefan BONCHEV University of Architecture, Civil

More information

The Concept of Geographic Relevance

The Concept of Geographic Relevance The Concept of Geographic Relevance Tumasch Reichenbacher, Stefano De Sabbata, Paul Crease University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Keywords Geographic relevance, context INTRODUCTION

More information

Theory, Concepts and Terminology

Theory, Concepts and Terminology GIS Workshop: Theory, Concepts and Terminology 1 Theory, Concepts and Terminology Suggestion: Have Maptitude with a map open on computer so that we can refer to it for specific menu and interface items.

More information

Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and. the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore

Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and. the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and Activityengage the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore Introduction to GIS What is a geographic information

More information

Key Issue #1. How do geographers describe where things are? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key Issue #1. How do geographers describe where things are? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issue #1 How do geographers describe where things are? Learning Outcomes 1.1.1: Explain differences between early maps and contemporary maps. 1.1.2: Describe the role of map scale and projections and

More information

Geospatial Data Visualization

Geospatial Data Visualization Geospatial Data Visualization CS 7450 - Information Visualization October 19, 2016 John Stasko Guest speaker: Alex Godwin Learning Objectives Process of encoding Geospatial Visualization Common Geospatial

More information

Algorithms for GIS csci3225

Algorithms for GIS csci3225 Algorithms for GIS csci3225 Laura Toma Bowdoin College Spatial analysis: the beginnings Finding: nb. cholera deaths aer spatially clustered around the Broad St pump 1848, London, John Snow Claim: Cholera

More information

Welcome to GST 101: Introduction to Geospatial Technology. This course will introduce you to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cartography,

Welcome to GST 101: Introduction to Geospatial Technology. This course will introduce you to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cartography, Welcome to GST 101: Introduction to Geospatial Technology. This course will introduce you to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cartography, remote sensing, and spatial analysis through a series of

More information

Cognitive Engineering for Geographic Information Science

Cognitive Engineering for Geographic Information Science Cognitive Engineering for Geographic Information Science Martin Raubal Department of Geography, UCSB raubal@geog.ucsb.edu 21 Jan 2009 ThinkSpatial, UCSB 1 GIScience Motivation systematic study of all aspects

More information

The Recognition of Temporal Patterns in Pedestrian Behaviour Using Visual Exploration Tools

The Recognition of Temporal Patterns in Pedestrian Behaviour Using Visual Exploration Tools The Recognition of Temporal Patterns in Pedestrian Behaviour Using Visual Exploration Tools I. Kveladze 1, S. C. van der Spek 2, M. J. Kraak 1 1 University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science

More information

THE QUALITY CONTROL OF VECTOR MAP DATA

THE QUALITY CONTROL OF VECTOR MAP DATA THE QUALITY CONTROL OF VECTOR MAP DATA Wu Fanghua Liu Pingzhi Jincheng Xi an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping (P.R.China ShanXi Xi an Middle 1 Yanta Road 710054) (e-mail :wufh999@yahoo.com.cn)

More information

A route map to calibrate spatial interaction models from GPS movement data

A route map to calibrate spatial interaction models from GPS movement data A route map to calibrate spatial interaction models from GPS movement data K. Sila-Nowicka 1, A.S. Fotheringham 2 1 Urban Big Data Centre School of Political and Social Sciences University of Glasgow Lilybank

More information

Cartographic Skills. L.O. To be aware of the various cartographic skills and when to use them

Cartographic Skills. L.O. To be aware of the various cartographic skills and when to use them Cartographic Skills L.O. To be aware of the various cartographic skills and when to use them Cartographic Skills The term cartography is derived from two words: Carto = map graphy = write/draw Cartography

More information

Unit 1, Lesson 2. What is geographic inquiry?

Unit 1, Lesson 2. What is geographic inquiry? What is geographic inquiry? Unit 1, Lesson 2 Understanding the way in which social scientists investigate problems will help you conduct your own investigations about problems or issues facing your community

More information

Map image from the Atlas of Oregon (2nd. Ed.), Copyright 2001 University of Oregon Press

Map image from the Atlas of Oregon (2nd. Ed.), Copyright 2001 University of Oregon Press Map Layout and Cartographic Design with ArcGIS Desktop Matthew Baker ESRI Educational Services Redlands, CA Education UC 2008 1 Seminar overview General map design principles Working with map elements

More information

Introduction to GIS. Phil Guertin School of Natural Resources and the Environment GeoSpatial Technologies

Introduction to GIS. Phil Guertin School of Natural Resources and the Environment GeoSpatial Technologies Introduction to GIS Phil Guertin School of Natural Resources and the Environment dguertin@cals.arizona.edu Mapping GeoSpatial Technologies Traditional Survey Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Remote Sensing

More information

Exploring Kimberley Bushfires in Space and Time

Exploring Kimberley Bushfires in Space and Time Exploring Kimberley Bushfires in Space and Time Ulanbek Turdukulov and Tristan Fazio Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Emails: ulanbek.turdukulov@curtin.edu.au

More information

Better Topographic Map Production Using ArcGIS. A Comprehensive Solution for Mapping Organizations

Better Topographic Map Production Using ArcGIS. A Comprehensive Solution for Mapping Organizations Better Topographic Map Production Using ArcGIS A Comprehensive Solution for Mapping Organizations The World Is Always Changing As a member of a national mapping organization, you know this is true. You

More information

Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the collection of data. Give. Give 4 disadvantages in the use of ICT in the collection of data

Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the collection of data. Give. Give 4 disadvantages in the use of ICT in the collection of data Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the collection of data can use a handheld GPS to get accurate location information which can be used to show data linked to specific locations within a GIS can collect

More information

Multimedia Interactive Simulations of Physical Experiments

Multimedia Interactive Simulations of Physical Experiments Multimedia Interactive Simulations of Physical Experiments Alena KOVÁROVÁ Department of Computer Graphics and Image Processing Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University Mlynská

More information

Geo-identification and pedestrian navigation with geo-mobile applications: how do users proceed?

Geo-identification and pedestrian navigation with geo-mobile applications: how do users proceed? TU Vienna presentation 17 th July 2008 Geo-identification and pedestrian navigation with geo-mobile applications: how do users proceed? Ioannis Delikostidis Corné van Elzakker INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR

More information

Conceptual Aspects of 3D Map Integration in Interactive School Atlases

Conceptual Aspects of 3D Map Integration in Interactive School Atlases Conceptual Aspects of 3D Map Integration in Interactive School Atlases Christian Haeberling Hans Rudolf Baer Institute of Cartography ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich, Switzerland E-Mail: haeberling@karto.baug.ethz.ch

More information

Geographic Analysis of Linguistically Encoded Movement Patterns A Contextualized Perspective

Geographic Analysis of Linguistically Encoded Movement Patterns A Contextualized Perspective Geographic Analysis of Linguistically Encoded Movement Patterns A Contextualized Perspective Alexander Klippel 1, Alan MacEachren 1, Prasenjit Mitra 2, Ian Turton 1, Xiao Zhang 2, Anuj Jaiswal 2, Kean

More information

Comparing Color and Leader Line Approaches for Highlighting in Geovisualization

Comparing Color and Leader Line Approaches for Highlighting in Geovisualization Comparing Color and Leader Line Approaches for Highlighting in Geovisualization A. L. Griffin 1, A. C. Robinson 2 1 School of Physical, Environmental, and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South

More information

Appropriate Selection of Cartographic Symbols in a GIS Environment

Appropriate Selection of Cartographic Symbols in a GIS Environment Appropriate Selection of Cartographic Symbols in a GIS Environment Steve Ramroop Department of Information Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Tel: +64 3 479 5608 Fax: +64 3 479 8311, sramroop@infoscience.otago.ac.nz

More information

GEOGRAPHY 350/550 Final Exam Fall 2005 NAME:

GEOGRAPHY 350/550 Final Exam Fall 2005 NAME: 1) A GIS data model using an array of cells to store spatial data is termed: a) Topology b) Vector c) Object d) Raster 2) Metadata a) Usually includes map projection, scale, data types and origin, resolution

More information

GIS Data Conversion: Strategies, Techniques, and Management

GIS Data Conversion: Strategies, Techniques, and Management GIS Data Conversion: Strategies, Techniques, and Management Pat Hohl, Editor SUB G6ttlngen 208 494219 98 A11838 ONWORD P R E S S V Contents SECTION 1: Introduction 1 Introduction and Overview 3 Ensuring

More information

CLOUD NOWCASTING: MOTION ANALYSIS OF ALL-SKY IMAGES USING VELOCITY FIELDS

CLOUD NOWCASTING: MOTION ANALYSIS OF ALL-SKY IMAGES USING VELOCITY FIELDS CLOUD NOWCASTING: MOTION ANALYSIS OF ALL-SKY IMAGES USING VELOCITY FIELDS Yézer González 1, César López 1, Emilio Cuevas 2 1 Sieltec Canarias S.L. (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Tel. +34-922356013,

More information

Cartographic and Geospatial Futures

Cartographic and Geospatial Futures Cartographic and Geospatial Futures 1. Web Cartography, WebGIS, & Virtual Globes--New Roles for Maps, GIS, and GIS professionals 2. Map Mashups, the Neo Neo-geography Movement, & Crowd-sourcing Geospatial

More information

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Saygın ABDİKAN Öğretim Yılı Güz Dönemi

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Saygın ABDİKAN Öğretim Yılı Güz Dönemi Yabancı Dil III (YDL285) Introduction to Geomatics Yrd. Doç. Dr. Saygın ABDİKAN 2017-2018 Öğretim Yılı Güz Dönemi 1 géomatique Geo (Earth) + informatics Geodesy + Geoinformatics Geomatics: The mathematics

More information

The Estimation of Numerosity on Dot Maps

The Estimation of Numerosity on Dot Maps The Estimation of Numerosity on Dot Maps Christine L. Butler Special thanks to: Dr. Robert A. Rosing Mrs. Susan L. Parks Department of Geography and Regional Planning Salisbury State University Undergraduate

More information

CARTOGRAPHIC DESIGN IN 3D MAPS

CARTOGRAPHIC DESIGN IN 3D MAPS CARTOGRAPHIC DESIGN IN 3D MAPS Petrovic, D. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Geodetic Institute of Slovenia, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Fax: + 386 1 425 06 77.

More information

Learning scenario for a 3D virtual environment: the case of Special Relativity

Learning scenario for a 3D virtual environment: the case of Special Relativity Learning scenario for a 3D virtual environment: the case of Special Relativity de Hosson Cécile, Kermen Isabelle, Maisch Clémént, LDAR, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7 (France) Parizot Etienne, APC, Université

More information

VVS maps are generated using DIVA

VVS maps are generated using DIVA Introduction During the last years, the importance of geo data has grown in many areas. Also, for transport authorities and transport operators the association between stop and link data and geo data is

More information

The performance expectation above was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education:

The performance expectation above was developed using the following elements from the NRC document A Framework for K-12 Science Education: 4-PS3-1 Energy 4-PS3-1. Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the speed of an object to the energy of that object. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include quantitative measures of

More information

2. OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS

2. OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS 1. INTRODUCTION This device was designed for modern physics labs of colleges and graduate schools. It demonstrates the influence of a magnetic field on light, known as Zeeman Effect, and reveals the behavior

More information

CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES IN CONTEXT BASED MAPPING

CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES IN CONTEXT BASED MAPPING CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES IN CONTEXT BASED MAPPING Takashi MORITA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hosei University 2-17-1, Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8160, Tokyo, Japan morita@hosei.ac.jp Abstract

More information

Smart Data Collection and Real-time Digital Cartography

Smart Data Collection and Real-time Digital Cartography Smart Data Collection and Real-time Digital Cartography Yuji Murayama and Ko Ko Lwin Division of Spatial Information Science Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba IGU 2013 1

More information

Using co-clustering to analyze spatio-temporal patterns: a case study based on spring phenology

Using co-clustering to analyze spatio-temporal patterns: a case study based on spring phenology Using co-clustering to analyze spatio-temporal patterns: a case study based on spring phenology R. Zurita-Milla, X. Wu, M.J. Kraak Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University

More information

Key Steps for Assessing Mission Critical Data for An ebook by Geo-Comm, Inc.

Key Steps for Assessing Mission Critical Data for An ebook by Geo-Comm, Inc. Key Steps for Assessing Mission Critical Data for 9-1-1 An ebook by Geo-Comm, Inc. If you re reading this, you probably understand transitioning to Next Generation 9-1-1 (NG9-1-1) means your Geographic

More information

Clustering Analysis of London Police Foot Patrol Behaviour from Raw Trajectories

Clustering Analysis of London Police Foot Patrol Behaviour from Raw Trajectories Clustering Analysis of London Police Foot Patrol Behaviour from Raw Trajectories Jianan Shen 1, Tao Cheng 2 1 SpaceTimeLab for Big Data Analytics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering,

More information

Among various open-source GIS programs, QGIS can be the best suitable option which can be used across partners for reasons outlined below.

Among various open-source GIS programs, QGIS can be the best suitable option which can be used across partners for reasons outlined below. Comparison of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software As of January 2018, WHO has reached an agreement with ESRI (an international supplier of GIS software) for an unlimited use of ArcGIS Desktop

More information

CLINICAL VISUAL OPTICS (OPTO 223) Weeks XII & XIII Dr Salwa Alsaleh

CLINICAL VISUAL OPTICS (OPTO 223) Weeks XII & XIII Dr Salwa Alsaleh CLINICAL VISUAL OPTICS (OPTO 223) Weeks XII & XIII Dr Salwa Alsaleh OUTLINE OF WEEKS XII & XIII Temporal resolution Temporal Summation. Broca-Sulzer effect. Critical flicker frequency (CFF). Temporal Contrast

More information

for an Informed Analysis of A Socio-Economic Perspective Adrijana Car, Marike Bontenbal and Marius Herrmann

for an Informed Analysis of A Socio-Economic Perspective Adrijana Car, Marike Bontenbal and Marius Herrmann Creating a GIS-Base for an Informed Analysis of Tourism Development: A Socio-Economic Perspective Adrijana Car, Marike Bontenbal and Marius Herrmann adrijana.car@gutech.edu.om edu GSS 2012 Affiliated to:

More information

Emerging Issues in Geographic Information Science (GEP680): Projections, Scale, Accuracy, and Interpolation Lehman College, Spring 2017

Emerging Issues in Geographic Information Science (GEP680): Projections, Scale, Accuracy, and Interpolation Lehman College, Spring 2017 Emerging Issues in Geographic Information Science (GEP680): Projections, Scale, Accuracy, and Interpolation Lehman College, Spring 2017 Instructor: Gary Ostroff, P.E., Adjunct Lecturer E-mail: Gary.Ostroff@lehman.cuny.edu;

More information

Treemaps and Choropleth Maps Applied to Regional Hierarchical Statistical Data

Treemaps and Choropleth Maps Applied to Regional Hierarchical Statistical Data Treemaps and Choropleth Maps Applied to Regional Hierarchical Statistical Data Mikael Jern, Jakob Rogstadius, Tobias Åström NCVA National Center for Visual Analytics, Linkoping University, Sweden mikael.jern@itn.liu.se,

More information

Field data acquisition

Field data acquisition Lesson : Primary sources Unit 3: Field data B-DC Lesson / Unit 3 Claude Collet D Department of Geosciences - Geography Content of Lesson Unit 1: Unit : Unit 3: Unit 4: Digital sources Remote sensing Field

More information

Designing GIS Databases to Support Mapping and Map Production Charlie Frye, ESRI Redlands Aileen Buckley, ESRI Redlands

Designing GIS Databases to Support Mapping and Map Production Charlie Frye, ESRI Redlands Aileen Buckley, ESRI Redlands Designing GIS Databases to Support Mapping and Map Production Charlie Frye, ESRI Redlands Aileen Buckley, ESRI Redlands 1 Designing GIS Databases to Support Mapping and Map Production Charlie Frye, ESRI

More information

Geography General Course Year 12. Selected Unit 3 syllabus content for the. Externally set task 2019

Geography General Course Year 12. Selected Unit 3 syllabus content for the. Externally set task 2019 Geography General Course Year 12 Selected Unit 3 syllabus content for the Externally set task 2019 This document is an extract from the Geography General Course Year 12 syllabus, featuring all of the content

More information

How Do We Know Where an Earthquake Originated? Teacher's Guide

How Do We Know Where an Earthquake Originated? Teacher's Guide How Do We Know Where an Earthquake Originated? Teacher's Guide Standard Addressed: Grades 6-8: Scientific Inquiry 1 B/1, 2 Mathematical Inquiry 2 C/2 Technology and Science 3 A/2 Processes that shape the

More information

Relative and Absolute Directions

Relative and Absolute Directions Relative and Absolute Directions Purpose Learning about latitude and longitude Developing math skills Overview Students begin by asking the simple question: Where Am I? Then they learn about the magnetic

More information

A GIS Tool for Modelling and Visualizing Sustainability Indicators Across Three Regions of Ireland

A GIS Tool for Modelling and Visualizing Sustainability Indicators Across Three Regions of Ireland International Conference on Whole Life Urban Sustainability and its Assessment M. Horner, C. Hardcastle, A. Price, J. Bebbington (Eds) Glasgow, 2007 A GIS Tool for Modelling and Visualizing Sustainability

More information

Statistical Perspectives on Geographic Information Science. Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara

Statistical Perspectives on Geographic Information Science. Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara Statistical Perspectives on Geographic Information Science Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara Statistical geometry Geometric phenomena subject to chance spatial phenomena emphasis

More information

Intelligent GIS: Automatic generation of qualitative spatial information

Intelligent GIS: Automatic generation of qualitative spatial information Intelligent GIS: Automatic generation of qualitative spatial information Jimmy A. Lee 1 and Jane Brennan 1 1 University of Technology, Sydney, FIT, P.O. Box 123, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia janeb@it.uts.edu.au

More information

GIS for Crime Analysis. Building Better Analysis Capabilities with the ArcGIS Platform

GIS for Crime Analysis. Building Better Analysis Capabilities with the ArcGIS Platform GIS for Crime Analysis Building Better Analysis Capabilities with the ArcGIS Platform Crime Analysis The Current State One of the foundations of criminological theory is that three things are needed for

More information

Why Is Cartographic Generalization So Hard?

Why Is Cartographic Generalization So Hard? 1 Why Is Cartographic Generalization So Hard? Andrew U. Frank Department for Geoinformation and Cartography Gusshausstrasse 27-29/E-127-1 A-1040 Vienna, Austria frank@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at 1 Introduction

More information

Expanding Typologies of Tourists Spatio-temporal Activities Using the Sequence Alignment Method

Expanding Typologies of Tourists Spatio-temporal Activities Using the Sequence Alignment Method Expanding Typologies of Tourists Spatio-temporal Activities Using the Sequence Alignment Method Junya Kawase a, and Fumiko Ito a a Department of Urban System Science Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

More information