A Method for Measuring the Spatial Accuracy of Coordinates Collected Using the Global Positioning System
|
|
- Nigel Burke
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. A Method for Measuring the Spatial Accuracy of Coordinates Collected Using the Global Positioning System Thomas 0wens1 and David ~cconville~ Abstract.--The study applied a method to measure the spatial accuracy of point data. The quantity of interest was the difference between global positioning system (GPS) coordinates and surveyed coordinates. This difference is a bivariate quantity and the probability distribution function (PDF) can be described by an ellipse with the center at 8 and Y. The confidence ellipse is an estimate of accuracy; the sample mean is or is not significantly different from the survey locations at a given a. The tolerance ellipse is an estimate of precision; a given percentage of the population sampled is enclosed in the tolerance ellipse at a given a. Thirty-five locations were measured with a GPS receiver at surveyed locations in the Mississippi River floodplain near La Crosse, Wisconsin. The average offset was 0.18 m in the easting (X) direction and m in the northing (Y) direction. Hotelling's one sample test deter~ined that H, (no significant departure from the survey locations exists) was rejected at the 0.05 level, which indicated a systematic error in the sample. Ninety-five percent of the population sampled (at the 0.05 level) was contained in an ellipse centered on (0.18 m, m), had a major axis of 7.49 m, a minor axis of 5.12 m, and an angle of degrees. INTRODUCTION The Environmental Management Technical Center acquires and uses spatial data for inventory and analysis of trends on the Upper Mississippi River in the implementation of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. Evaluating accuracy and precision of spatial data in geographic information systems (GIs) is important for determining the appropriate use of these data. However, a good method has not been documented for measuring the accuracy of location measurements because of the problem's complexity and the difficulty in obtaining accurate location information with traditional survey techniques. ' Cartographer, Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, WI. Professor, Sr. Mary's University, Winona, MN
2 It is conceptually easier to determine the spatial accuracy of points rather than lines or polygons. A point may represent a specific location such as a survey point or it may represent an area displayed at a small scale. If a point represents a real single location, it is possible to measure its displacement from its "true" location. Lines and polygons are complex abstract objects and measuring their spatial accuracy is more complex (Goodchild and Gopal 1989). For this reason, this study concentrates on the spatial accuracy of points and leaves the spatial accuracy of polygons for later study. The advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) has reduced the expense and complexity of traditional survey techniques for measuring the location of objects on the earth. The GPS enables nonsurveyors to determine the location of objects with relative ease, but gives no information about the data's accuracy and precision. This study devises a straight-forward, repeatable, and statistically sound method of estimating the horizontal accuracy of GPS derived coordinates. Two measures of accuracy are widely used, RMS and CEP. Root Mean Square (RMS) error is the square root of the sum of the square of the euclidian distances of the error, divided by the number of observations. Circle Error Probable (CEP), is defined as a circle that will enclose 50 percent of the dot print. These measures have two disadvantages: (I) they contain no information about the direction of the error, and (2) they are only measures of accuracy, with no information about the variability (precision) of the measurements. Error and accuracy are conceptually the opposite sides of the same coin. Error is the difference between a quantity's correct value and its estimated value (Thapa and Bossler 1992). Accuracy is the nearness of quantities to their true values (Bolstad et al. 1990). Errors may be classified into three types: (1) gross errors or blunders, (2) systematic errors, and (3) random errors. Gross errors are caused by carelessness or mistakes of the observer using the equipment. Systematic errors are due to environmental factors, instrumental imperfections, and human limitations; they introduce bias into the estimate. Even after all gross and systematic errors have been eliminated, some small random errors will remain. Precision is the similarity of repeated measurements among themselves. In a sample of coordinates representing the same position, precision is the deviation of the points from the mean coordinate. Total error for a particular measurement is the sum of the mean (systematic) and deviation (random) errors. Average error (accuracy) and distribution about this mean (precision) characterize the positional uncertainty of digital spatial data, which is related to the statistical distribution of the errors and can be modeled by a probability distribution function (PDF). The average difference between the test and control data estimates the accuracy, while the frequency distribution establishes the theoretical PDF which contains information on both accuracy and precision.
3 When a sample of GPS coordinates is taken at surveyed locations, the quantity of interest is the difference in GPS coordinates from the surveyed coordinates. The X and Y difference between GPS coordinate estimates and the surveyed coordinate is a bivariate quantity. The joint PDF can be described by a probability ellipse (Batschelet 1981) with the center at x and P. An ellipse is an appropriate shape for a joint PDF because it has two dimensions; it is not rectangular because the joint probability of points occurring in the comers is small, and it is generally not circular, because X and Y are not necessarily the same. The ellipse can be described with five statistics: the sample means of (1) X, (2) and Y, the sample standard deviations of (3) X, (4) and Y, (5) and the correlation coefficient between X and Y. The quantities X and Y are jointly distributed, where X and Y depend on each other, but different pairs are independent of each other in a sample. There are three ellipses of interest: the standard ellipse, the confidence ellipse, and the tolerance ellipse. The standard ellipse is a descriptive tool used to visualize the shape of the ellipse and its orientation. It is readily calculated and contains about 40% of the sample population. It is not dependent on the sample size and cannot be used for statistical inference. Five statistics are required to construct the ellipse: X, Y, s:, sf, and the correlation coefficient r (r = Cov(X,Y)/s,s, and Cov(X,Y) = ll(n-l)z(xi - x)(y, - P)), which measures the joint behaviors of X and Y. The center of the ellipse is (x, 7) and the equation of the ellipse is as follows: For ease of calculation, some coefficients are shortened: An ellipse is defined by a major axis (a), a minor axis (b), and an angle 0 of translation, which is the angle that the major axis is offset from the X axis (and the angle the minor axis is offset from the Y axis). Another coefficient must be calculated to arrive at the ellipse parameters: Then we can calculate the ellipse parameters: R = [(A - c)' + 4 ~ ~ 1 ' ~ (6)
4 0 = arctan[2b/(a - C - R)] (9) The other two ellipses have an identical shape and orientation but have different major and minor axes. The Hotelling's confidence ellipse covers the sample's center with a given accuracy and estimates accuracy. In addition, Hotelling's onesample test can be used to determine if the bivariate sample mean is significantly different than 0. The confidence ellipse is a region that contains the population mean at a given probability with the center of the ellipse at (x, Y). The equation of the ellipse is as follows: Note that the right side of the expression has an added term, T ~, which is based on the familiar F value for the univariate solution where: F,,,., denotes the critical value from the F one-tailed distribution with n-2 degrees of freedom and significance level of a. The confidence ellipse is then calculated using the same coefficients described for the standard ellipse. The tolerance ellipse is an estimate of precision. It is an estimate of the confidence (eg, 95%) of a percentage of the population sampled (e.g, 95%) that is enclosed in the tolerance ellipse. The tolerance ellipse is a region that contains a given percent of the population at a given probability with the center of the ellipse at (x, 7). The equation of the ellipse is: The right side of the expression has the term H, which is based on the noncentral x2 distribution and is approximated by Table 2 in Chew (1966). The tolerance ellipse is then calculated using the same coefficients described for the standard ellipse. This elliptical method of describing spatial accuracy and precision is valid because it is (1) intuitive, (2) understandable graphically, (3) statistically sound, (4) sufficient (e.g., it describes all relevant parameters), and (5) concise. METHODS The location of the study included Navigation Pools 7 and 8 of the Upper Mississippi River near La Crosse, Wisconsin. This reach of the river is a complex of islands, channels, and backwaters surrounded by 500-ft high bluffs.
5 Forty-one surveyed ground locations were used as test points. Thirty-six thirdorder points were surveyed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and were distributed along the main channel of the river. Five first-order points located at road intersections in the floodplain were surveyed by the Wisconsin and Minnesota Department of Highways. A Trimble Pathfinder Basis Plus GPS receiver was used in the field as the rover. The GPS measurements were taken with the rover on June 8, 9, and 17, The PDOP mask was set to 5. The receiver was set to take one position per second and the horizon mask was set at 10". The unit received signals until approximately 200 readings were taken at each point. A Trimble Pathfinder Professional receiver was established at a surveyed point to act as the base station. The base was set to take positions once every 5 seconds, had a PDOP mask of 5, and a horizon mask of 10". The measurements were post-processed to introduce differential correction using Trimble's PFinder software on a personal computer. Survey measurements were recorded in the State Plane Coordinate System, Minnesota South zone, and converted to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, zone 15. The GPS measurements were taken in WGS-84 and converted to the UTM projection, zone 15, NAD27. The X (easting) and Y (northing) differences between the survey GPS measurements were tested to determine if their distribution was normal using the x2 (chi-square) test (Zar 1984). If the easting and northing differences were normally distributed, it is possible to use bivariate normal tests to test for systematic bias from zero and to describe the PDF with ellipses (Batschelet 1981). Hotelling's confidence ellipse, the standard ellipse, and the tolerance ellipse (Chew 1966) were calculated to described the PDF. Hotelling's one-sample test was run to determine if the sample average was significantly different than 0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thirty-five usable locations were differentially corrected from the 41 locations measured. Five of the original locations were not usable because the base station and rover did not receive positions from the same satellites and so the GPS readings were not corrected during differential post-processing (possibly due to setting the mask angle to 10" on both the rover and the base station). One surveyed point had incorrect coordinates and was discarded. The average distance from the survey points was m in the northing (Y) direction and 0.15 m in the easting (X) direction.
6 The easting and northing distances were tested for normality. H, (that the distributions were normal) was not rejected at the 0.05 level. Thus, we could calculate the descriptive and statistical ellipses and test to determine if there was a significant difference from 0 for the mean distance. The standard ellipse was centered on the sample means of (0.15, -1.13), and had a major axis of 2.60 m and a minor axis of 1.77 m with an angle from the X axis of 87.74" (figure 1). The confidence ellipse had a major axis of 1.12 m and a minor axis of 0.77 m, with the same angle of 87.74". Hotelling's one-sample test was used to determine if the sample means were significantly different than 0. The result was that H, (that the population means equal 0) was rejected at the 0.05 level. The tolerance ellipse, which was calculated to contain 95% of the population at the 95% confidence level, had a major axis of 7.49 m and a minor axis of 5.12 m. The confidence ellipse does not encompass the origin (0, 0), which graphically shows that the sample mean is different than 0. Thus, the sample has systematic error that is offset in the south and east directions. We can also say that we are 95% confident that 95% of the population we sampled is contained in an ellipse that is centered on 0.15, -1.13, and has a major axis of 7.49 m, a minor axis of 5.12 m with an angle of 87.74" at the 0.05 level. CONCLUSION The purpose of this study was to apply a method to measure the spatial accuracy of point data. Hotelling's one-sample test made inferences about the sample data's means and a tolerance ellipse described the PDF of the population. The confidence ellipse is an intuitive graphic that shows whether systemic error exists in the sample. This method is theoretically sound and provides intuitive and concise statistics about a population. We can now describe the accuracy of the sample data generated by GPS described in the study as having a mean that is 0.18, m, and has systemic error in the east and south directions. We can further state that 95% of the population is contained in an ellipse (at the 95% confidence level) with a center at 0.18, m having a major axis of 7.49 m, a minor axis of 5.12 m, and an angle of translation from the horizontal of 87.74". This method to measure and describe the spatial accuracy of point data is useful for three reasons. First, the method is repeatable; similar results will be obtained for a given set of points when the method is repeated and accuracy statements can be compared for different sets of data. Second, it is statistically valid; this method provides a probability statement about the accuracy statement. Third, it is sufficient. Merely stating that the GPS-derived points are "within 5 m of their
7 true location" is not sufficient because no probability statement is associated with the accuracy statement. In addition, X and Y coordinates are related, but do not vary in a perfect one-to-one relationship; it is necessary to describe how both X and Y vary, along with the confidence ellipse, which describes the accuracy, and the tolerance ellipse, which describes the precision. GPS Offsets from Survev Points Comparison of Survey Points and GPS?oints 1- /,+ \ -----A 3 / / L Confidenc Standard E Ellipse lipse 7aelmC-e 3li~ Meters GPS Easting Offset Figure 1.--Distribution of distances between the GPS-derived coo~dinates and survey-derived coordinates and ellipses which describe the sample, accuracy, and probability distribution function.
8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the National Biological Service through the Upper Mississippi River System Long Term Resources Monitoring Program. REFERENCES Batschelet, E Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press, New York. 310 pp. Bolstad, P., P Gessler, and T. Lillesand Positional uncertainty in manually digitized map data. International Journal of GIs. 4(4): Chew, V Confidence, predictive, and tolerance regions for the multivariate normal distribution. American Statistical Association Journal 61: Goodchild, M., and S. Gopal Preface. Pages xi-xv in National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. M. Goodchild and S. Gopal, editors. Accuracy of Spatial Database. Taylor and Francis, New York. Thapa, K., and J. Bossler Accuracy of spatial data used in GIs. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58(6): Zar, J Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 620 pp. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES Thomas Owens is a Cartographer with the National Biological Service's Environmental Management Technical Center in Onalaska, Wisconsin. He received a Master of Science in forest management and remote sensing from the University of Minnesota in He is Leader of the Cartographic Services Group and provides GIs expertise to the EMTC. David McConville is a codirector of the Resource Studies Center and Professor of Biology at Saint Mary's University of Minnesota. He holds a Ph. D. in fisheries from the University of Minnesota and has over 25 years of experience working on aquatic ecosystems and, in particular, Mississippi River ecology.
Accuracy Input: Improving Spatial Data Accuracy?
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. GPS vs Traditional Methods of Data Accuracy Input: Improving
More informationChapter 5. GIS The Global Information System
Chapter 5 GIS The Global Information System What is GIS? We have just discussed GPS a simple three letter acronym for a fairly sophisticated technique to locate a persons or objects position on the Earth
More informationGeographic coordinate systems
1 Geographic coordinate systems In this chapter you ll learn about longitude and latitude. You ll also learn about the parts that comprise a geographic coordinate system including Spheres and spheroids
More informationWelcome to Lesson 4. It is important for a GIS analyst to have a thorough understanding of map projections and coordinate systems.
Welcome to Lesson 4. It is important for a GIS analyst to have a thorough understanding of map projections and coordinate systems. A GIS without coordinates would simply be a database like Microsoft Excel
More informationProjections & GIS Data Collection: An Overview
Projections & GIS Data Collection: An Overview Projections Primary data capture Secondary data capture Data transfer Capturing attribute data Managing a data capture project Geodesy Basics for Geospatial
More informationCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION We currently live in what is often termed the information age. Aided by new and emerging technologies, data are being collected at unprecedented rates in all walks
More informationShape e o f f the e Earth
1 Coordinate Systems & Projections Coordinate Systems Two map layers are not going to register spatially unless they are based on the same coordinate system. 2 Contents Shape of the earth Datum Projections
More informationCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION We currently live in what is often termed the information age. Aided by new and emerging technologies, data are being collected at unprecedented rates in all walks
More informationGeographers Perspectives on the World
What is Geography? Geography is not just about city and country names Geography is not just about population and growth Geography is not just about rivers and mountains Geography is a broad field that
More informationNR402 GIS Applications in Natural Resources Lesson 4 Map Projections
NR402 GIS Applications in Natural Resources Lesson 4 Map Projections From http://www.or.blm.gov/gis/ 1 Geographic coordinates Coordinates are expressed as Latitude and Longitude in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds
More informationM.Y. Pior Faculty of Real Estate Science, University of Meikai, JAPAN
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM M.Y. Pior Faculty of Real Estate Science, University of Meikai, JAPAN Keywords: GIS, rasterbased model, vectorbased model, layer, attribute, topology, spatial analysis. Contents
More informationInvestigation of the Effect of Transportation Network on Urban Growth by Using Satellite Images and Geographic Information Systems
Presented at the FIG Congress 2018, May 6-11, 2018 in Istanbul, Turkey Investigation of the Effect of Transportation Network on Urban Growth by Using Satellite Images and Geographic Information Systems
More informationCollision Avoidance Lexicon
Collision Avoidance Lexicon 2017 An understanding of collision avoidance terminology requires an understanding of position uncertainty terminology. This lexicon therefore includes the terminology of both
More informationDATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS. By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore
DATA SOURCES AND INPUT IN GIS By Prof. A. Balasubramanian Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore 1 1. GIS stands for 'Geographic Information System'. It is a computer-based
More informationDr. ABOLGHASEM AKBARI Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP)
Workshop on : Dr. ABOLGHASEM AKBARI Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) 14-15 April 2016 Venue: Tehran, Iran GIS definitions GIS: A simplified view of the real
More informationLab 1: Importing Data, Rectification, Datums, Projections, and Output (Mapping)
Lab 1: Importing Data, Rectification, Datums, Projections, and Output (Mapping) Topics covered in this lab: i. Importing spatial data to TAS ii. Rectification iii. Conversion from latitude/longitude to
More informationREFERENCING COORDINATE SYSTEMS MAP PROJECTIONS GEOREFERENCING
GIS in Ecology SPATIAL REFERENCING COORDINATE SYSTEMS MAP PROJECTIONS GEOREFERENCING : :1 Where on earth? Early mapmakers recognized the need for a system that could locate features on the earth's surface.
More informationData Accuracy to Data Quality: Using spatial statistics to predict the implications of spatial error in point data
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Data Accuracy to Data Quality: Using spatial statistics
More informationAnalytical and Computer Cartography Lecture 3: Review: Coordinate Systems
Analytical and Computer Cartography Lecture 3: Review: Coordinate Systems Geographic Coordinates NAD83 NAD27 remained in use until the earthcentered international GRS80 was complete (Geodetic Reference
More informationThe 3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Geometrical Foundation of the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure
The 3-D Global Spatial Data Model: Geometrical Foundation of the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Earl F. Burkholder, PS, PE Annotated Table of Contents July 8,2006 I. The Global Spatial Data Model (GSDM)
More informationThe Elements of GIS. Organizing Data and Information. The GIS Database. MAP and ATRIBUTE INFORMATION
GIS s Roots in Cartography Getting Started With GIS Chapter 2 Dursun Z. Seker MAP and ATRIBUTE INFORMATION Data (numbers and text) store as files refer to them collectively as a database gather inform.
More information12/26/2012. Geographic Information Systems * * * * GIS (... yrezaei
( - Geographic Information Systems ( ( 1 2 3 Information System Data base DB IS IS DB (Knowledge ( ( (System (Information System - (Georefrence Analysis Data + Knowledge ======== Information 4 5 ( < 10%
More informationMilitary Map Reading 201
Military Map Reading 201 This information paper is designed to resolve the confusion between the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) coordinates. The two systems
More informationLecture 9: Reference Maps & Aerial Photography
Lecture 9: Reference Maps & Aerial Photography I. Overview of Reference and Topographic Maps There are two basic types of maps? Reference Maps - General purpose maps & Thematic Maps - maps made for a specific
More informationLab 1: Importing Data, Rectification, Datums, Projections, and Coordinate Systems
Lab 1: Importing Data, Rectification, Datums, Projections, and Coordinate Systems Topics covered in this lab: i. Importing spatial data to TAS ii. Rectification iii. Conversion from latitude/longitude
More informationIntroduction to Uncertainty and Treatment of Data
Introduction to Uncertainty and Treatment of Data Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize the student with some of the instruments used in making measurements in the physics laboratory,
More informationThe Evolution of NWI Mapping and How It Has Changed Since Inception
The Evolution of NWI Mapping and How It Has Changed Since Inception Some Basic NWI Facts: Established in 1974 Goal to create database on characteristics and extent of U.S. wetlands Maps & Statistics In
More informationWhat Do You See? FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory. Area Determination: Frequency and Cover
What Do You See? Message of the Day: Many options exist to determine the size, area, or extent of a feature on a landscape FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory Lecture 7: Measures of Land Area Frequency
More informationGeoreferencing. datum. projection. scale. The next few lectures will introduce you to these elements. on the Earth, you ll need to understand how
Georeferencing GOAL: To assign a location to all the features represented in our geographic information data In order to do so, we need to make use of the following elements: ellipsoid/geoid To determine
More informationREMOTE SENSING AND GEOSPATIAL APPLICATIONS FOR WATERSHED DELINEATION
REMOTE SENSING AND GEOSPATIAL APPLICATIONS FOR WATERSHED DELINEATION Gaurav Savant (gaurav@engr.msstate.edu) Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Lei Wang (lw4@ra.msstate.edu) Research
More informationMAPPING OF BLACK POPLARS
MAPPING OF BLACK POPLARS Contribution to conservation of Black Poplars Monitoring and recording of trees: mapping, tagging and photographing black poplars. Updating the database with current data, including
More informationQuality and Coverage of Data Sources
Quality and Coverage of Data Sources Objectives Selecting an appropriate source for each item of information to be stored in the GIS database is very important for GIS Data Capture. Selection of quality
More informationThis week s topics. Week 6. FE 257. GIS and Forest Engineering Applications. Week 6
FE 257. GIS and Forest Engineering Applications Week 6 Week 6 Last week Chapter 8 Combining and splitting landscape features and merging GIS databases Chapter 11 Overlay processes Questions? Next week
More informationLAKE SURVEY REPORT. Fisheries Management. DOW Number: Survey ID Date: 07/31/2017. Lake Identification. Lake Location. Legal Descriptions
Fisheries Management LAKE SURVEY REPORT Lake Name: Kroon Survey Type: Targeted Survey DOW Number: 13-0013-00 Survey ID Date: 07/31/2017 Lake Identification Alternate Lake Name: N/A Primary Lake Class ID:
More informationMultivariate Capability Analysis Using Statgraphics. Presented by Dr. Neil W. Polhemus
Multivariate Capability Analysis Using Statgraphics Presented by Dr. Neil W. Polhemus Multivariate Capability Analysis Used to demonstrate conformance of a process to requirements or specifications that
More informationGeoreferencing, Map Projections, Cartographic Concepts. -Coordinate Systems -Datum
Georeferencing, Map Projections, Cartographic Concepts -Map Projections -Coordinate Systems -Datum Map projection is "the process of systematically transforming positions on the Earth's spherical surface
More informationUsing Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Technology to Analyze Land Use Change in Harbin, China from 2005 to 2015
Using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Technology to Analyze Land Use Change in Harbin, China from 2005 to 2015 Yi Zhu Department of Resource Analysis, Saint Mary s University of Minnesota,
More informationPage 1 of 8 of Pontius and Li
ESTIMATING THE LAND TRANSITION MATRIX BASED ON ERRONEOUS MAPS Robert Gilmore Pontius r 1 and Xiaoxiao Li 2 1 Clark University, Department of International Development, Community and Environment 2 Purdue
More informationIntroduction to GIS - 2
Introduction to GIS - 2 Outline Using GIS Representation of spatial objects in GIS Prof. D. Nagesh Kumar Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012, India http://www.civil.iisc.ernet.in/~nagesh
More informationEnvSci360 Computer and Analytical Cartography
EnvSci360 Computer and Analytical Cartography Lecture 3 Geodesy Map Projections, Datums, and Coordinate Systems 1 Geodesy The science of measuring and representing the shape and size of the earth, and
More informationGeographical Information Systems
Geographical Information Systems Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is a relatively new technology that is now prominent in the ecological sciences. This tool allows users to map geographic features
More informationStatistics. Lent Term 2015 Prof. Mark Thomson. 2: The Gaussian Limit
Statistics Lent Term 2015 Prof. Mark Thomson Lecture 2 : The Gaussian Limit Prof. M.A. Thomson Lent Term 2015 29 Lecture Lecture Lecture Lecture 1: Back to basics Introduction, Probability distribution
More informationLearning Computer-Assisted Map Analysis
Learning Computer-Assisted Map Analysis by Joseph K. Berry* Old-fashioned math and statistics can go a long way toward helping us understand GIS Note: This paper was first published as part of a three-part
More informationInternational Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2012] 109. Levelling with GPS. Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed
International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications [Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2012] 109 ling with ISSN 2047-3338 Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed Associate Professor, College of Engineering, Sudan
More informationAPPROVED JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION FORM U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
APPROVED JURISDICTIONAL DETERMINATION FORM U.S. Army Corps of Engineers This form should be completed by following the instructions provided in Section IV of the JD Form Instructional Guidebook. SECTION
More informationHow does an ellipsoid differ from a sphere in approximating the shape and size of the Earth?
Chapter 02 Test Bank Worksheet Questions 1. What is a map projection? Topic: Map Projection 2. How does an ellipsoid differ from a sphere in approximating the shape and size of the Earth? Topic: Ellipsoid
More informationFri. Jan. 26, Demonstration of QGIS with GPS tracks. Types of data, simple vector (shapefile) formats
Fri. Jan. 26, 2018 Demonstration of QGIS with GPS tracks Types of data, simple vector (shapefile) formats Map projections, Coordinate Reference Systems Demonstration of QGIS with geologic map 1 Raster
More informationBasic Map Skills for the Outdoors
Geography 80-20 80% of what there is to know, for 20% of the sweat Basic Map Skills for the Outdoors Map Scale Map source: US Geological Survey Four ways to indicate map scale: Representative fraction
More informationMeasurement the Distance between Points on the Map
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 6726 ǁ Volume 3 ǁ Issue 1 ǁ January 2014 ǁ PP.01-06 Measurement the Distance between Points on the Map
More informationCanadian Board of Examiners for Professional Surveyors Core Syllabus Item C 5: GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Study Guide: Canadian Board of Examiners for Professional Surveyors Core Syllabus Item C 5: GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS This guide presents some study questions with specific referral to the essential
More informationChapter 3 Models of the Earth. 3.1 Finding Locations on the Earth. 3.1 Objectives
Chapter 3 Models of the Earth 3.1 Finding Locations on the Earth 3.1 Objectives Explain latitude and longitude. How can latitude and longitude be used to find locations on Earth? How can a magnetic compass
More informationGEOMATICS ENGINEERING / SURVEYING
1 GEOMATICS ENGINEERING / SURVEYING CHAPTER 1 Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Javid Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Email: muhammad.javid@unizwa.edu.om 2 Geomatics Engineering
More informationMobileMapper 6. White Paper. MobileMapper 6 vs. Juno SC In Real World Conditions. Sub-Meter, Post-Processed Accuracy for less than 1,500 USD
MobileMapper 6 White Paper MobileMapper 6 vs. Juno SC In Real World Conditions Sub-Meter, Post-Processed Accuracy for less than 1,500 USD Table of Contents Introduction...1 Testing Methodology...2 Test
More informationch02.pdf chap2.pdf chap02.pdf
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems 8th Edition Karl Solutions Manual Full Download: http://testbanklive.com/download/introduction-to-geographic-information-systems-8th-edition-karl-solutions-manu
More informationExtra Homework Problems/Practice Problems. Note: The solutions to these problems will not be posted. Come see me during office hours to discuss them.
Note: The solutions to these problems will not be posted. Come see me during office hours to discuss them. Chapter 1 1. True or False: a. A measurement with high precision (i.e., low precision error) has
More informationUnit 1 The Basics of Geography. Chapter 1 The Five Themes of Geography Page 5
Unit 1 The Basics of Geography Chapter 1 The Five Themes of Geography Page 5 Geography comes from the Greek word geographia, which means to describe the earth. Geography is the study of the distribution
More informationIntroduction to Geographic Information Science. Updates/News. Last Lecture. Geography 4103 / Map Projections and Coordinate Systems
Geography 4103 / 5103 Introduction to Geographic Information Science Map Projections and Coordinate Systems Updates/News Thursday s lecture Reading discussion 1 find the readings online open questions,
More informationLecture Plan. GEOL 452/552 - GIS for Geoscientists I. Why use Projections? Lecture 15 - chapter 11. Different types of Projections
GEOL 452/552 - GIS for Geoscientists I Lecture 15 - chapter 11 Lecture Plan Ch. 11, one lecture Coordinate systems Projection, Datums, Dpheroid Unprojected (geographic) coord. syst., UTM On the fly projection
More informationGeospatial Data Standards Considerations for the delivery of 2D and 3D spatial data February 2019
Geospatial Data Standards Considerations for the delivery of 2D and 3D spatial data February 2019 Prepared by: GRCA Geomatics Version Date Summary of Changes Changes Made By: 1.00 March 16, 2018 Version
More informationCircles. Example 2: Write an equation for a circle if the enpoints of a diameter are at ( 4,5) and (6, 3).
Conics Unit Ch. 8 Circles Equations of Circles The equation of a circle with center ( hk, ) and radius r units is ( x h) ( y k) r. Example 1: Write an equation of circle with center (8, 3) and radius 6.
More informationExploring the boundaries of your built and natural world. Geomatics
Exploring the boundaries of your built and natural world Geomatics Before the Luxor brought magic to the Las Vegas strip and before the South LRT extension in Edmonton gave residents a new route to travel,
More informationExperiment 1 - Mass, Volume and Graphing
Experiment 1 - Mass, Volume and Graphing In chemistry, as in many other sciences, a major part of the laboratory experience involves taking measurements and then calculating quantities from the results
More informationMapping coordinate systems
Mapping coordinate systems 1. The Earth's Graticule Latitude and Longitude The graticule is the imaginary grid of lines running east-west (lines of latitude = parallels) and north-south lines of longitude
More informationSpatial Analysis and Modeling (GIST 4302/5302) Guofeng Cao Department of Geosciences Texas Tech University
Spatial Analysis and Modeling (GIST 4302/5302) Guofeng Cao Department of Geosciences Texas Tech University TTU Graduate Certificate Geographic Information Science and Technology (GIST) 3 Core Courses and
More informationTeaching GIS Technology at UW-Superior. Volume 9, Number 8: May 23, 2003
Teaching GIS Technology at UW-Superior Volume 9, Number 8: May 23, 2003 William Bajjali University of Wisconsin, department of Biology and Earth Science, Superior, WI 54880 Abstract As educators, it is
More informationUsing GIS Data and GPS Mapping to Expedite Area Recovery from Natural Disasters
Using GIS Data and GPS Mapping to Expedite Area Recovery from Natural Disasters Who is this guy? Thomas B Toby Sanford GIS Manager for GTPDD 13 years Bachelors Degree from Mississippi State University
More information5.1 Least-Squares Line
252 CHAP. 5 CURVE FITTING 5.1 Least-Squares Line In science and engineering it is often the case that an experiment produces a set of data points (x 1, y 1 ),...,(x N, y N ), where the abscissas {x k }
More informationLesson 5: Map Scale and Projections
Organizing Data and Information Lesson 5: Map Scale and Projections Map Scales Projections Information can be organized as lists, numbers, tables, text, pictures, maps, or indexes. Clusters of information
More informationExperimental Uncertainty (Error) and Data Analysis
Experimental Uncertainty (Error) and Data Analysis Advance Study Assignment Please contact Dr. Reuven at yreuven@mhrd.org if you have any questions Read the Theory part of the experiment (pages 2-14) and
More informationLRS Task Force June 13, REVISION HISTORY
North Carolina Department of Transportation Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Unit LINEAR REFERENCING SYSTEM (LRS) PROJECT DEFINITION Version 1.0 REVISION HISTORY Date Document Manager Revision Purpose
More informationMINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF LAND MANAGEMENT SURVEYING AND MAPPING SECTION PHOTOGRAMMETRY UNIT
JULY 1, 2001 MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF LAND MANAGEMENT SURVEYING AND MAPPING SECTION PHOTOGRAMMETRY UNIT SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR: GROUP 3: DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL/DIGITAL ELEVATION
More informationWed. Apr. 25, 2018 GIS DEMO. Reading: Ch Comparing Image Types (Death Valley) Treat as review of techniques already studied
Wed. Apr. 25, 2018 GIS DEMO Reading: Ch. 14 -- Comparing Image Types (Death Valley) Treat as review of techniques already studied 1 GIS: Geographic Information Systems Way to organize data obtained by
More informationOverview. GIS Terminology
Overview GIS Terminology MFworks Terminology Overview This is a glossary of geography and MFworks terminology and concepts that may not be familiar to novice MFworks users and non-geographers. The explanations
More informationInformation for File MVP RMM
Information for File MVP-2013-03320-RMM Applicant: City of St. Cloud Corps Contact: Ryan Malterud Address: 180 Fifth Street East, Suite 700, St. Paul, MN 55101 E-Mail: Ryan.M.Malterud@usace.army.mil Phone:
More informationGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 4-H Round-Up Community Transitions Workshop Daniel Hanselka June 14, 2011 Goals of the Workshop Answer the question: What is GIS? Uses of GIS. Some of the Common Terminology
More informationGIS and Forest Engineering Applications FE 357 Lecture: 2 hours Lab: 2 hours 3 credits
GIS and Forest Engineering Applications FE 357 Lecture: 2 hours Lab: 2 hours 3 credits Instructor: Michael Wing Assistant Professor Forest Engineering Department Oregon State University Peavy Hall 275
More informationLab 5 - Introduction to the Geodatabase
Lab 5 - Introduction to the Geodatabase 1. Design Process GIS is becoming an increasingly accessible and important tool for land managers. In this exercise you will begin creating a Personal Geodatabase
More informationSusan Cutter et al. Aug, 2002, The Professional Geographer, 54(3): David Tenenbaum GEOG 070 UNC-CH Spring 2005
What is Geography? Geography is not just about city and country names Geography is not just about population and growth Geography is not just about rivers and mountains Geography is a broad field that
More informationCoordinate Systems. Chapter 3. Cartesian Coordinate System. Polar Coordinate System
Chapter 3 Vectors Coordinate Systems Used to describe the position of a point in space Coordinate system consists of a fixed reference point called the origin specific axes with scales and labels instructions
More informationAn Introduction to Geographic Information System
An Introduction to Geographic Information System PROF. Dr. Yuji MURAYAMA Khun Kyaw Aung Hein 1 July 21,2010 GIS: A Formal Definition A system for capturing, storing, checking, Integrating, manipulating,
More informationGIS data Requirement, various sources, Standards and collection of GIS data, Methods of data capture: scanning, digitization and
Course title: Principles of GIS and GNSS Course code: NRG 176 No. of credits: 4 L-T-P: 38--3 Learning hours: 56 Pre-requisite course code and title (if any): None Department: Department of Natural Resources
More informationCOURSE SCHEDULE, GRADING, and READINGS
COURSE SCHEDULE, GRADING, and READINGS Note: All academic classes will be held in the GIS lab at Royal Thimphu College. These dates are listed here. Other days will involve travel or days off, and the
More informationDiscrete-Event System Simulation
Discrete-Event System Simulation FOURTH EDITION Jerry Banks Independent Consultant John S. Carson II Brooks Automation Barry L. Nelson Northwestern University David M. Nicol University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
More informationApplying GIS to Hydraulic Analysis
Texas A&M University Department of Civil Engineering CVEN689 Applications of GIS to Civil Engineering Instructor: Francisco Olivera, Ph.D., P.E. Applying GIS to Hydraulic Analysis Lim, Chae Kwan April
More informationGEOL 452/552 - GIS for Geoscientists I. Lecture 15
GEOL 452/552 - GIS for Geoscientists I Lecture 15 Lecture Plan Midterm Multiple choice part graded (+ solutions) Jump to Ch. 11 for one lecture Coordinate systems Projections, datums, spheroids Unprojected
More informationAlgebra Topic Alignment
Preliminary Topics Absolute Value 9N2 Compare, order and determine equivalent forms for rational and irrational numbers. Factoring Numbers 9N4 Demonstrate fluency in computations using real numbers. Fractions
More information10/13/2011. Introduction. Introduction to GPS and GIS Workshop. Schedule. What We Will Cover
Introduction Introduction to GPS and GIS Workshop Institute for Social and Environmental Research Nepal October 13 October 15, 2011 Alex Zvoleff azvoleff@mail.sdsu.edu http://rohan.sdsu.edu/~zvoleff Instructor:
More informationMap Projections & Coordinate Systems
Map Projections & Coordinate Systems 9/7/2017 1 Why? Laying the Earth Flat Need convenient means of measuring and comparing distances, directions, areas, shapes. Traditional surveying instruments measure
More informationUse of Thematic Mapper Satellite Imagery, Hemispherical Canopy Photography, and Digital Stream Lines to Predict Stream Shading
Use of Thematic Mapper Satellite Imagery, Hemispherical Canopy Photography, and Digital Stream Lines to Predict Stream Shading David Nagel GIS Analyst Charlie Luce Research Hydrologist Bárbara Gutiérrez
More informationApplied Cartography and Introduction to GIS GEOG 2017 EL. Lecture-1 Chapters 1 and 2
Applied Cartography and Introduction to GIS GEOG 2017 EL Lecture-1 Chapters 1 and 2 What is GIS? A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing and
More informationGPS Mapping. Teacher Instructions. Overview: Objectives: Materials: Answers to Student Worksheets:
Overview: Scientists use Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to map lava flows. GPS data are compiled by computer Geographic Information System (GIS) software into a digital map. Digital maps can
More informationLecture 5. GIS Data Capture & Editing. Tomislav Sapic GIS Technologist Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University
Lecture 5 GIS Data Capture & Editing Tomislav Sapic GIS Technologist Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University GIS Data Input Surveying/GPS Data capture Facilitate data capture Final
More informationChoosing the wrong spheroid
Reality Check The E&P industry has experienced avoidable costs in its encounters with the science and methodology of geodesy and cartography. The following are explicit case histories of real problems
More informationACCURACY OF WALL STATION SURVEYS
ACCURACY OF WALL STATION SURVEYS ABSTRACT Strengths and weaknesses of the wall station surveys are discussed and the advantages of using least squares methodology to process underground control surveys
More informationDigital Wetlands. Bringing the Field into the Office Through GIS
Digital Wetlands Bringing the Field into the Office Through GIS Maryland Department of the Environment Wetlands and Waterways Program MDE's Wetlands and Waterways Program seeks to conserve valuable aquatic
More informationIntroduction to the evaluation of uncertainty
Manual of Codes of Practice for the Determination of Uncertainties in Mechanical Tests on Metallic Materials SECTION 1 Introduction to the evaluation of uncertainty F A Kandil National Physical Laboratory
More informationSampling The World. presented by: Tim Haithcoat University of Missouri Columbia
Sampling The World presented by: Tim Haithcoat University of Missouri Columbia Compiled with materials from: Charles Parson, Bemidji State University and Timothy Nyerges, University of Washington Introduction
More informationMartin MENSA, Eli SABLAH, Emmanuel AMAMOO-OTCHERE and Foster MENSAH, Ghana. Key words: Feeder Roads Condition Survey, Database Development
Digital Mapping and GIS-Driven Feeder Road Network Database Management System for Road Project Planning and Implementation Monitoring in the Feeder Road Sector Martin MENSA, Eli SABLAH, Emmanuel AMAMOO-OTCHERE
More informationAn Assessment of the Accuracy of PPP in Remote Areas in Oman
An Assessment of the Accuracy of PPP in Remote Areas in Oman Rashid AL ALAWI, Sultanate of Oman and Audrey MARTIN, Ireland Keywords: GNSS, PPP, Oman Survey Infrastructure SUMMARY Traditionally, high accuracy
More informationMinnesota Geographic Metadata Guidelines. Metadata Entry Template. Version July 1, 1997
Minnesota Geographic Metadata Guidelines Metadata Entry Template Version 1.0.4 - July 1, 1997 A State Version of the FGDC Content Standards for Geospatial Metadata *** Description of data that was created
More information