GIS in Marine Fisheries Science: With Special Reference to Migratory Species David McElroy NRS509 Fall 04

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1 GIS in Marine Fisheries Science: With Special Reference to Migratory Species David McElroy NRS509 Fall 04 Introduction: The use of geographic information technologies in fisheries science has rapidly expanded only recently. However, the types of utilization both for scientific and management purposes is expanding, especially as software adapts to the specific needs of marine scientists. This expansion is closely associated with the increased availability and types of satellite, oceanographic, and bathymetric data, which are all fundamental to understanding marine species and ecosystems. This technology will allow for better science and management of all species, but especially for challenging to study migratory species that can range entire coastlines or even oceans. The following is a summary of some of the current applications as well as the emerging ideas and methodologies that will expand the importance and functionality of these technologies. Also, the use of this technology as it pertains specifically to certain aspects of migratory species will be discussed. The prevalence of geographic information systems (GIS) in fisheries science was slow early on, as it was in most fields as the technology was created. The expense of the equipment and software was one major obstacle. The early GIS were also developed with primarily terrestrial applications in mind. The 3-dimensional and highly dynamic nature of marine ecosystems adds complexity to the design of the software and analysis tools. As the costs decreased and more applicable tools became available in the 1990 s use of these technologies expanded (Nishida and Booth 2001). The end of the 90 s and the beginning of this decade have seen the field rapidly embrace the use of this technology. This expansion of the technology is extremely beneficial to the study of migratory species, which can travel large distances over widely varying habitats and environments. The movement patterns, variable fishing effort, and dynamic environmental characteristics require spatial models and analysis to study migratory fish species. Applications: The biological uses of GIS and remote sensing (RS) software are diverse and can be species specific. The most fundamental application is that of population dynamics and distribution of fish in the ecosystem. Environmental characteristics can then be included such as: temperature, thermoclines, salinity, ocean currents, and depth. Biological factors such as primary productivity, prey availability, and life history characteristics can be included when data are available. Habitat quality and distribution as well as fishing intensity and distribution can be incorporated, as discussed further below. Movement patterns of both individuals and populations are studied using a variety of techniques; these include conventional and archival tagging, sonic and radio tracking, and satellite tagging. Some software to aid in analyzing data of these forms has even been developed, the Animal Movement Analyst Extension, AMAE (Hooge et al. 2001). All of these complex factors can be used to generate models for individual species or eventually whole ecosystems (Van Biesen et al. 1998; Block et al. 2001; Maury et al. 2001). Ecosystem modeling (with and without GIS) is a rapidly developing and evolving field with a great deal of potential for better ecological understanding and sustainable management. Habitat is critical to understanding fish populations and their distribution, as with any organism. In the update to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1996 Congress defined essential fish habitat (EFH), and they required EFH to be identified, described, and considered in management decisions. This greatly expanded research and interest in fish habitat beyond what was already being examined. Descriptive characterization of EFH is of limited value; where as including spatial distribution and quantification of it are of greater usefulness to management. The preferred environmental parameters of a species, along with oceanographic characteristics, and spatial and temporal changes in distribution can

2 all be incorporated into a GIS. The suitability of habitat and quantification of EFH can then be calculated. This is also advantageous for modeling changes related both to the dynamics of the ocean and anthropogenic impacts (from fishing, pollution, coastal development, etc ). Another application of spatial habitat modeling is breeding aggregations or regions and nursery habitats. These are habitats included in the US government s definition of EFH, and they are critical areas to proliferation of the species and for maintaining sustainable fisheries. GIS habitat modeling has been done on a number of fish species (Rubec et al. 1998; McBride et al. 2003; Valavanis et al. 2004). It is currently being applied to many highly migratory fish and shark species as well. Fisheries managers can use GIS beyond just the biological and oceanographic applications described above. Information about the spatial distribution of fishing effort can be incorporated. This is useful for comparing the impacts of different gear types, targeted fisheries, homeports, gear catchabilities, and regulatory changes. The variation in the fish population can be examined by changing these factors in addition to changing the overall effort. This will allow better management decisions by incorporating scientific data with cultural data and decisions. A good example of this is the recent trend of area closures, marine reserves, and marine protected areas as management tools. Models incorporating the scientific data are used to monitor existing areas or to model proposed closures and reserves (Maury and Gascuel 1999; Stanbury and Starr 1999). This will become more common as the number of these types of areas is increasing and many more are being proposed. Data Forms: Data sources for spatial fisheries systems take advantage of many of the common data sources used in terrestrial applications as well as those specific to marine studies. Satellite data from NASA is one of the most common sources, such as sea surface temperature (SST) data (from AVHRR). Other sensory systems are included, e.g. chlorophyll, and the private sector is increasing the number of data types available. Oceanographic data, e.g. currents, salinity, etc, are taken by ships, buoys, and autonomous recording systems. Bathymetric data can come from nautical charts, NOAA, or research organizations databases. Fishery and fish abundance data typically come from the NMFS or state management agencies, but are sometimes collected by scientists independently. Sampling stations or animal tracking data can be entered from GPS units or other geolocation methods. Some of the more specialized examples of data include mapping marine habitats using side scan sonar and the incorporation of fishing vessel data loggers and logbooks (McRea et al. 1999; Marrs et al. 2002). Most of the data types can be incorporated using traditional methods. However, software tools are becoming available or more specific for some of the unusual data forms. Conclusions: The recent development of better and more readily available software has made GIS a stronger tool for fisheries scientists. Many of the applications of this technology are only recently published or currently being developed. In the next few years we should see a rapid increase in the number of works published incorporating these technologies. This is especially true of migratory species. The GIS and RS technologies are a major step in helping to understand these often poorly studied species. This was partly due to limitations in spatial data collection and analysis, which is a consequence of the large areas utilized by these species. I am involved with or aware of many researchers currently using this technology to study sharks, tuna, billfish, and smaller migratory species. As more papers incorporating the technology come out, more software specific to the needs of fisheries scientists (such as the AMAE) will be developed. These technologies are coming into the mainstream at the same time as new fields of study that can take advantage of them are arising. Examples of this are the recent use of

3 marine reserves and protected areas in fisheries management. Also, the concepts of multispecies and ecosystem modeling have become major concepts for scientists to develop, and managers are just beginning to use these tools. As these and other ideas grow, I think they will evolve along with the new technologies, to compliment each other and spawn further more advanced techniques. Annotated Bibliography: Block, B.A., H. Dewar, S.B. Blackwell, T.D. Williams, E.D. Prince, C.J. Farwell, A. Boustany, S.L.H. Teo, A. Seitz, A. Walli, and D. Fudge Migratory movements, depth preferences, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Science 293: This paper is an example of research that incorporates biological data, animal movement data (from both archival and satellite tags), and satellite imagery (primarily SST). The analysis conducted found movement patterns related to environmental preferences, seasonal migration, and reproductive events. This study was a good application of spatial analysis using satellite imagery and tracking data for a far species that ranges entire oceans. Hooge, P. N., W. M. Eichenlaub, and E. K. Solomon Using GIS to analyze animal movements in the marine environment. Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium Series. No. 17: The authors discuss their newly developed software for GIS, the Animal Movement Analyst Extension (AMAE), this allows an array of analysis methods that were difficult or not possible previously. Some of the 50 analysis tools include: data exploration and animation, home range analysis, spatial statistics, habitat selection, modeling, and hypothesis testing. These can be used on data taken from the field by a number of techniques not readily used in GIS previously, such as radio, sonic, and satellite tracking. The data can be easily entered using tradition methods as well as real time entry from GPS units. The software and techniques developed by the authors were demonstrated using Pacific halibut data. These tools represent critical advances for studying fish populations over large areas as well as for detailed analysis of ecological and behavioral patterns. These tools will be useful for analysis in small complex coastal habitats, and they will allow more detailed study of wide ranging pelagic species with data from multiple collection methodologies. Marrs, S.J., I.D. Tuck, R.J.A. Atkinson, T.D.I. Stevenson, C. Hall Position data loggers and logbooks as tools in fisheries research: results of a pilot study and some recommendations. Fisheries Research 58: This paper demonstrates the collection of spatially referenced fishing effort information from fishing vessels for use in a GIS. Data collected from voluntary logbooks and interviews has been used in fisheries assessments for years. This study uses positional data loggers with GPS units to collect precise location and fishing effort data, which is incorporated with catch data from logbooks and landings. The authors make a number of recommendations for future use of this technology and methodologies. The study, while successful, did prove to be labor intensive. This type of data is useful for assessing fishing intensity and distribution, but it does have drawbacks when applied to overall population modeling. The methods used here could be useful to many fisheries, especially those covering large areas, and the data collected could also include fisheries observer logs in addition to the ships logs used here.

4 Maury, O., D. Gascuel, and A. Fonteneau Spatial modeling of Atlantic yellowfin tuna population dynamics: application of a habitat-based advection-diffusion-reaction model to the study of local overfishing. Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium Series. No. 17: This paper is an excellent example of using spatial data along with biological, oceanographic, and fisheries data to model a wide-ranging pelagic fish species. The model incorporates the movement, distribution, and population dynamics of the Atlantic yellowfin tuna. The movement and distribution of this species is affected by numerous biotic and abiotic variables. This meant the model had to incorporate multiple spatial datasets including: salinity, SST, thermocline depth, ocean currents, and a spatial index of prey availability. The model was successfully used to test multiple simulations of local overfishing, and it could also be used to examine environmental changes. Nishida, T. and A.J. Booth Recent approaches using GIS in the spatial analysis of fish populations. Spatial Processes and Management of Marine Populations. Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium Series. No. 17: Nishida and Booth provide an excellent review of the history, current status, potential future developments, and goals for study of fisheries and marine ecosystems using GIS and associated technologies. The authors describe how only recently has computer based spatial analysis become a commonly used tool, and how the electronic tools are now just starting to become more functional with the complexities of 3-D dynamic marine ecosystems. Recent applications for habitat description, distribution, and abundance have become vital for the push in essential fish habitat (EFH) study by the Federal Government. Software and analysis techniques are just now being developed and advanced for the expanding fields of fisheries oceanography and ecosystems, georeferenced fish resource assessment, and space-based fisheries management. These programming tools, as they become more readily available, will include the use of various forms of fisheries data, biological and oceanographic data, spatially referenced statistical fish population models, and remote sensing data. The paper presents an excellent review of future prospects in these complex fields. Stanbury, K.B., and R.M. Starr Applications of geographic information systems (GIS) to habitat assessment and marine resource management. Oceanologica Acta 22(6): This paper presents a basic overview of the potential functions of GIS technology as they relate to fisheries and marine environmental research and management. The authors prescribe the primary advantage of the software to marine managers as the ability to combine disparate datasets in layers and then conduct analysis and queries within individual and combined layers. They created a prototype system of the Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary combining many different commonly used marine datasets along with terrestrial coastal information from around the Bay. This is an extremely valuable example with many applications. Estuaries are critical fishing and nursery habitat, but the implications for studying marine sanctuaries and reserves is important also as they are a recently evolved management tool. Another valuable point the authors make is that this GIS allowed the analysis of habitat distribution, temporal changes, spatial patterns, and the modeling of the Bay along with incorporation of cultural data and designations. Valavanis, V. D., S. Georgakarakos, A. Kapantagakis, A. Palialexis, and I. Katara A GIS environmental modeling approach to essential fish habitat designation. Ecological Modelling 178:

5 The authors discuss the use of GIS analysis and RS data along with biological information to characterize and spatially analyze essential fish habitat (EFH). EFH has increased in importance since its 1996 designation in fisheries legislation by the US congress. This paper describes an excellent application of GIS for describing and quantifying EFH for the short-finned squid in the eastern Mediterranean. The authors are able to incorporate a variety of commonly used data forms (both raster and vector), including several different satellite datasets, bathymetry, surveyed salinities, fisheries production, and fishing activity data. These are then constrained using known life-history parameters and are related to preferred environmental conditions. This complex dataset is then used to quantify and spatially locate EFH over the entire range of this species in the Eastern Mediterranean, while incorporating different life stages and fisheries impacts. This type of application is becoming incredibly valuable to wellstudied species, such as this, and it is being expanded to more difficult wide ranging species. Other Cited References: Maury, O., and D. Gascuel SHADYS, a GIS based numerical model of fisheries. Example application: the study of a marine protected area. Aquatic Living Resources 12(2): McBride, R.S., J.R. Styer, and R. Hudson Spawning cycles and habitats for ballyhoo (Hemiramphus brasiliensis) and balao (H. Balao) in south Florida. Fisheries Bulletin 101: McRea Jr., J.E., H.G. Greene, V.M. O Connell, and W.W. Wakefield Mapping marine habitats with high resolution sidescan sonar. Oceanologica Acta 22(6): Rubec, P.J., M.S. Coyne, R.H. McMichael Jr., and M.E. Monaco Spatial methods being developed in Florida to determine essential fish habitat. Fisheries 23(7): Van Biesen, L., P.T.K. Yamba, Z. Cisneros, L. Peirlinckx, T. Ghebreegziabeber, M. Tackx, F. Torres, P. Roose, H. Gomez, S. Wartel, and M. Vincx Develoopment of a marine GIS with the view on the monitoring and modeling of the Guayas Estuary and the Estero Salado in Ecuador. Oceans 98 Confrence Proceedings vol. 2:

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