A NEW APPROACH TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE- GERMANY, GREECE, SCOTLAND, AND SWEDEN

Transcription

1 A NEW APPROACH TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE- GERMANY, GREECE, SCOTLAND, AND SWEDEN Edited by John Bryden and Keith Hart Mellen Studies in Geography Volume 9 The Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston*Queenston»Lampeter

2 Contents List of figures xiii List of tables xv Editors' note Contributors Foreword Acknowledgements xix xxi xxiii xxvii Chapter 1 The DORA Project 1 The Aims of DORA 1 The Core Research Question of the DORA Project 3 Theoretical Considerations in the Choice of Factors 4 Differential National Development 6 Differential Regional Development 7 Localisation and the Economics of Place 10 Specific Tangible and Intangible Factors in Development 13 From Factors to Variables 19 The Tangible Factors 20 The Intangible Factors 21 The Research Design 24 Materials and Methods 25 Selection of Regions and Study Areas 29

3 vi Contents Chapter 2 Scotland 35 Context 35 The Highlands and Islands 45 Development Themes and Dynamics 50 Economic Structures 50 Institutions 53 Quality of Life and Migration 55 Community 57 Conclusions on the Highlands & Islands " 58 Dumfries and Galloway 60 Development Themes 66 The East-West Split 66 Belonging, Confidence and Co-operation 69 Conclusions on Dumfries and Galloway 75 Comparison, Synthesis and Research Implications 76 Regional Comparison 76 Results from the Principle Component Analysis 76 Synthesis 79 Research Implications 81 Policy Implications 82 Highlands and Islands: Policy Implications 83 Institutions and Governance 83 Transport & Core-Periphery Relations 84 Image and Tourism 84 Building Community Capacity and Confidence 85 Youth Out-migration 85 Diversification and Training 86 Dumfries and Galloway: Policy Implications 86 Institutions & Governance 87 Tourism, Marketing and Identity 88 Diversification and Agriculture 89 Transport 90 Community, History and Social Justice. 91

4 Contents Chapter 3 Context Germany The East-West Divide Regional Policy The Federal System Regional Context in Niedersachsen Regional Context in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern Niedersachsen Analysis of Factors Themes and Dynamics History, Vibrancy and Social Coherence Social Capital, Local Actors Networks and Institutional Collaboration. Dedication and Initiatives of Local Actors Demography and Human Resources Industrial Structure and Clustering Niedersachsen Summary Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Analysis of Factors Themes and Dynamics Infrastructure and Spatial Location Industrial Structure and Structural Change Commuting, Migration and Human Capital Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Summary Comparison, Synthesis and Research Implications Regional Comparison Synthesis Research Implications Policy Implications Niedersachsen Policy Implications Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Policy Implications

5 viii Contents Chapter 4 Greece 151 Context 151 Introduction 151 National and EU Context 153 General Features 153 Characteristics and Dynamics of Greek Rural Areas 154 Institutional and Administrative Structures 155 European, National and Regional Policies 156 Contextual Differences between Mountains and Plains Rural Areas 159 Location, Profile and DEP of the Plains Study Areas 161 Location, Profile and DEP of the Mountains Study Areas 163 Plains Areas 165 Analysis of Factors 165 Natural Resources 165 Human Resources 167 Economic Structures and Organisation 168 Infrastructure 171 Investment 172 Institutions 173 Networks 174 Market Performance 176 Community 177 Quality of Life 178 Themes and Dynamics of Plains Areas 179 Conclusions on Korinthia and Fthiotis 183 Mountains Areas 184 Analysis of Factors 184 Natural Resources 184 Human Resources 186 Economic Structure 188 Infrastructure 190 Investment 191 Institutions 193 Market Performance 195

6 Contents ix Community 196 Quality of Life 197 Themes and Dynamics of Mountains Areas 198 Conclusions on Arkadia and Trikala 200 Regional Comparisons and Synthesis 201 Conclusions and Recommendations 202 Conclusions 202 Key Issues for Policy Consideration 206 Research Implications ~ 209 Chapter 5 Sweden 223 Context 223 National and European Context 223 Local Decision-Making 224 Welfare State Country 227 The Sparsely Populated and Remote Rural Areas 228 DORA Regions and Study Areas in Sweden 230 North Sweden 233 Analysis of Factors 233 Themes and Dynamics 241 Natural Resources, Traditional Economic Structure and Links of Dependence 241 Remoteness, Demographic Imbalance and Cultural and Economic Isolation 242 History, Values and Self Identity and Entrepreneurship 243 Conclusions for North Sweden 244 Southeast Sweden 247 Analysis of Factors 247 Themes and Dynamics 255 Independence, Depopulation and Entrepreneurship 255 Economic Structure in Transformation: From Sawmills to Hard Rock 257 Values, Attitudes and Local Conflicts 258 Conclusions for Southeast Sweden 259

7 x Contents Comparison, Synthesis and Research Implications 261 Synthesis 261 Research Implications 268 Policy Implications 270 Chapter 6 The International Comparison 279 Introduction 279 Contextual Issues 282 The EU Policy Context " 282 National Contextual Differences 288 Regional Contexts 294 The Context of Economic and Social Change in Rural Areas 299 Explaining Differential Economic Performance 303 Factors and Themes 303 Culture and Society in the Shift from State to Market 306 Infrastructure and Peripherality 309 Governance, Public Institutions and Investment 310 Entrepreneurship 313 Economic Structures and Organisation 316 Human Resources and Demography 321 Chapter 7 Reflections and Recommendations 327 What DORA Has Shown: Winners and Losers 327 Key Questions for Policy 334 Policy Recommendations 336 Rural Small Business Extension 336 A More Mobile Bureaucracy 337 Rural Interest Group Organisations 338 Broadening the Scope of Development Policies 338 The Need for Public Resource Transfers 339 The Need for Greater Flexibility and Autonomy 339 A Joined-Up Approach 340 Separation of Rural Development Policy from the CAP 341 Conclusion 342

8 Contents Annex 345 Bibliography 355 Glossary of abbreviations 373 Index 377