SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF LIST OF PLACES. Claude Grasland

Transcription

1 Workshop «Analysis of Geographical information in textualdata» University Paris Diderot, 28th April 2017 SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF LIST OF PLACES Claude Grasland

2 PLAN 1. Conceptual clarifications : Space and Place 2. Analysis of list of places based on survey data: The example of student s vision of the World (EuroBroadMap) 3. Analysis of list of places based on textual data : The example of international news (Geomedia)

3 1. CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS 21 February 2017

4 Space Space : refers to location of objects that are defined by quantitative coordinates of position at the surface of earth like latitude (x), longitude (y) and altitute (z) eventually coupled with time (t). Lists of location through time defines trajectory used in Time- Geography. Kwan, M. P. (2000). Evaluatinggender differences in individual accessibility: A study using trip data collected by the global positioning system(no. Final Report).

5 Place Place : refers to identification of objects that are firstly defined by qualitative attribute like names of states or cities. They can be sometimes related to precise locations. But they are often characterized by fuzzy limits changing through time or according to observer. Françoise Bahoken (2013), «La perception du centre de gravité de l Europe, reflet de la réalité ou expression d une volonté d élargissement?», L Espace Politique [En ligne], , mis en ligne le 08 avril 2013,

6 Type of places States : it is a relatively well defined list of geographical objects in space and time, even if some ambiguities are possible. It is relatively easy to use a normative approach in order to establish a finite list despite some problematic cases (Taiwan, Spanish Sahara, ) Cities : it is a much more tricky family of geographical objects as long as no universally recognized definition of cities exists at world scale. In many case a name like "Paris" does not correspond to the local administrative unit and can be related to another locality located in the suburb.

7 Ambiguity of places identified in text data. Claude Grasland et Marion Le Texier (2013), dans le cadre du projet ESPON «Feasibility Study on Analytical Tools based on Big Data» coordonnée parmarta Severo

8 2. Analysis of list of places based on survey data The example of student s vision of the World (FP7 EuroBroadMap, ) 21 February 2017

9 List of places (1) Data based on survey Eurobroadmap survey Homogenous places Ordered list No repetition Declared Polarisation p "," p ",$ p ",& p $," p $,$ p $,& p )," p ),$ p ),&

10 Resilience of worldwide representations Two studies separed by 5 years The Eurobroadmap survey in Turkey (november mach 2009) A doctoral survey conduct by E. Toureille, PhD student (UMR 8506 Géographie Cités / Univ Paris-Diderot Paris 7, april-june 2013) Fig. 1 The original question (in the 2013 questionnaire) Universities Attatürk University (Erzurum) Dokuz Eylul University (Izmir) Galatasaray University (Istanbul) Licence students (lisans): 1 to 4 year of study, mean age: 21. Tab. 1: Population of survey Distribution des effectifs Cities Survey Erzurum Istanbul Izmir Field of study Art Business Ingeneering Health Political Sciences Social Sciences Sexe Women Men Total Source: Eurobroadmap, 2009; Toureille, For more information about the Eurobroadmap project: Contact: etienne.toureille@gmail.com

11 Fig. 3 : The world accros an evaluation of countries according to Turkish students: asymetry vs knowledge Resilience of structures: The same voids and mass (overrepresentations of Western Europe, occidentale, relative lack of mention of Latin America, Southern Africa and Eastern Europe) The same centers (An attractive centrer: Western Europe, a repuslive center: Middle East).

12 Fig. 3 : The world accros an evaluation of countries according to Turkish students: asymetry vs knowledge Resilience of structures: The same voids and mass (overrepresentations of Western Europe, occidentale, relative lack of mention of Latin America, Southern Africa and Eastern Europe) The same centers (An attractive centrer: Western Europe, a repuslive center: Middle East).

13 FOCUS on significative changes Fig. 4: Significative changes between 2009 and 2013 UE countries concerned by the global economical crisis (2009) aren t concern by massive changes (exept Germany, for positive mentions) A sensitive effect of Arab Springs and brutal changes related to political or sanitarian crisis (wars, civil wars revolutions...): Libya, Syria, Tunisia, Egypt A substitution effet: reduction of the negative occurrences for Afghanistan, Armenia or Iran to the benefice of more curren t theaters of crisis (cf. Arab Springs or the Syrian civil war). Some more anecdotal ca ses (South Korea) Conclusion: Evolutions of negative and positive mentions are not often correlated => A point which underline the differenciate d dy namics struc tur ing geographies of repulsions and attractiveness Perspectives: A weak evolution on a short period (5 years). Could structural changes like economical transitions be sensitive on a longer period?

14 3. Analysis of list of places based on textual data The example of international news flows (ANR Geomedia, ) 21 February 2017

15 List of places (2) Data based on medias Geomedia RSS Flows Heterogeneous places Non ordered list (!?) Repetitions Non defined polaristion (IND) (PAK-NOR-PHL) (PAK-PAK-NOR-PHL-MYS-IDN). p )*+,- ) + (p 1,12*,", p 1,12*,3 ) + (p 45&1*&1,", p 45&1*&1,&

16 Direct Links An host country (i) is speaking about event in guest countries (j) RSS browser Direct links

17 Direct links has been explained by different laws since

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19 Classification of medias and countries

20 Indirect links Two countries (j) and (k) are associated in the same news by media (i) RSS browser Indirect links

21 Indirect links can be related to influence and Soft Power. 21

22 Geopolitical network analysis (Nyusten & Dacey, 1961) Country i is dominated by country j if i has maximum links with j & j received more links than i Raw network Domination Network

23 Le Monde, 2012 Israel / Palestine. Syrian Crisis

24 Financial Times, 2012 Syrian Crisis Chimerica Region Euro crisis Israel/ Palestin e. «L État : théories et méthodes dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire» UFR GHSS Journée scientifique 23 Mai 2013

25 Washington Post, 2012 Euro Crisis Syrian Crisis Israel / Palestin e. Chimerica Region «L État : théories et méthodes dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire» UFR GHSS Journée scientifique 23 Mai 2013

26 Times of India, 2012 Syrian Crisi Global American Region Israel/ Palestine. «L État : théories et méthodes dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire» UFR GHSS Journée scientifique 23 Mai 2013

27 4. Conclusion Spatial analysis and textual analysis : proposals for a dialogue. 21 February 2017

28 In many cases, sophisticated methods of spatial analysis are applied to data where the quality of identification of places is very poor From BoW to NLP

29 methods Spatial analysis of of text named-entity mining can be applied to places without taking into account the possibility Text Analysis on the Documents of the Barbary Wars