International Trade Statistics

Transcription

1 International Trade Statistics

2 International Trade Statistics

3 This report is also available in French and Spanish: Statistiques du commerce international 2008 ISBN Estadísticas del comercio internacional 2008 ISBN Price: CHF 50.- To order, please contact: WTO Publications World Trade Organization 154, rue de Lausanne CH-1211 Geneva 21 Tel: (41 22) Fax: (41 22) publications@wto.org This publication is available online at Further enquiries can be addressed to statistics@wto.org ISBN Printed by the WTO Secretariat World Trade Organization ii

4 WTO Members (As of 23 July 2008) Albania Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Bahrain, Kingdom of Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Cape Verde Chad Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Côte d Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia European Communities Fiji Finland Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomo Islands South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Chinese Taipei Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam Zambia Zimbabwe iii

5 Acknowledgements This publication has been prepared under the general direction of Hubert Escaith, Chief Statistician. Andreas Maurer was responsible for the coordination of the statistical report, and Vuddha Meach supervised the overall table, chart and map production, with the assistance of Jonathan Enrique Ford, Xuexue Luo and Ying Yan. The statistical research and data compilation were conducted by Barbara d Andrea-Adrian, Christophe Degain, Joscelyn Magdeleine, Yann Marcus, Coleman Nee, Ninez Piezas-Jerbi and Bekele Tamenu. Acknowledgements are due to the multilateral and national institutions for providing statistics and the International Trade Statistics users for their comments on previous editions. The International Trade Statistics Section also wishes to thank Michael Finger, Anthony Martin and other colleagues for their comments and suggestions during the production of this publication. For detailed statistical sources used in this report, see Chapter IV Metadata. Thanks are also due to the Information and Media Relations Division and in particular WTO s printing facilities for the production, and the French and Spanish translators in the Language Services and Documentation Division for rendering the report in the WTO s other official languages. This publication is also available online at If you would like more information on the contents of this report or if you have any comments or suggestions for improvement please contact the International Trade Statistics Section (statistics@wto.org). iv

6 Table of contents I. WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS WORLD TRADE IN 2007 Highlights 1 1. Overview 7 2. Trade by region 8 3. Leading traders Bilateral trade of leading traders Regional Trade Agreements Least-developed countries Foreign affiliates trade in services 34 II. MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT Highlights Overview Agricultural products Food Fuels and mining products Fuels Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Office and telecom equipment EDP equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits and electronic components Automotive products Textiles Clothing 112 III. TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY Highlights Overview Transportation services Travel Other commercial services Communications services Telecommunications services Construction Insurance services 143 v

7 4.4 Financial services Computer and information services Computer services Royalties and licence fees Other business services Personal, cultural and recreational services Audiovisual services 157 IV. METADATA 1. Composition of geographical and economic groupings Definitions and methods Merchandise trade Exports and imports Products World trade network Merchandise trade of selected major traders by product, region and major trading partner (Appendix tables A18 to A28) Merchandise trade in balance of payments statistics Trade in commercial services Trade in commercial services between residents and non residents of an economy Foreign affiliates trade in services statistics Other definitions and methods Annual changes Prices World merchandise trade indices World production World gross domestic product Re-exports and reimports Specific notes for selected economies Merchandise trade statistics of the European Union Egypt s export processing zone Trade of South Africa with SACU (South African Customs Union) Major breaks in data continuity of merchandise trade Trade in insurance services of the United States Travel exports and transportation services exports and imports of Japan Trade in other commercial services of India Trade in commercial services of United Arab Emirates Statistical sources 173 Appendix 175 World maps 237 vi

8 List of tables I. WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS WORLD TRADE IN 2007 Highlights 1. Overview Table I.1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, Table I.2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, Trade by region Table I.3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, Table I.4 Intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade, Table I.5 Shares of regional trade fl ows in world merchandise exports, Table I.6 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and Table I.7 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and Leading traders Table I.8 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, Table I.9 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), Table I.10 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, Table I.11 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), Bilateral trade of leading traders Table I.12 Merchandise trade of Canada by origin and destination, Table I.13 Merchandise trade of the United States by origin and destination, Table I.14 Merchandise trade of the European Union (27) by origin and destination, Table I.15 Merchandise trade of Japan by origin and destination, Table I.16 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, Regional Trade Agreements Table I.17 Merchandise exports of NAFTA countries by destination, Table I.18 Merchandise exports of MERCOSUR countries by destination, Table I.19 Merchandise imports of MERCOSUR countries by origin, Table I.20 Merchandise exports of Andean Community countries by destination, Table I.21 Merchandise imports of Andean Community countries by origin, Table I.22 Merchandise exports of ASEAN countries by destination, Table I.23 Merchandise imports of ASEAN countries by origin, Least-developed countries Table I.24 Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, Table I.25 Merchandise exports and imports of the least-developed countries by selected country grouping, Table I.26 Imports of agricultural products, fuels and manufactures of the European Union (27), Asia and North America from the least-developed countries, Table I.27 Exports of commercial services of the least-developed countries by category, vii

9 7. Foreign affiliates trade in services Table I.28 Table I.29 Sales by foreign affi liates of resident companies - affi liates located abroad primarily engaged in services activities (outward FATS), Sales by affi liates of foreign companies - resident affi liates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS), II. MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT Highlights 1. Overview Table II.1 World merchandise exports by major product group, Table II.2 World merchandise exports by major product group and region, Table II.3 Share of agricultural products in trade in total merchandise and in primary products by region, Table II.4 Share of fuels and mining products in trade in total merchandise and in primary products by region, Table II.5 Share of fuels in trade in total merchandise and in primary products by region, Table II.6 Share of manufactures in total merchandise trade by region, Table II.7 Share of iron and steel in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, Table II.8 Share of chemicals in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, Table II.9 Share of offi ce and telecom equipment in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, Table II.10 Share of automotive products in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, Table II.11 Share of textiles in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, Table II.12 Share of clothing in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, Agricultural products 2. 1 Food Table II.13 Exports of agricultural products of regions by destination, Table II.14 Imports of agricultural products of selected economies by origin, Table II.15 Leading exporters and importers of agricultural products, Table II.16 Exports of agricultural products of selected economies, Table II.17 Imports of agricultural products of selected economies, Table II.18 Exports of food of regions by destination, Table II.19 Imports of food of selected economies by origin, Table II.20 Leading exporters and importers of food, Table II.21 Exports of food of selected economies, Table II.22 Imports of food of selected economies, Fuels and mining products Table II.23 Exports of fuels and mining products of regions by destination, Fuels Table II.24 Imports of fuels of selected economies by origin, Table II.25 Imports of fuels of selected regions and economies from the Middle East, 2000 and Table II.26 Exports of fuels of selected economies, Table II.27 Imports of fuels of selected economies, viii

10 4. Manufactures Table II.28 Exports of manufactures of regions by destination, Table II.29 Trade in manufactures of the United States, the European Union (27) and China by origin and destination, Table II.30 Imports of manufactures of selected economies by origin, Table II.31 Leading exporters and importers of manufactures, Table II.32 Exports of manufactures of selected economies, Table II.33 Imports of manufactures of selected economies, Iron and steel Table II.34 Exports of iron and steel of selected regions and economies by destination, Table II.35 Imports of iron and steel of the European Union (27) and the United States by origin, Table II.36 Leading exporters and importers of iron and steel, Chemicals Table II.37 Exports of chemicals of selected regions and economies by destination, Table II.38 Leading exporters and importers of chemicals, Table II.39 Leading exporters and importers of pharmaceuticals, Office and telecom equipment Table II.40 Exports of offi ce and telecom equipment of selected regions and economies by destination, Table II.41 Imports of offi ce and telecom equipment of selected economies by origin, Table II.42 Leading exporters and importers of offi ce and telecom equipment, Table II.43 Exports of offi ce and telecom equipment of selected economies, Table II.44 Imports of offi ce and telecom equipment of selected economies, EDP equipment Table II.45 Imports of EDP and offi ce equipment of selected economies by origin, Table II.46 Leading exporters and importers of EDP and offi ce equipment, Table II.47 Exports of EDP and offi ce equipment of selected economies, Table II.48 Imports of EDP and offi ce equipment of selected economies, Telecommunications equipment Table II.49 Imports of telecommunications equipment of selected economies by origin, Table II.50 Leading exporters and importers of telecommunications equipment, Table II.51 Exports of telecommunication equipment of selected economies, Table II.52 Imports of telecommunication equipment of selected economies, Integrated circuits and electronic components Table II.53 Imports of integrated circuits and electronic components of selected economies by origin, Table II.54 Leading exporters and importers of integrated circuits and electronic components, Table II.55 Exports of integrated circuits and electronic components of selected economies, Table II.56 Imports of integrated circuits and electronic components of selected economies, Automotive products Table II.57 Exports of automotive products of selected regions and economies by destination, Table II.58 Imports of automotive products of selected economies by origin, Table II.59 Leading exporters and importers of automotive products, Table II.60 Exports of automotive products of selected economies, Table II.61 Imports of automotive products of selected economies, ix

11 4.5 Textiles Table II.62 Textile exports of selected regions and economies by destination, Table II.63 Textile imports of selected economies by origin, Table II.64 Leading exporters and importers of textiles, Table II.65 Textile exports of selected economies, Table II.66 Textile imports of selected economies, Clothing Table II.67 Clothing exports of selected regions and economies by destination, Table II.68 Clothing imports of selected economies by origin, Table II.69 Leading exporters and importers of clothing, Table II.70 Clothing exports of selected economies, Table II.71 Clothing imports of selected economies, III. TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY Highlights 1. Overview Table III.1 World trade in commercial services by category, Table III.2 Growth of commercial services exports by category and by region, Transportation services Table III.3 World trade in transportation services by region, Table III.4 Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, Table III.5 Trade in transportation services of selected economies by origin and destination, Travel Table III.6 World trade in travel by region, Table III.7 Leading exporters and importers of travel, Table III.8 Trade in travel of selected economies by origin and destination, Other commercial services Table III.9 World trade in other commercial services by region, Table III.10 Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services, Table III.11 Trade in other commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, Communications services Table III.12 World exports of communication services by region, Table III.13 Major exporters and importers of communication services, Telecommunications services Table III.14 Major exporters and importers of telecommunication services, Table III.15 Exports of telecommunication services of selected economies by destination, Construction Table III.16 World exports of construction by region, Table III.17 Major exporters and importers of construction, Table III.18 Exports of construction of selected economies by destination, x

12 4.3 Insurance services Table III.19 World exports of insurance services by region, Table III.20 Major exporters and importers of insurance services, Table III.21 Exports of insurance services of selected economies by destination, Financial services Table III.22 World exports of fi nancial services by region, Table III.23 Major exporters and importers of fi nancial services, Table III.24 Exports of fi nancial services of selected economies by destination, Computer and information services Table III.25 World exports of computer and information services by region, Table III.26 Major exporters and importers of computer and information services, Table III.27 Exports of computer and information services of selected economies by destination, Computer services Table III.28 Major exporters and importers of computer services, Table III.29 Exports of computer services of selected economies by destination, Royalties and licence fees Table III.30 World receipts of royalties and licence fees by region, Table III.31 Major economies for receipts and payments of royalties and licence fees, Table III.32 Receipts of royalties and licence fees of selected economies by origin, Other business services Table III.33 World exports of other business services by region, Table III.34 Major exporters and importers of other business services, Table III.35 Exports of other business services of selected economies by destination, Table III.36 Trade in other business services by category in selected economies, Personal, cultural and recreational services Table III.37 World exports of personal, cultural and recreational services by region, Table III.38 Major exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, Table III.39 Exports of personal, cultural and recreational services of selected economies by destination, Audiovisual services Table III.40 Major exporters and importers of audio-visual services and related services, Table III.41 Exports of audiovisual and related services of selected economies by destination, IV. METADATA 1. Composition of geographical and economic groupings Table IV.1 Composition of regions and other economic groupings Products Table IV.2 Products 161 xi

13 2.2.1 Trade in commercial services between residents and non residents of an economy Table IV.3 Number of economies reporting Balance of Payments services components for Appendix Table A1 World merchandise exports, production and gross domestic product, Table A2 Network of world merchandise trade by region, Table A3 Merchandise trade of selected regional trade agreements, Table A4 Merchandise trade by selected groups of countries, Table A5 Trade in commercial services by selected groups of countries, Table A6 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, Table A7 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, Table A8 World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, Table A9 World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, Table A10 Network of world merchandise trade by product and region, Table A11 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, United States 202 Table A12 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, European Union (27) 203 Table A13 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, Japan 204 Table A14 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, China 205 Table A15 Merchandise trade of the United States by region and by product, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, and Table A16 Merchandise trade of Europe by region and by product, Table A17 Merchandise trade of Japan by region and by product, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and Table A18 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Canada 210 Table A19 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, United States 212 Table A20 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Brazil 214 Table A21 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, European Union (27) 216 Table A22 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, China 218 Table A23 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Hong Kong, China 220 Table A24 Domestic exports and re-exports of merchandise by product, region and major trading partner, Hong Kong, China 222 Table A25 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Japan 224 Table A26 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Korea, Rep. of 226 Table A27 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Malaysia 228 Table A28 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Singapore 230 Table A29 Export prices of primary commodities, Table A30 Export prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, Table A31 Import prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, World maps Map 1 Composition of regions 235 Map 2 WTO Members and Observers 236 Map 3 Ratio of exports and imports of goods and commercial services to GDP, Map 4 Exports of goods and commercial services per capita, xii

14 Abbreviations and symbols ACP ASEAN AFTA BOP BPM5 CACM CARICOM CEMAC CIS COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS EFTA EU EUROSTAT FAO FATS FDI GCC GDP GNP African, Caribbean and Pacifi c Group of States Association of South-East Asian Nations ASEAN Free Trade Area Balance of Payments Balance of Payments Manual, fi fth edition Central American Common Market Caribbean Common Market Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States Commonwealth of Independent States Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Economic Community of Central African States Economic Community of West African States European Free Trade Association European Union Statistical Offi ce of the European Communities Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Foreign Affi liates Trade in Services Foreign Direct Investment Gulf Co-operation Council Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product HS Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System IEA International Energy Agency IMF International Monetary Fund ISIC International Standard Industrial Classifi cation LDCs Least-developed countries MERCOSUR Southern Common Market NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation SADC South African Development Community SAPTA South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement SITC Standard International Trade Classifi cation WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECLAC United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNSD United Nations Statistics Division c.i.f. f.o.b. n.e.s. n.i.e. cost, insurance and freight free on board not elsewhere specifi ed not included elsewhere The following symbols are used in this publication:... not available 0 figure is zero or became zero due to rounding - not applicable $ United States dollars Q1, Q2 1st quarter, 2nd quarter I break in comparability of data series. Data after the symbol do not form a consistent series with those from earlier years. Billion means one thousand million. Minor discrepancies between constituent fi gures and totals are due to rounding. Unless otherwise indicated, (i) all value fi gures are expressed in U.S. dollars; (ii) trade fi gures include the intra-trade of free trade areas, customs unions, geographical and other groups; (iii) merchandise trade fi gures are on a customs basis and (iv) merchandise exports are f.o.b. and merchandise imports are c.i.f. Data for the latest year are provisional. Closing date 15 August 2008 xiii

15 xiv

16 I. I. WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Merchandise trade and GDP Trade slows down due to weakening demand from developed economies Trade slowed down in 2007 due to weakening demand from developed economies. Realignments in exchange rates and fl uctuations in the prices for commodities, such as oil and gas, introduced uncertainties into the global markets. Growth in world merchandise exports slipped to 6 per cent in real terms in 2007, following a year-to-year expansion of world gross domestic product (GDP) of 3.4 per cent. The slowdown of trade growth from 8.5 per cent in 2006 is due to a deceleration of import demand, mainly in the United States but also in Europe and Japan. Trade remained strong in most developing countries. Regions such as Africa, the Middle East, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), developing Asia, and South and Central America showed sustained growth in their economies in While higher commodity prices helped to improve the fi nancial situation of certain countries, higher energy and food prices also increased infl ationary pressures worldwide. Chart I.1 (Annual percentage change) 10 IN THIS CHAPTER : Merchandise trade and GDP Merchandise trade by product Regional trade flows Regional Trade Agreements Merchandise trade flows of Brazil, India and China Least-developed countries The Highlights Trade in services Volume of world merchandise exports and gross domestic product, IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS For the period, exports on average increased by 2.7 percentage points faster than real gross domestic product. The only exception was in 2001, when trade marginally declined due to the dot.com bubble burst GDP Volume of total exports Merchandise trade by product Trade in manufactured products is growing faster than trade in agriculture and in fuels and mining products Exports of manufactured products expanded by 7.5 per cent in volume terms in 2007, maintaining its lead over both agriculture and fuels and mining products, which grew by 5 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. The deceleration in trade in manufactured products from the 10 per cent level achieved in 2006 is partly due to the slowdown of activity in major importing economies. Asian exports of manufactured products expanded by Chart I.2 (Percentage change) Manufactures Mining Agriculture Volume growth of world merchandise trade by sector, per cent in 2007, but North American and European exports increased by only 4.5 per cent and 4 per cent respectively, almost half their 2006 rates. OPEC production, which declined in 2007, contributed to the stagnant volumes of fuels and mining exports from the Middle East. Crude oil exports from Africa grew by 4.5 per cent, much higher than the 1.5 per cent increases in 2005 and The CIS increased its exports of fuels and mining products by 7 per cent, the highest growth of all regions. 1

17 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I The surge in agricultural prices dominated developments in 2007 Chart I.3 Value growth of world merchandise trade by sector, 2007 (Percentage change) Spurred by a 14 per cent growth in prices, agricultural exports expanded by 19.5 per cent in dollar terms Manufactures in 2007, the highest growth rate since Europe, which accounts for 46 per cent of world exports of agricultural products, boosted exports by 19 per cent. Asia, Mining the second-largest supplier with a share of 19 per cent, Agriculture increased its exports of agricultural products by 20 per cent, a rate unmatched since Exports from North America, the third-largest supplier, rose by 17 per cent. Its share of world trade has been progressively declining, from 21 per cent in 2000 to 16 per cent in 2007, due to the below world average export growth during this period (6 per cent against 11 per cent for the world). South and Central America registered its highest growth rate since 2000 (23.4 per cent). Prices of fuels and mining products increased by 11 per cent in 2007, rising by less than half as much as in As a result, the value of world exports rose by 15 per cent, the lowest rate since Growth decelerated in all regions apart from the CIS, which increased its exports by 19 per cent. The slowdown in the price rises of minerals and non-ferrous metals (from 56 per cent in 2006 to 17.5 per cent in 2007) affected particularly non-fuel mining exports in South and Central American (whose growth declined from 55 per cent in 2006 to 20 per cent in 2007). Fuel exports from the Middle East to its most important trading partner, Asia (65 per cent of total exports), increased by 13 per cent, compared with 28 per cent the previous year. Nevertheless, demand from China and India remained strong, with imports increasing by 26 per cent. With an estimated 7 per cent increase in average prices in 2007 and continuous expansion in volumes traded, the value of world exports of manufactured products rose by 15 per cent. Europe increased its exports by 16.3 per cent, an acceleration similar to 2005 and Asia maintained nearly the same level of growth as in 2006 (15.7 per cent). North America registered the lowest growth (8.5 per cent). The CIS has become a signifi cant destination for exports of manufactured products. Imports of manufactured products in the CIS grew by an astounding annual average of 30 per cent from 2000 to As a result, 3.6 per cent of European exports of manufactured products (double the 2000 level) now go to the CIS, while Asian exports to the CIS achieved an annual average increase of 43 per cent over the same period. Regional trade flows Africa records the smallest share of intra-regional trade Chart I.4 (Percentage) Intra- and extra-regional merchandise exports, % 80% 88% 51% 49% 26% 20% 12% 76% 90% 50% 50% 24% 10% Intra-trade Extra-trade 2

18 Trade flows within regions account for a higher share of world trade than fl ows between regions. Since 2000, this share has fluctuated from between 55 to 58 per cent. Relatively large differences have occurred in the growth of trade within regions: North America and Asia show a relative balanced growth between inter- and intra-regional trade; Europe s intra-trade is growing much faster than its external trade due to the deepening of its economic integration while South and Central America, Africa, the Middle East and the CIS have recorded higher growth in inter-regional exports than in intra-regional. IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Regional Trade Agreements Increasingly different patterns are emerging for Regional Trade Agreements The European Union is a highly integrated marketplace, with two-thirds of its trade transactions taking place within the region. In 2007, intra-trade accounted for slightly more than half (51 per cent) of the exports of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In 2000, this share was 56 per cent. However, as trade with countries outside NAFTA s area has been growing at a somewhat faster pace than intra-nafta trade, this share has been declining. Chart I.5 Share of intra in total merchandise exports of selected Regional Trade Agreements, 2007 (Percentage) European Union (27) 68% 32% 51% 49% NAFTA 8% Andean Community 92% ASEAN 25% 75% 14% 86% MERCOSUR Intra-trade Extra-trade Other trade blocs, such as MERCOSUR, the Andean Community or ASEAN, show a less pronounced integration. MERCOSUR countries carry out only around 14 per cent of their trade with other countries in the agreement, the Andean Community only 8 per cent, and ASEAN a quarter. Merchandise trade flows of Brazil, India and China Brazil, India and China record strong growth in exports Brazil, India and China are illustrative of a clear trend of vigorous growth among a number of emerging economies. While this growth implies a growing share of world trade, the share in world exports remains relatively small for most of the emerging economies individually. The share of Brazil and India, for example, is still just over 1 per cent, while China s share is approaching 10 3

19 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I per cent. In 2007, Brazil exported merchandise worth $161 billion. With imports accounting for $127 billion, it recorded a positive trade balance of $34 billion. Since 2000, Brazil s exports have grown at an annual average of 17 per cent. Its main partners are in Europe, which receives almost 27 per cent of Brazil s exports. South and Central America absorbs almost a quarter of its exports, North America a fi fth and Asia accounts for slightly above 16 per cent of Brazil s total merchandise exports. Chart I.6 (Billion dollars) Brazil Merchandise exports by region, 2007 North America $32 billion Europe $43 billion CIS $4 billion Middle East $6 billion Asia $26 billion Africa $9 billion Brazil S/C America $38 billion Merchandise exports from Brazil India s merchandise exports reached $145 billion in 2007, growing at an annual average of 19 per cent since More than 30 per cent of its exports go to Asia, with Europe being the second-largest trading region (23 per cent). The Middle East absorbs 17 per cent of India s merchandise exports while North America receives 15 per cent. In 2007, India s imports reached $217 billion, resulting in a negative trade balance of $72 billion. Chart I.7 India Merchandise exports by region, 2007 (Billion dollars) CIS $2 billion North America $22 billion Europe $34 billion Africa $13 billion Middle East $25 billion India Asia $46 billion S/C America $4 billion Merchandise exports from India 4

20 Since China joined the WTO in 2001, it has almost quadrupled its exports while imports have more than tripled. In 2007, its trade surplus reached $262 billion. Some 45 per cent of its trade receipts stem from Asia, while Europe and North America each receive 21 per cent of China s exports. It should be noted that China Customs Statistics record the country of origin for imports and the country of fi nal destination for exports. However, if the country of fi nal destination cannot be ascertained, exports are attributed to the last known country of dispatch. Chart I.8 China Merchandise exports by region, 2007 IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS (Billion dollars) CIS $48 billion North America $264 billion Europe $264 billion Middle East $44 billion China Africa $37 billion Asia $521 billion S/C America $39 billion Merchandise exports from China Least-developed countries Least-developed countries show an improved trade performance in services The participation of Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) in world trade has been increasing over the past fi ve years, albeit slowly. In 2006, the ratio of trade to GDP in LDCs continued to grow. For merchandise, LDCs share in world trade grew to 1 per cent due to the higher international prices of commodities. Their share of trade in commercial services amounted to 0.4 per cent only. However, trade in commercial services is increasing in all major sectors, such as transportation, travel and other commercial services. Transportation services showed steady growth between 2000 and 2006, resulting in an average annual increase of 14 per cent. Other commercial services show more volatile growth, ranging from negative growth in 2001 (-10 per cent) to very strong growth of almost 29 per cent in Travel remains the most important revenue source in terms of trade in commercial services (51 per cent of total trade), advancing by an annual average of 13 per cent between 2000 and For many small developing islands, such as Comoros or the Maldives, the share of travel in total exports of commercial services ranges from 80 to over 90 per cent. Chart I.9 (Million dollars) 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Commercial services exports by LDCs, Transport Travel Other commercial services 5

21 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Trade in services The international supply of services is rapidly increasing In 2007 the value of trade in commercial services increased at a faster rate (18 per cent) than trade in goods (15 per cent) for the first time in five years. This was mainly due to the expanding international supply of many services and to the increase in transportation prices. While the services sector generates approximately two-thirds of the total world value added, its share in total trade remains below 19 per cent. In 2007, the major exporters of commercial services remained the European Union, the United States, Japan, China and India, which together represented just under two-thirds of world exports. In recent years, China and India s exports of commercial services have increased much faster than the world average. Chart I.10 (Percentage) India* WORLD Leading exporters of commercial services, growth China Japan European Union (27) United States * Growth of India for is partly affected by a break in series following an improved coverage of other business services exports. Chart I.11 (Percentage) 24% 3% 3% 2% 3% 15% Europe North America S & C America Total commercial services trade, % CIS Africa Extra-EU (27) trade 19% Other Europe 4% Intra-EU (27) trade 27% Middle East Asia Trade in commercial services in 2007 was highly concentrated in North America, Asia and Europe (representing 15, 29 and 50 per cent respectively of total commercial services trade). Trade within the European Union represented more than one-quarter of world trade. However, the market share of these regions has either stagnated or decreased (in the case of North America) in recent years, while other regions principally the CIS, Africa and the Middle East have increased their share. Although it has the smallest share in terms of world trade (2.5 per cent), the CIS has seen its share increase by 75 per cent since This is mainly due to trade of Russia and Ukraine and also imports of Kazakhstan, which has become the second-largest commercial services importer in the CIS after Russia. Suppliers of services sometimes decide to establish a commercial presence (an affiliate or a branch) in another country to supply particular services (this mode of delivering services through affi liates is not included in international trade fl ows measured by a country s balance of payments). Foreign direct investment in enterprises active in the services sector indicates that at least per cent of total foreign direct investments are made in this sector. Available information shows that in 2005 the use of foreign affi liates remained the dominant mode used by major exporters to supply services abroad. For instance, Canada and the United States registered high growth rates of their sales of services by their majority-owned foreign affi liates (excluding most financial intermediation services) between 2003 and 2005 (10 and 12 per cent average annual growth rate respectively). Chart I.12 (Billion dollars) United States International sales of services through conventional trade and through foreign affiliates, Canada and United States, Canada Exports of commercial services Sales of services through affiliates 85 6

22 1. Overview Table I.1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, (Annual percentage change) IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS World merchandise exports Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures World merchandise production Agriculture Mining Manufacturing World GDP Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP. Table I.2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, (Annual percentage change) Exports Imports World North America Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Norway Switzerland Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Australia China Hong Kong, China India Japan Six East Asian traders a a Hong Kong, China; Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Singapore; Taipei, Chinese and Thailand. 7

23 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I 2. Trade by region Table I.3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2007 (Annual percentage change) Exports Imports Merchandise World North America United States Canada South and Central America Brazil Chile Europe European Union (27) Switzerland Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Ukraine Africa South Africa Nigeria a Middle East Saudi Arabia a United Arab Emirates a Asia China Japan Commercial services World North America United States Canada South and Central America Brazil Argentina Europe European Union (27) Switzerland Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Ukraine Africa Egypt South Africa Middle East Israel Saudi Arabia Asia Japan China a Secretariat estimates. 8

24 Table I.4 Intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Origin North America Destination South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia World IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Value World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share of regional trade flows in each region's total merchandise exports World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Table I.5 Shares of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports, 2007 (Percentage) Origin Destination World North America South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia World North America South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia Share 9

25 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.6 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value World Share World North America United States Canada Mexico South and Central America Brazil Argentina Europe Germany a France Italy United Kingdom Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b Africa South Africa c Middle East Asia China Japan India Australia and New Zealand Six East Asian traders Memorandum item: EU d USSR, former GATT/WTO Members e a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through b Figures are significantly affected by i) changes in the country composition of the region and major adjustment in trade conversion factors between 1983 and 1993; and ii) including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, and EU(25) in 2003 and e Membership as of the year stated. Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments. 10

26 Table I.7 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value World Share World North America United States Canada Mexico South and Central America Brazil Argentina Europe Germany a United Kingdom France Italy Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b Africa South Africa c Middle East Asia China Japan India Australia and New Zealand Six East Asian traders Memorandum item: EU d USSR, former GATT/WTO Members e IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through b Figures are significantly affected by i) changes in the country composition of the region and major adjustment in trade conversion factors between 1983 and 1993 and ii) including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, and EU(25) in 2003 and EU(27) in e Membership as of the year stated. Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments. 11

27 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I 3. Leading traders Table I.8 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share Annual percentage change 1 Germany United States China Germany United States China Japan Japan France United Kingdom Netherlands France Italy Italy United Kingdom Netherlands Belgium Belgium Canada Canada Korea, Republic of Spain Russian Federation Hong Kong, China retained imports Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of domestic exports re-exports Singapore Mexico a domestic exports re-exports Mexico Singapore retained imports Taipei, Chinese Russian Federation a Spain Taipei, Chinese Saudi Arabia b India Malaysia Turkey United Arab Emirates b Australia Switzerland Poland Sweden Austria Austria Switzerland Brazil Sweden Thailand Malaysia India Thailand Australia United Arab Emirates b Poland Brazil Norway Czech Republic a Czech Republic Denmark Ireland Hungary Indonesia Indonesia Turkey South Africa b Denmark Saudi Arabia Hungary Ireland Finland Finland Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Norway South Africa Portugal Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Greece Chile Romania Nigeria b Viet Nam Kuwait Ukraine Algeria Slovak Republic a Slovak Republic Israel Argentina Philippines a, b Israel Chile Portugal Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Philippines Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Ukraine Argentina Viet Nam Colombia Total of above c Total of above c World c World c a Imports are valued f.o.b. b Secretariat estimates. c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note: For annual data , see Appendix Tables A6 and A7. 12

28 Table I.9 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share Annual percentage change 1 Extra-EU (27) exports United States China Extra-EU (27) imports United States China Japan Japan Canada Canada Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China retained imports Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Mexico a domestic exports re-exports Singapore Singapore domestic exports retained imports re-exports Mexico Russian Federation a Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Saudi Arabia b India Malaysia Turkey United Arab Emirates b Australia Switzerland Switzerland Brazil Malaysia Thailand Thailand India United Arab Emirates b Australia Brazil Norway Indonesia Indonesia South Africa b Turkey Saudi Arabia Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Norway South Africa Viet Nam Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Ukraine Chile Israel Nigeria b Philippines a, b Kuwait Chile Algeria Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Argentina Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Israel Argentina Philippines Colombia Ukraine Kazakhstan Viet Nam Pakistan Kazakhstan Iraq b Libyan Arab Jamahiriya b Morocco Qatar New Zealand Iraq b Nigeria b Angola b Belarus Colombia Algeria Peru Egypt New Zealand Croatia Oman Kuwait Belarus Qatar Pakistan Peru b Egypt Tunisia Trinidad and Tobago b Bangladesh Tunisia Serbia Morocco Oman b Ecuador Syrian Arab Republic b Total of above c Total of above c World (excl. intra-eu (27)) c World (excl. intra-eu (27)) c IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS a Imports are valued f.o.b. b Secretariat estimates. c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note: For annual data , see Appendix Tables A6 and A7. 13

29 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.10 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share Annual percentage change 1 United States United States United Kingdom Germany Germany United Kingdom France Japan Spain China Japan France China Italy Italy Spain India Ireland Ireland Netherlands Netherlands Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Canada Belgium India Singapore Belgium Sweden Singapore Luxembourg Russian Federation Denmark Denmark Korea, Republic of Sweden Switzerland Hong Kong, China Canada Austria Austria Norway Greece Australia Norway Thailand Australia Luxembourg Russian Federation Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Brazil Thailand Switzerland Poland Saudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates a Malaysia Malaysia Brazil Poland Portugal Mexico Israel Indonesia a Finland Finland Egypt Greece Mexico Israel Hungary South Africa Czech Republic Hungary Macao, China Turkey Ukraine Czech Republic Total of above Total of above World World a Secretariat estimate. Note : Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata, Section II.2. For annual data , see Appendix Tables A8 and A9. 14

30 Table I.11 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-eu (27) trade), 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share Annual percentage change 1 Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports United States United States Japan Japan China China India Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Canada Singapore India Korea, Republic of Singapore Switzerland Russian Federation Canada Hong Kong, China Norway Norway Australia Australia Russian Federation Thailand Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Thailand Brazil Turkey Switzerland Malaysia Saudi Arabia Brazil United Arab Emirates a Israel Malaysia Egypt Mexico Mexico Indonesia a Macao, China Israel Ukraine South Africa South Africa Turkey Croatia Nigeria Lebanon Egypt Indonesia a Kazakhstan Morocco Ukraine Argentina Argentina New Zealand Kuwait Chile Lebanon Cuba Iran, Islamic Rep. of a Saudi Arabia Chile Philippines New Zealand Kuwait Pakistan Total of above Total of above World (excl. intra-eu (27)) World (excl. intra-eu (27)) IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS a Secretariat estimate. Note: Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata, Section II.2. For annual data , see Appendix Tables A8 and A9. 15

31 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I 4. Bilateral trade of leading traders Table I.12 Merchandise trade of Canada by origin and destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Exports Imports a Annual percentage Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share Annual percentage change Region Region World World North America North America Europe Asia Asia Europe South and Central America South and Central America Africa Africa Middle East Middle East CIS CIS Economy Economy United States United States European Union (27) European Union (27) China China Japan Mexico Mexico Japan Above Above Norway Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Norway India Algeria Australia Taipei, Chinese Hong Kong, China Canada b Taipei, Chinese Brazil Brazil Malaysia Switzerland Thailand Russian Federation Switzerland United Arab Emirates Peru Indonesia India Singapore Saudi Arabia South Africa Australia Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Chile Chile Iraq Saudi Arabia Singapore Colombia Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Turkey Russian Federation Thailand Angola Malaysia South Africa Cuba Cuba Algeria Indonesia Philippines Israel Pakistan Philippines Israel Viet Nam New Zealand Turkey Bangladesh Bangladesh Egypt Hong Kong, China Peru New Zealand Viet Nam Colombia Iraq Argentina Iran, Islamic Rep. of Trinidad and Tobago Argentina Suriname Sri Lanka Costa Rica Ecuador Jamaica Above Above a Imports are valued f.o.b. b In 2007, Canada reported imports from Canada accounting for nearly 1 percent of its total merchandise imports. 16

32 Table I.13 Merchandise trade of the United States by origin and destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share Annual percentage change IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Region Region World World North America Asia Asia North America Europe Europe South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Africa Africa Middle East CIS CIS Economy Economy Canada European Union (27) European Union (27) China Mexico Canada China Mexico Japan Japan Above Above Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Singapore Taipei, Chinese Brazil Saudi Arabia Hong Kong, China Nigeria Australia Malaysia India Brazil Switzerland India Israel Thailand Malaysia Israel United Arab Emirates Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Singapore Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Algeria Colombia Switzerland Thailand Indonesia Chile Angola Philippines Iraq Russian Federation Viet Nam Turkey Colombia Dominican Republic Philippines Argentina Chile South Africa Trinidad and Tobago Egypt South Africa Costa Rica Australia Honduras Norway Indonesia Hong Kong, China Peru Ecuador Guatemala Peru Norway Turkey Ecuador Argentina New Zealand Dominican Republic Nigeria Kuwait Qatar Costa Rica Kuwait Honduras Bahamas Pakistan Above Above

33 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.14 Merchandise trade of the European Union (27) by origin and destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share Annual percentage change Region Region World World Europe Europe North America Asia Asia North America CIS CIS Africa Africa Middle East South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Economy Economy European Union (27) European Union (27) a United States China Switzerland United States Russian Federation Russian Federation China Japan Above Above Turkey Switzerland Norway Norway Japan Turkey India Korea, Republic of United Arab Emirates Brazil Canada Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Korea, Republic of India Australia Taipei, Chinese Ukraine Canada Hong Kong, China Algeria Brazil South Africa Mexico Singapore Singapore Saudi Arabia South Africa Malaysia Saudi Arabia Thailand Israel Iran, Islamic Rep. of Taipei, Chinese Kazakhstan Croatia Indonesia Morocco Chile Malaysia Ukraine Algeria Australia Egypt Mexico Iran, Islamic Rep. of Israel Tunisia Hong Kong, China Nigeria Nigeria Thailand Tunisia Serbia Argentina Qatar Morocco Kazakhstan Viet Nam Argentina Azerbaijan Indonesia Egypt Belarus Iraq Chile United Arab Emirates Kuwait Philippines Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Above Above a The figures are affected by the "INTRASTAT" system of recording trade between EU member States. Intra-EU (27) imports are underrecorded. To compensate for this under-recording, intra-eu (27) exports have been used to obtain total (World) imports. 18

34 Table I.15 Merchandise trade of Japan by origin and destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share Annual percentage change IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Region Region World World Asia Asia North America Middle East Europe North America Middle East Europe South and Central America South and Central America CIS Africa Africa CIS Economy Economy United States China China a United States European Union (27) European Union (27) Korea, Republic of Saudi Arabia Taipei, Chinese United Arab Emirates Above Above Hong Kong, China a Australia Thailand Korea, Republic of Singapore Indonesia Malaysia Taipei, Chinese Australia Thailand Russian Federation Malaysia Canada Qatar Mexico Iran, Islamic Rep. of Philippines Russian Federation Indonesia Canada United Arab Emirates Kuwait Saudi Arabia Philippines India Chile Viet Nam South Africa South Africa Singapore Brazil Viet Nam Switzerland Brazil Turkey Switzerland Oman India New Zealand Oman Israel Mexico Qatar New Zealand Kuwait Sudan Chile Brunei Darussalam Pakistan Peru Iran, Islamic Rep. of Norway Colombia Hong Kong, China Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Iraq Egypt Israel Bahamas Egypt Norway Papua New Guinea Ukraine Argentina Algeria Nigeria Argentina Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Yemen Above 40 a Above a Includes significant shipments recorded as exports to Hong Kong, China with China as final destination. 19

35 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.16 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change European Union (27) World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Switzerland Switzerland Japan Japan Norway China Above Above Russian Federation Turkey China Russian Federation Singapore Norway Canada Canada Australia Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Singapore India Australia Korea, Republic of India Turkey Egypt South Africa Croatia Above Above United States World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan Canada Canada Mexico Bermuda Switzerland Mexico Above Above Korea, Republic of Switzerland China China Australia Taipei, Chinese Brazil India Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of India Hong Kong, China Singapore Australia Hong Kong, China Singapore Bermuda Brazil Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Israel Above Above Japan World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Singapore China Taipei, Chinese Singapore China Korea, Republic of Above Above Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Thailand Taipei, Chinese Hong Kong, China Australia Canada Thailand Indonesia Switzerland Australia Philippines United Arab Emirates Indonesia Switzerland Canada Philippines United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia Malaysia Above Above

36 Table I.16 (continued) Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Hong Kong, China a World World China China United States European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Japan Japan Taipei, Chinese Australia Above Above Singapore Singapore Australia Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Canada Canada Thailand Malaysia Korea, Republic of Thailand Malaysia Switzerland Macao, China India India Indonesia United Arab Emirates Philippines Philippines Above Above Singapore b, c World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan Australia Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China China Above Above China Australia Indonesia India Malaysia Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Malaysia India Switzerland Thailand Indonesia Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Thailand United Arab Emirates Norway Philippines Philippines Above Above Korea, Republic of d World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) China Japan Japan China Above Above

37 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.16 (continued) Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change Australia World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States China Singapore Japan New Zealand New Zealand Japan Above Above Singapore Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Thailand Hong Kong, China Switzerland India China Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia Fiji Canada Canada Thailand Indonesia Switzerland Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Viet Nam Above Above Russian Federation e World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Turkey Ukraine United States Switzerland Ukraine Turkey Egypt Above Above Kazakhstan Switzerland China China Japan Panama British Virgin Islands Kazakhstan Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Tajikistan Belarus Korea, Republic of Israel Belarus Korea, Republic of Canada Serbia and Montenegro Azerbaijan British Virgin Islands Above Above a Financial intermediation services are not allocated geographically. In 2006, they represented 2 per cent of exports, and 0.3 per cent of imports. b The following transactions are not allocated geographically: travel exports and imports; financial services exports related to foreign exchange trading; imports of freight transportation services and, insurance on goods imports. Overall, they represent 12 per cent of commercial services exports, and 34 per cent of imports. c ASEAN countries accounted for 12 per cent of total commercial services exports and 5 per cent of imports. d In 2006 trade in commercial services not allocated geographically accounted for 10 per cent of exports and imports. e In 2006 trade in commercial services not allocated geographically accounted for 6 per cent of exports and 11 per cent of imports. Note: For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II.2. 22

38 5. Regional Trade Agreements Table I.17 Merchandise exports of NAFTA countries by destination, (Billion dollars and percentage) IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Origin Destination United States Canada Mexico NAFTA All other countries World Value United States Canada Mexico NAFTA Share United States Canada Mexico NAFTA Annual percentage change United States Canada Mexico NAFTA

39 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.18 Merchandise exports of MERCOSUR countries by destination, (Million dollars and percentage) Origin Destination MERCOSUR All other regions World Total South and Central America Other regions Value Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay MERCOSUR Share Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay MERCOSUR Annual percentage change Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay MERCOSUR

40 Table I.19 Merchandise imports of MERCOSUR countries by origin, (Million dollars and percentage) Destination Origin MERCOSUR All other regions World Total South and Central America Other regions IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Value Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay MERCOSUR Share Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay MERCOSUR Annual percentage change Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay MERCOSUR

41 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.20 Merchandise exports of Andean Community countries by destination, (Million dollars and percentage) Origin Destination Andean Community All other regions World Total South and Central America Other regions Value Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru Andean Community Share Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru Andean Community Annual percentage change Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru Andean Community

42 Table I.21 Merchandise imports of Andean Community countries by origin, (Million dollars and percentage) Destination Origin Andean Community All other regions World Total South and Central America Other regions IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Value Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru Andean Community Share Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru Andean Community Annual percentage change Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru Andean Community

43 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.22 Merchandise exports of ASEAN countries by destination, (Billion dollars and percentage) Destination ASEAN All other regions World Origin Total Asia Other regions Value Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore a Thailand ASEAN Share Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore a Thailand ASEAN Annual percentage change Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore a Thailand ASEAN a Includes significant re-exports. 28

44 Table I.23 Merchandise imports of ASEAN countries by origin, (Billion dollars and percentage) Origin ASEAN All other regions World IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Destination Total Asia Other regions Value Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore a Thailand ASEAN Share Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore a Thailand ASEAN Annual percentage change Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore a Thailand ASEAN a Includes significant imports for re-export. 29

45 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I 6. Least-developed countries Table I.24 Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Value Ratio to GDP GDP Goods and commercial services Goods Commercial services LDCs Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Kiribati Lao People's Dem. Rep Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Tanzania Timor Leste Togo Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Yemen Zambia Memorandum item: World Note: Trade in goods is derived from balance of payments statistics and does not correspond to the merchandise trade statistics given elsewhere in this report. Data are estimated for most countries. See the Metadata. 30

46 Table I.25 Merchandise exports and imports of the least-developed countries by selected country grouping, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Value Annual percentage change Value Annual percentage change LDCs Oil exporters Angola Equatorial Guinea Sudan Yemen Chad Exporters of manufactures Bangladesh Myanmar Cambodia Madagascar Lao People's Dem. Rep Nepal Lesotho Haiti Exporters of commodities Zambia Mozambique Congo, Dem. Rep. of Tanzania Senegal Uganda Mauritania Mali Ethiopia Guinea Niger Malawi Togo Benin Burkina Faso Bhutan Afghanistan Somalia Sierra Leone Maldives Central African Republic Liberia Rwanda Solomon Islands Guinea-Bissau Burundi Djibouti Vanuatu Cape Verde Samoa Eritrea Gambia Comoros Kiribati Sao Tome and Principe Tuvalu Timor Leste Memorandum item: World a a Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note: Data for 2007 are largely estimated. 31

47 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I Table I.26 Imports of agicultural products, fuels and manufactures of the European Union (27), Asia and North America from least-developed countries, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) European Union (27) Asia a Annual Annual percentage percentage Value change Value change Value North America b Annual percentage change A. Agricultural products Total LDCs Total LDCs Total LDCs Tanzania Myanmar Bangladesh Uganda Tanzania Liberia Senegal Burkina Faso Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia Madagascar Madagascar Bangladesh Malawi Bangladesh Solomon Islands Tanzania Malawi Vanuatu Haiti Mozambique Mali Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. of Benin Senegal Togo Lao People's Dem. Rep Lao People's Dem. Rep Sudan Mozambique Sudan Others (39) Others (39) Others (39) B. Fuels and mining products Total LDCs Total LDCs Total LDCs Angola Angola Angola Equatorial Guinea Yemen Chad Mozambique Sudan Equatorial Guinea Mauritania Equatorial Guinea Yemen Guinea Myanmar Guinea Zambia Zambia Sierra Leone Congo, Dem. Rep. of Lao People's Dem. Rep Congo, Dem. Rep. of Yemen Guinea Zambia Others (42) Others (42) Others (42) C. Manufactures Total LDCs Total LDCs Total LDCs Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Cambodia Myanmar Cambodia Liberia Nepal Haiti Madagascar Cambodia Lesotho Congo, Dem. Rep. of Angola Madagascar Angola Bhutan Equatorial Guinea Myanmar Liberia Congo, Dem. Rep. of Niger Samoa Nepal Equatorial Guinea Senegal Angola Lesotho Lao People's Dem. Rep Malawi Lao People's Dem. Rep Tanzania Lao People's Dem. Rep Sierra Leone Madagascar Tanzania Nepal Ethiopia Niger Others (37) Others (37) Others (37) a Australia, China, Hong Kong, China; India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea Rep. of, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore and Taipei Chinese. b Canada and United States 32

48 Table I.27 Exports of commercial services of the least-developed countries by category, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Value Share in commercial services Commercial services Transportation services Travel Other commercial services IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Least developed countries Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Kiribati Lao People's Dem. Rep Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Tanzania Timor Leste Togo Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Yemen Zambia Memorandum item: World Note: Data are estimated for most countries. The improvement of the quality of data in recent years may have resulted in changes relating to the breakdown of exports of commercial services by category of services. See the Metadata, Section II.2. 33

49 WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS I 7. Foreign affiliates trade in services Table I.28 Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies - affiliates located abroad primarily engaged in services activities (outward FATS), (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Annual percentage change Australia a Austria b Belgium b, c Canada d Czech Republic e Finland f France b, c, g Germany Greece Hungary f Italy Japan Portugal b Slovak Republic f United States Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activities. Economies shown in italics exclude most or a large part of financial intermediation activities. a Refers to fiscal year (July-June). Community, social and personal (except health), hotels and restaurants and communications services are not covered. Only includes affiliates directly controlled. b Only includes affiliates directly owned. c Classified under services according to actvity of parent company. d Branches are excluded. e Only the first level of indirect ownership is covered f Community, social and personal services are not covered. g Refers to 2002 value and annual percentage change for Note: Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of economy data may not always be complete. See the Metadata, Section II.2. 34

50 Table I.29 Sales by affiliates of foreign companies - resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS), (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Annual percentage change IWORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS Austria a Belgium Bulgaria b Cyprus b, c Czech Republic Denmark b, d, e Estonia Finland France Germany Greece d Hong Kong, China b, f Hungary Israel Italy Japan g, h Latvia b Lithuania b Netherlands a, b, h New Zealand i Norway b Poland Portugal b Romania b, c Slovak Republic b Slovenia Spain a, b Sweden Trinidad and Tobago d United Kingdom United States Excluding wholesale and retail trade as well as repair activities. For economies shown in italics data exclude all or a large part of financial intermediation activities. a Only direct control. b Some or all community, social and personal services activities are not covered. c Hotels and restaurants activities are not covered. d Refers to 2002 value and annual percentage change for e Transport, storage and communications activities are not covered. f Includes other income. g No estimation for non-response. h Real estate activities are also not covered. i Preliminary results based on 53 per cent of foreign affiliates. Note : Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. See the Metadata, Section II.2. 35

51 36

52 II. II. MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT Agriculture Higher food prices lift the value of agricultural trade Prices of agricultural products increased by 14 per cent in 2007, compared with 7 per cent for manufactured goods and 11 per cent for fuels and mining products. This price rise helped to boost the value of agricultural exports, which rose by 19 per cent, exceeding the performance of both manufactured goods and fuels and mining products. Sharply rising prices of cereals and vegetable oils contributed to the 21 per cent expansion of food exports. This price hike was due partly to strong demand on the part of developing and emerging economies and to a new demand for biofuels. The increased cost of fertilizers also contributed to the higher food prices, with prices for the most common fertilizers rising between 39 and 68 per cent in The Highlights IN THIS CHAPTER : Agriculture Fuels and mining products Manufactured goods Office and telecom equipment Automotive products Clothing Cut flowers Export Processing Zones (EPZs) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Net food exporters benefi ted from the rise in prices, which tended to raise their export revenues. In 2007, India and Thailand saw their rice exports grow by a staggering 62 and 44 per cent respectively. Russia and Brazil also experienced impressive growth in food exports (45 per cent and 23 per cent respectively). Some 12 per cent of Africa s import bill was devoted to food in 2007, nearly double the world average. Between 2002 and 2007, food imports increased sharply in China (an average annual growth of (27 per cent), the 12 new member states of the European Union (27 per cent) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (23 per cent). Together, they increased their share of world food imports to 9.3 per cent in 2007, from 5.6 per cent in Chart II.1 (Billion dollars) 2002 Food imports of selected economies, EU 12 new member states China CIS Africa Fuels and mining products Rise of fuel exports decelerates in 2007 World exports of fuels and mining products increased by 15 per cent in 2007, signifi cantly below the 28 per cent recorded in This is mainly due to the lower growth in fuel prices, 11 per cent, compared with 41 per cent in 2005 and 21 per cent in This is the fi rst time since 2003 that world exports of fuels increased at a slower pace than other major product groups. In volume terms, exports of fuels remained roughly constant in 2007; oil imports of developed economies actually declined by nearly 2 per cent. China, the Republic of Korea and India are among the top ten importers of fuels. India and China recorded growth of 20 and 18 per cent respectively in their fuel imports in African oil exporters were among the main benefi ciaries of this trend (in 2007, 25 per cent of China s fuel imports originated from Africa, compared with 18 per cent in 2000). However, high fuel prices created serious problems for net fuel-importing countries in sub-saharan Africa. For a number of countries, more than half of 37

53 their foreign exchange earnings from merchandise exports were spent on fuel imports in 2007, and in some cases this share exceeded 75 per cent. Tanzania s share was 79 per cent, followed by Senegal and Burundi, each of which spent 76 per cent of export earnings on fuels. MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II In 2007, high prices continued for ores and other minerals, with exports growing by 26 per cent. Since 2000, these commodities have registered an average annual increase of 31 per cent in value and 29 per cent in price. In particular, the rapid increase in imports by large emerging economies contributed to the strong performance of this sector. Over the last fi ve years, for example, Chinese imports of ores and other minerals grew by an average annual rate of 55 per cent. Chart II.2 (Annual percentage change) World merchandise exports by product group, 2007 Iron and steel ($474bn) Ores and minerals ($258bn) Agricultural products ($1128bn) Other chemicals ($1115bn) Other machinery ($1740bn) Pharmaceuticals ($369bn) Non-ferrous metals ($362bn) Other semi-manufactures ($915bn) Automotive products ($1183bn) Scientific and controlling instruments ($280bn) Fuels ($2039bn) Clothing ($345bn) Textiles ($238bn) Average Office and telecom equipment ($1514bn) Chart II.3 (Percentage) Senegal Tanzania Burundi Cape Verde Rwanda Ethiopia Seychelles Uganda Kenya The coverage of fuel imports by total merchandise exports, Manufactured goods Iron and steel leads the way In 2007, world exports of manufactured goods were valued at $9.5 trillion, 15 per cent higher than in 2006 and in line with the expansion of total merchandise exports. The share of manufactured goods in total merchandise exports was 70 per cent; since 2000, however, this share has dropped by 5 points. Chart II.4 (Billion dollars) Exports of iron and steel of China and Germany, In 2007, the fastest growing components of manufactured goods were iron and steel, which increased by 27 per cent, followed by chemicals and transport equipment (18 per cent each). In recent years, iron and steel has been among the fastest growing export products of China, increasing by an annual rate of 73 per cent since Consequently, China overtook Germany to become the leading exporter of iron and steel in 2007, rising from 17th place in the ranking of world exporters in China 2005 Germany

54 Office and telecom equipment A marked deceleration in trade in 2007 World trade in offi ce and telecom equipment increased by less than 4 per cent in 2007, in sharp contrast to the 14 per cent growth registered in This slowdown is widely spread across the world, but it has largely stemmed from measures taken by the United Kingdom against the so-called Missing Trader Intra-Community (MTIC) fraud. This involved the misappropriation of VAT by fraudulent importers within the European Union. The fraud tends to be targeted at high-value, low-volume goods, such as mobile phones and computer components, and considerably infl ates trade between EU states in offi ce and telecom equipment. It is estimated that trade associated with MTIC fraud dropped from $42 billion in 2006 to just $3 billion in 2007 in the UK, causing intra-eu trade in offi ce and telecom equipment to decline by 12 per cent. Chart II.5 (Million dollars) Intra-EU trade in office and telecom equipment and impact of the UK MTIC fraudulent trade, Reported intra-eu exports Intra-EU exports corrected for UK fraudulent trade with the EU Note: corrected intra-eu exports have been calculated by subtracting UK total estimated fraudulent trade to the EU from Eurostat total intra-eu exports of office and telecom equipment MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Excluding intra-eu trade fl ows, offi ce and telecom equipment exports were still the least dynamic component of world trade. Their global value increased by 8 per cent as all major traders apart from the Republic of Korea and Japan registered a marked slowdown compared with their 2006 performance. Despite sluggish import growth, the sizeable US and extra-eu trade defi cits expanded again in US exports even decreased, for the fi rst time since China increased its exports by a remarkable 21 per cent, further developing its role as a central hub for global manufacturing of electronic products. At the same time, China remained the fastest growing market for Asian economies exports of integrated circuits and other intermediate products. Japan and most Asian information technology (IT) exporters continued strengthening their exports of integrated circuits and electronic components to the growing Asian market. Chart II.6 (Annual percentage change) Exports of office and telecom equipment from China and other Asian economies to their main markets, 2007 China, the Republic of Korea, Mexico and Thailand achieved an above-average export performance in office and telecom equipment due to their specialisation in finished products. The Republic of Korea and Mexico saw their exports of telecom equipment rise by about 25 per cent; Mexico overtook Japan and the United States to become the world s fi fth-largest exporter of these products. Thailand benefi ted from further specialisation in electronic data processing and office equipment, and expanded its exports by 12 per cent. EU 27 USA China Other Asia China Other Asia 39

55 Automotive products Competition from emerging economies increases MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Driven by an 18 per cent increase in imports of the European Union and strong demand in the emerging and oil-rich economies, the value of world exports of automotive products expanded by 16 per cent in Exports to North America, however, almost stagnated (2 per cent) refl ecting the lack of dynamism of this market. Between 2000 and 2007, exports to North America increased by an annual average rate of 5 per cent, less than half the world average for the period. As a result, excluding intra-eu trade, North America s share in world imports declined from 64 per cent in 2000 to 44 per cent in By contrast, the weight of emerging countries is increasing. Imports of the CIS, for example, expanded by a remarkable 60 per cent in Following a 76 per cent increase in 2006, car shipments from the European Union to Russia surged by a further 70 per cent in Japanese car exports to Russia also attained remarkable growth of 72 per cent and 54 per cent in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Chart II.7 (Percentage) Shares in world exports of automotive products (excluding intra-eu(27) trade), 2000 and 2007 Shares in world imports of automotive products (excluding intra-eu(27) trade), 2000 and 2007 European Union (27) Japan United States Canada Korea, Republic of Mexico China Turkey Brazil Thailand United States European Union (27) Canada Russian Federation Mexico China Australia Japan Turkey South Africa Clothing Chinese exporters make inroads in the Commonwealth of Independent States In 2007, the value of world exports of clothing increased by 12 per cent, the same rate as in Excluding China, the world s leading exporter, growth is a more modest 7 per cent. The clothing market s share in total merchandise exports has progressively declined from 3.2 per cent in 2000 to 2.5 per cent in Nonetheless, the value of China s clothing exports rose by 21 per cent in 2007 to $115 billion, accounting for a third of world exports. This performance follows an even stronger one in 2006, when the country s exports grew by 29 per cent. China has also made impressive inroads in the CIS region, with exports expanding by an annual average of 41 per cent between 2000 and Between 2006 and 2007, the value of Chinese exports to this region doubled, reaching $13.7 billion. 40

56 Extra-EU exports also experienced growth of 19 per cent, recording total trade of $24.8 billion. Between 2000 and 2007, exports declined in the Republic of Korea (by an annual average of 13 per cent), Chinese Taipei (12 per cent), the United States (9 per cent), the Philippines (7 per cent) and Mexico (7 per cent). In contrast, a number of developing countries continue to increase their clothing exports, including Viet Nam (29 per cent rise in 2007), Madagascar (18 per cent), Egypt (23 per cent) and Cambodia (13 per cent). Chart II.8 Shares in world clothing exports, 2000 and 2007 (Percentage) Indonesia 2% Korea, Rep. 3% Bangladesh 3% India 3% Turkey 3% United States 4% Mexico 4% Hong Kong, China 5% Rest of the World 26% China 18% EU (27) 29% United States 1% Hong Kong, China 1% Mexico 1% Indonesia 2% Viet Nam 2% India 3% Bangladesh 3% Turkey 4% EU (27) 30% Rest of the World 19% China 34% MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Cut flowers Provide niche market for Africa A key challenge for developing countries is to diversify their exports in order to reduce the volatility of their export earnings and to create new job opportunities. An example of this diversifi cation is the development by some sub-saharan countries of the cut flower industry. Between 2000 and 2007, cut fl ower exports from this region expanded by an average annual rate of 20 per cent. Africa s share of world exports doubled to 8 per cent over this period. Kenya, Africa s leading exporter of cut fl owers, is the fourth-largest world supplier and the largest outside supplier to EU countries. From 2003 to 2007, exports of cut fl owers from Ethiopia increased by an average annual rate of 142 per cent. Zambia s exports expanded by an annual rate of 44 per cent between 2000 and This improvement was helped by factors such as a generous incentive package for investors and effi cient transport services. Kenya s fl ower industry has benefi ted from the improved airport infrastructure serving the booming tourism sector. Chart II.9 Regions' share in world cut flower exports, 2000 and 2007 (Percentage) 20% 4% 4% 10% 21% 8% 6% 5% 62% 60% Europe S & C America Asia Others 2000 Africa

57 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) South and Central America and the Caribbean face competition for clothing exports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Labour-intensive mass-production activities tend to be based in low-cost labour countries. These activities often take place in export processing zones (EPZs) of developing economies, where imported materials and other intermediate goods are processed or assembled for export. For some countries, these EPZs account for a substantial proportion of their total exports. From 1997 to 2007, exports of manufactured goods from EPZs in Mexico, the Dominican Republic and some Central American countries grew faster than traditional exports in the first half of this period but slower in the second half. Chart II.10 (Percentage) Morocco Dominican Rep. Importance of EPZs exports in total exports, 2007 Tunisia Honduras Costa Rica Madagascar Mauritius China El Salvador Mexico China s entry into the WTO in 2001 and the expiry of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing at the end of 2004 helped to increase global competition in the clothing market, which was reflected in lower export growth in the EPZs. The affected countries also faced competition from new Asian entrants, such as Viet Nam and Cambodia, as well as from traditional competitors, such as India and Bangladesh. As a result, US clothing imports from the EPZs of these countries declined at average annual rates of up to 13.4 per cent. Another reason for the decline was the higher export revenues from natural resources. Some preferential trade agreements (PTAs), such as the US Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act, combined with safeguard measures imposed by the European Union and the United States on imports of certain textiles and clothing from China, helped some developing countries to maintain or even marginally increase their exports. Those PTAs, which permit the assembly of clothing from fabrics sourced from countries other than the United States, have helped small exporters, such as Madagascar and Haiti, increase their exports of clothing to the United States by 26 per cent and 15 per cent per year respectively in the last fi ve years. Some countries have managed to diversify the activities of their EPZs. The Dominican Republic increased its exports of electrical products and jewellery by nearly 9 per cent between 2002 and 2007; while Mexico has shifted to the relatively high-skilled sectors of automotive products, televisions and video projectors. Between 2000 and 2007, Mexico s exports of TV receivers and video projectors expanded by 21 per cent per year. Costa Rica also expanded its exports of offi ce and telecommunication equipment by an average annual rate of 21 per cent during this period. China, with a 32 per cent share in 2007, is now the major destination for Costa Rica s exports of this product category. EPZs Traditional Chart II.11 EPZs and traditional export developments (Average annual percentage change) Costa Rica Dominican Rep. El Salvador Honduras Mexico 0 Costa Rica Dominican Rep. El Salvador Honduras Mexico EPZs Traditional trade 42

58 1. Overview Table II. 1 World merchandise exports by major product group, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total Fuels Total Iron and steel Chemicals Office and telecom equipment Automotive products Textiles Clothing Value Share in world merchandise trade Annual percentage change MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 43

59 Table II.2 World merchandise exports by major product group and region, 2007 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Total Fuels Total Iron and steel Chemicals Manufactures Office and telecom equipment Automotive products Textiles Clothing World Share in total exports Annual percentage change North America Share in total exports Annual percentage change South and Central America Share in total exports Annual percentage change Europe Share in total exports Annual percentage change Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Share in total exports Annual percentage change Africa Share in total exports Annual percentage change Middle East Share in total exports Annual percentage change Asia Share in total exports Annual percentage change

60 Table II.3 Share of agricultural products in trade in total merchandise and in primary products by region, 2007 Table II.4 Share of fuels and mining products in trade in total merchandise and in primary products by region, 2007 (Percentage) Exports Imports Share in total merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share in primary products World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. (Percentage) Share in total merchandise Exports Imports World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share in primary products World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Table II.5 Share of fuels in trade in total merchandise and in primary products by region, 2007 Table II.6 Share of manufactures in total merchandise trade by region, 2007 (Percentage) (Percentage) Exports Imports Exports Imports Share in total merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share in primary products World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share in total merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. 45

61 Table II.7 Table II.8 Share of iron and steel in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, 2007 Share of chemicals in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, 2007 (Percentage) (Percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Share in total merchandise Exports Imports World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share in manufactures Exports Imports Share in total merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Share in manufactures World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. Table II.9 Table II.10 Share of office and telecom equipment in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, 2007 Share of automotive products in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, 2007 (Percentage) (Percentage) Exports Imports Exports Imports Share in total merchandise Share in total merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia Share in manufactures World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia Share in manufactures World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. 46

62 Table II.11 Share of textiles in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, 2007 Table II.12 Share of clothing in trade in total merchandise and in manufactures by region, 2007 (Percentage) Exports Imports Share in total merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia Share in manufactures World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia (Percentage) Exports Imports Share in total merchandise World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia Share in manufactures World North America South and Central America Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Australia, Japan and New Zealand Other Asia MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. Note: Import shares are derived from the Secretariat's network of world merchandise trade by product and region. 47

63 2. Agriculture products Table II.13 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Exports of agricultural products of regions by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Europe World Europe Asia North America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East South and Central America Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America North America World North America Asia Europe South and Central America Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America World Europe Asia North America South and Central America Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) World Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Europe Africa Middle East North America South and Central America Africa World Europe Africa Asia Middle East North America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America Middle East World Middle East Europe Asia Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) North America South and Central America

64 Table II.14 Imports of agricultural products of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) Canada a United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World North America North America Europe Asia Asia Europe South and Central America South and Central America Africa Africa CIS CIS Middle East Middle East Economy Economy United States Canada European Union (27) European Union (27) Mexico Mexico China China Brazil Brazil Above Above Thailand Chile Chile Thailand Australia Indonesia New Zealand Australia Colombia New Zealand Indonesia Colombia Costa Rica Costa Rica India Ecuador Guatemala Viet Nam Argentina Malaysia Malaysia India Viet Nam Guatemala Peru Argentina South Africa Philippines Ecuador Peru Russian Federation Japan Turkey Honduras Morocco Korea, Republic of Switzerland Russian Federation Côte d'ivoire Dominican Republic Philippines Turkey Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Japan Côte d'ivoire Uruguay Nicaragua Taipei, Chinese Switzerland Canada Uruguay Norway Norway Honduras South Africa Nicaragua Israel Nigeria El Salvador Hong Kong, China Panama Jamaica Fiji Iran, Islamic Rep. of Bangladesh Israel Singapore Singapore Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Above Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 49

65 Table II.14 (continued) Imports of agricultural products of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II European Union (27) Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Europe Asia South and Central America North America Asia Europe Africa South and Central America North America CIS CIS Africa Middle East Middle East Economy Economy European Union (27) United States Brazil China United States European Union (27) Argentina Australia China Canada Above Above Norway Thailand Russian Federation Russian Federation Turkey Indonesia Canada Chile Indonesia Brazil Chile New Zealand Switzerland Korea, Republic of Thailand Malaysia South Africa Viet Nam Malaysia Philippines New Zealand Taipei, Chinese India India Côte d'ivoire South Africa Viet Nam Mexico Morocco Norway Australia Argentina Ecuador Singapore Colombia Colombia Ukraine Peru Costa Rica Turkey Peru Morocco Israel Ecuador Iceland Myanmar Ghana Ghana Kenya Iceland Cameroon Sri Lanka Mexico Mauritania Croatia Guatemala Serbia Switzerland Tunisia Croatia Uruguay Ethiopia Egypt Papua New Guinea Philippines Israel Japan Greenland Nigeria Tanzania Above Above Japan a Imports are valued f.o.b. 50

66 Table II.15 Leading exporters and importers of agricultural products, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports United States Canada Brazil China Argentina Thailand Russian Federation a Indonesia Australia Malaysia New Zealand India Mexico Chile Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States Japan China Canada b Russian Federation a, b Korea, Republic of Mexico b Hong Kong, China retained imports Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates a Taipei, Chinese Malaysia Indonesia Switzerland Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. 51

67 Table II.16 Exports of agricultural products of selected economies, MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II (Million dollars and percentage) a World Argentina Australia Belarus Brazil Cameroon b Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire b Croatia Ecuador Egypt b Ethiopia European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Ghana b Guatemala Honduras Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Israel Japan Kenya Korea, Republic of Malawi b Malaysia Mexico Morocco New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan b Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Russian Federation b Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore domestic exports re-exports South Africa Sri Lanka b Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey b Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates b United States Uruguay Viet Nam b Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports a b Or nearest year. Includes Secretariat estimates. 52

68 Table II.17 Imports of agricultural products of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a Algeria Argentina Australia b Bangladesh c, d Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil e Canada b Chile China Colombia Côte d'ivoire b Croatia Cuba d Dominican Republic b, d Ecuador Egypt d El Salvador d European Union (27) f extra-eu (27) imports Guatemala Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of d Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan d Korea, Republic of Kuwait d Lebanon b, d Malaysia Mexico b Morocco New Zealand Nigeria d Norway Oman d Pakistan Peru Philippines d Russian Federation b, d Saudi Arabia Senegal d Singapore retained imports South Africa b Sri Lanka d Sudan Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey d Ukraine United Arab Emirates d United States Viet Nam d Yemen d Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d e f Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 53

69 2.1 Food Table II.18 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Exports of food of regions by destination, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) Value Share in region's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Europe World Europe North America Asia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East South and Central America Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America North America World North America Asia Europe South and Central America Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America World Europe Asia South and Central America North America Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa World Europe Africa Asia Middle East North America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America

70 Table II.19 Imports of food of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) Canada a United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World North America North America Europe Asia Asia Europe South and Central America South and Central America Africa Africa CIS CIS Middle East Middle East Economy Economy United States Canada European Union (27) European Union (27) Mexico Mexico China China Brazil Brazil Above Above Thailand Chile Chile Thailand Australia Indonesia New Zealand Australia Colombia New Zealand Indonesia Colombia Costa Rica Costa Rica India Ecuador Guatemala Viet Nam Argentina Malaysia Malaysia India Viet Nam Guatemala Peru Argentina South Africa Philippines Ecuador Peru Russian Federation Japan Turkey Honduras Morocco Korea, Republic of Switzerland Russian Federation Côte d'ivoire Dominican Republic Philippines Turkey Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Japan Côte d'ivoire Uruguay Nicaragua Taipei, Chinese Switzerland Canada Uruguay Norway Norway Honduras South Africa Nicaragua Israel Nigeria El Salvador Hong Kong, China Panama Jamaica Fiji Iran, Islamic Rep. of Bangladesh Israel Singapore Singapore Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Above Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 55

71 Table II.20 Leading exporters and importers of food, 2007 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports United States Brazil China Canada Argentina Thailand Australia Indonesia Malaysia Mexico New Zealand India Russian Federation a Chile Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States Japan China Russian Federation a, b Canada b Mexico b Korea, Republic of Saudi Arabia Hong Kong, China retained imports United Arab Emirates a Switzerland Malaysia Indonesia Australia b Above a b Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. 56

72 Table II.21 Exports of food of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a World Argentina Australia Belarus Brazil Cameroon b Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Ecuador Egypt Ethiopia European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Ghana b Guatemala Honduras Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Israel Japan Kenya Korea, Republic of Malawi b Malaysia Mexico Morocco New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Russian Federation b Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore domestic exports re-exports South Africa Sri Lanka Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey b Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates b United States Uruguay Viet Nam b Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b Or nearest year. Shares include significant exports from processing zones. 57

73 Table II.22 Imports of food of selected economies, MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II (Million dollars and percentage) a Algeria Argentina Australia b Bangladesh c, d Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil e Canada b Chile China Colombia Côte d'ivoire b Croatia Cuba d Ecuador Egypt El Salvador d European Union (27) f extra-eu (27) imports Guatemala Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of d Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan d Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait d Lebanon b, d Malaysia Mexico b Morocco New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman d Pakistan Peru Philippines d Russian Federation b, d Saudi Arabia Senegal d Singapore retained imports South Africa b Sri Lanka Sudan Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey d Ukraine United Arab Emirates d United States Viet Nam d Yemen d Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports a b c d e f Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 58

74 3. Fuels and mining products Table II.23 Exports of fuels and mining products of regions by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Europe World Europe North America Asia Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America Middle East World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East South and Central America Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) World Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia North America Middle East South and Central America Africa Africa World Europe North America Asia Africa South and Central America Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) North America World North America Europe Asia South and Central America Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America World North America Asia South and Central America Europe Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 59

75 3.1. Fuels Table II.24 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Imports of fuels of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change European Union (27) Region Region World World Europe North America CIS Africa Africa South and Central America Middle East Middle East South and Central America Europe North America CIS Asia Asia Economy Economy European Union (27) Canada Russian Federation Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Norway Saudi Arabia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Mexico Saudi Arabia Nigeria Algeria European Union (27) Iran, Islamic Rep. of Algeria Kazakhstan Angola Nigeria Russian Federation Azerbaijan Iraq Above Above Japan United States Region Region World World Middle East Middle East Asia Africa Africa Asia CIS CIS North America South and Central America South and Central America North America Europe Europe Economy Economy Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Angola Qatar Iran, Islamic Rep. of Australia Russian Federation Indonesia Oman Iran, Islamic Rep. of Korea, Republic of Kuwait Sudan Malaysia Kazakhstan Russian Federation Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Oman United Arab Emirates Above Above China 60

76 Table II.25 Imports of fuels of selected regions and economies from the Middle East, 2000 and 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Annual percentage change Asia Japan Korea, Republic of China India Taipei, Chinese Singapore Thailand Pakistan Indonesia Europe European Union (27) Turkey a North America United States Canada b MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a 2005 instead of b Imports are valued f.o.b. 61

77 Table II.26 Exports of fuels of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a World Algeria Angola b Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain b Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Bolivia b Brazil Brunei Darussalam b Cameroon b Canada China Colombia Côte d'ivoire Croatia Ecuador Egypt European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Gabon India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Iraq b Japan Kazakhstan b Korea, Republic of Kuwait Libyan Arab Jamahiriya b Malaysia Mexico Morocco New Zealand Nigeria b Norway Oman b Pakistan Peru Philippines b Qatar b Russian Federation b Saudi Arabia Singapore domestic exports re-exports South Africa b Sudan b Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Thailand Trinidad and Tobago b Tunisia Turkey b Ukraine United Arab Emirates b United States Viet Nam b Yemen Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports a Or nearest year. b Includes Secretariat estimates. Note: Includes economies exporting petroleum products. 62

78 Table II.27 Imports of fuels of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a Argentina Australia b Bahrain c Bangladesh c, d Belarus Brazil e Cameroon c Canada b Chile China Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Cuba c Dominican Republic b Ecuador Egypt European Union (27) f extra-eu (27) imports FYR Macedonia Guatemala Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Israel Jamaica c Japan Jordan Kazakhstan c Kenya Korea, Republic of Lebanon b, c Malaysia Mexico b Morocco New Zealand Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines c Russian Federation b, c Senegal c Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore retained imports South Africa b Sri Lanka c Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Tanzania c Thailand Trinidad and Tobago c Tunisia Turkey c Ukraine United States Uruguay Viet Nam c Yemen c Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d e f Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Includes Secretariat estimates. Figures refer to fiscal year. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 63

79 4. Manufactures Table II.28 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Exports of manufactures of regions by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Europe World Europe North America Asia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Middle East Africa South and Central America Asia World Asia North America Europe Middle East South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa North America World North America Asia Europe South and Central America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Middle East World Middle East Asia Europe North America Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America South and Central America World South and Central America North America Europe Asia Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) World Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Europe Asia Middle East North America South and Central America Africa Africa World Europe Africa Asia North America Middle East South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

80 Table II.29 Trade in manufactures of the United States, the European Union (27) and China by origin and destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Exports Annual percentage change United States World North America South and Central America Brazil Europe European Union (27) CIS Russian Federation Africa Middle East Asia China Japan Six East Asian traders European Union (27) World North America South and Central America Brazil Europe European Union (27) CIS Russian Federation Africa Middle East Asia China Japan Six East Asian traders China a World North America South and Central America Brazil Europe European Union (27) CIS Russian Federation Africa Middle East Asia Japan Six East Asian traders Value Share Imports Annual percentage change MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a In 2007, China reported imports from China accounting for 12 percent of its manufacture imports For further information, see the Metadata 65

81 Table II.30 Imports of manufactures of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II European Union (27) United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Europe Asia Asia North America North America Europe Africa South and Central America CIS Middle East South and Central America Africa Middle East CIS Economy Economy European Union (27) China China European Union (27) United States Canada Japan Mexico Switzerland Japan Above Above Turkey Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Malaysia India India Singapore Israel Russian Federation Thailand Malaysia Singapore Thailand Brazil Canada Switzerland Norway Indonesia Hong Kong, China Viet Nam Brazil Philippines South Africa Hong Kong, China Israel Russian Federation Mexico Australia Indonesia South Africa Ukraine Pakistan Tunisia Turkey Viet Nam Bangladesh Morocco Dominican Republic Philippines Trinidad and Tobago Bangladesh Honduras Croatia Cambodia United Arab Emirates Costa Rica Pakistan Norway Australia Sri Lanka Saudi Arabia El Salvador Egypt Colombia Serbia Guatemala Sri Lanka Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Costa Rica Jordan Belarus Argentina FYR Macedonia Egypt Bosnia and Herzegovina Ukraine Argentina Nicaragua Above Above

82 Table II.30 (continued) Imports of manufactures of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) China a Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Asia Asia Europe Europe North America North America Middle East South and Central America South and Central America Africa CIS Middle East Africa CIS Economy Economy Japan China European Union (27) European Union (27) Taipei, Chinese United States Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of China Taipei, Chinese Above Above United States Thailand Malaysia Malaysia Philippines Indonesia Thailand Philippines Singapore Switzerland Hong Kong, China Singapore Switzerland Viet Nam Canada Mexico Indonesia Canada Saudi Arabia India India South Africa Russian Federation Australia Mexico Hong Kong, China Costa Rica Brazil South Africa Israel Brazil Norway Australia Saudi Arabia Israel New Zealand Norway Russian Federation Viet Nam Kazakhstan Kazakhstan New Caledonia Pakistan Chile Colombia Costa Rica Belarus Myanmar Iran, Islamic Rep. of Turkey Turkey Bangladesh Morocco Colombia Argentina Iran, Islamic Rep. of New Zealand Cambodia Qatar French Polynesia Ukraine Pakistan Macao, China Sri Lanka United Arab Emirates Dominican Republic Kuwait Jordan Chile Morocco Above Above Japan MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a In 2007, China reported imports from China accounting for 12 percent of its manufacture imports. For further information, see the Metadata. 67

83 Table II.31 Leading exporters and importers of manufactures, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports China a United States Japan Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Korea, Republic of Singapore domestic exports re-exports Canada Taipei, Chinese Mexico a Switzerland Malaysia a Thailand India Turkey b Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States China a, c Hong Kong, China retained imports Japan Canada d Mexico a, d Korea, Republic of Singapore retained imports Russian Federation b, d Taipei, Chinese Switzerland Australia d Malaysia a Turkey b Above a b c d Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. In 2007, China reported imports of manufactures from China amounting to $84.1 billion. For further information, see the Metadata. Imports are valued f.o.b. 68

84 Table II.32 Exports of manufactures of selected economies, (Billion dollars and percentage) a World Argentina Australia Bangladesh b, c Belarus Brazil Cambodia c Canada Chile China d Colombia Costa Rica c, d Croatia Dominican Republic c, d Egypt c El Salvador c, d European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Guatemala c Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India e Indonesia d Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Israel e Japan Jordan Kazakhstan c Korea, Republic of Malaysia d Mexico d Morocco d New Zealand Norway Pakistan c Philippines c, d Russian Federation c Saudi Arabia Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore domestic exports re-exports South Africa c, e Sri Lanka c Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia c Turkey c Ukraine United Arab Emirates c United States Viet Nam c Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d e Or nearest year. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Includes significant exports from processing zones. Includes significant exports of diamonds. For the most recent year, the share of diamonds in exports of manufactures was 13 per cent for India, 45 per cent for Israel and 8 per cent for South Africa. 69

85 Table II.33 Imports of manufactures of selected economies, (Billion dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a Algeria Argentina Australia b Bangladesh c, d Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Brazil e Canada b Chile China f Colombia Costa Rica d, f Côte d'ivoire Croatia Dominican Republic b, d, f Ecuador European Union (27) g extra-eu (27) imports Guatemala f Hong Kong, China retained imports India h Indonesia d, f Iran, Islamic Rep. of d Iraq d Israel h Japan Jordan Kazakhstan d Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait d Lebanon b, d Malaysia f Mexico b, f Morocco f New Zealand Nigeria d Norway Oman d Pakistan Peru Philippines d Qatar d Russian Federation b, d Saudi Arabia Serbia Serbia and Montenegro d Singapore retained imports South Africa b, d Sri Lanka d Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia d Turkey d Ukraine United Arab Emirates d United States Viet Nam d Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports a b c d e f g h Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. Includes significant imports of diamonds. For the most recent year, the share of diamonds in total imports of manufactures was 9 per cent for India and 24 per cent for Israel. 70

86 4.1. Iron and steel Table II.34 Exports of iron and steel of selected regions and economies by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region/economy's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Europe World Europe Asia North America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) China World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Other economies in Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) World Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Middle East Asia Africa North America South and Central America MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 71

87 Table II.35 Imports of iron and steel of the European Union (27) and the United States by origin, 2007 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II (Million dollars and percentage) European Union (27) United States Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change Region Region World World Europe Asia Asia Europe CIS North America South and Central America South and Central America Africa CIS North America Africa Middle East Middle East Economy Economy European Union (27) European Union (27) China Canada Russian Federation China Ukraine Brazil Turkey Mexico Above Above India Japan South Africa Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Brazil India United States Russian Federation Switzerland South Africa Norway Ukraine Taipei, Chinese Australia FYR Macedonia Trinidad and Tobago Japan Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Serbia Dominican Republic Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Turkey Mexico Thailand Colombia Colombia Egypt Kazakhstan New Caledonia Malaysia Belarus Argentina Kazakhstan Norway Indonesia Chile Chile Switzerland Canada New Zealand Dominican Republic Georgia Iran, Islamic Rep. of New Caledonia Australia Singapore Thailand Philippines Libyan Arab Jamahiriya FYR Macedonia Argentina Israel Malaysia Indonesia Armenia Hong Kong, China Moldova Zimbabwe Above Above

88 Table II.36 Leading exporters and importers of iron and steel, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports China a Japan Russian Federation b Ukraine Korea, Republic of United States Taipei, Chinese Brazil Turkey b India South Africa Canada Mexico a Thailand Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States China a Korea, Republic of Thailand Turkey b Canada c Taipei, Chinese Russian Federation b, c India Japan Iran, Islamic Rep. of b Mexico a, c United Arab Emirates b Saudi Arabia Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. 73

89 4.2. Chemicals Table II.37 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Exports of chemicals of selected regions and economies by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Europe World Europe North America Asia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East South and Central America Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Japan World Asia North America Europe South and Central America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Other economies in Asia World Asia Europe North America Africa Middle East South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) North America World North America Europe Asia South and Central America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

90 Table II.38 Leading exporters and importers of chemicals, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports United States Japan China a Switzerland Korea, Republic of Canada Singapore domestic exports re-exports Taipei, Chinese Russian Federation b Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Saudi Arabia Thailand Israel Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States China a Japan Canada c Switzerland Korea, Republic of Mexico a, c Taipei, Chinese Brazil Turkey b Hong Kong, China retained imports Russian Federation b, c India Australia c Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. 75

91 Table II.39 Leading exporters and importers of pharmaceuticals, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports Switzerland United States Singapore domestic exports re-exports Canada China a India Israel Australia Japan Mexico a Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Brazil Korea, Republic of Norway Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States Switzerland Canada b Japan Russian Federation b, c Australia b Turkey c Brazil China a Mexico a, b Korea, Republic of Saudi Arabia Ukraine Singapore retained imports Above a b c Includes significant shipments through processing zones Imports are valued f.o.b. Includes Secretariat estimates. 76

92 4.3. Office and telecom equipment Table II.40 Exports of office and telecom equipment of selected regions and economies by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Asia World Asia North America Europe South and Central America Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa China World Asia North America Europe South and Central America Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Other economies in Asia World Asia North America Europe Middle East South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Europe World Europe Asia North America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Middle East Africa South and Central America North America World North America Asia Europe South and Central America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 77

93 Table II.41 Imports of office and telecom equipment of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II European Union (27) United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Europe Asia Asia North America North America Europe South and Central America Middle East Middle East South and Central America Africa Africa CIS CIS Economy Economy European Union (27) China China Mexico United States Malaysia Japan Japan Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Above Above Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Malaysia European Union (27) Singapore Thailand Thailand Singapore Philippines Canada Hong Kong, China Philippines Turkey Israel Canada Indonesia Costa Rica Hong Kong, China Mexico Costa Rica Switzerland Viet Nam Indonesia Brazil Israel Norway Norway India India Switzerland Above Above

94 Table II.41 (continued) Imports of office and telecom equipment of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) China a Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Region Region World World Asia Asia North America North America Europe Europe South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Middle East Africa Africa CIS CIS Economy Economy China China Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of United States Japan Korea, Republic of Philippines Malaysia Above Above Malaysia Thailand United States Philippines Thailand European Union (27) European Union (27) Singapore Singapore Indonesia Hong Kong, China Mexico Costa Rica Canada Indonesia Hong Kong, China Mexico Viet Nam Canada Costa Rica Israel Israel Morocco Switzerland Viet Nam Norway Switzerland Australia Australia Bangladesh Above Above Japan Annual percentage change MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a In 2007, China reported imports from China accounting for nearly 19 per cent of its office and telecom equipment imports. For further information, see the Metadata. 79

95 Table II.42 Leading exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports China a Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports United States Singapore domestic exports b re-exports b Japan Korea, Republic of Malaysia a Taipei, Chinese Mexico a Thailand Philippines a, b Canada United Arab Emirates b Israel b Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States China a, c Hong Kong, China retained imports Singapore retained imports b Japan Malaysia a Korea, Republic of Mexico a, d Taipei, Chinese Canada d Philippines b, d Thailand Russian Federation b, d Australia d Above a b c d Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. In 2007, China reported imports of office and telecom equipment from China amounting to $42.9 billion. For further information, see the Metadata. Imports are valued f.o.b. 80

96 Table II.43 Exports of office and telecom equipment of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a World Argentina Australia Belarus Brazil Canada China b Costa Rica b Croatia European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Israel c Japan Jordan Korea, Republic of Macao, China c Malaysia b Mauritius b, c Mexico b Morocco b New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines b, c Russian Federation c Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore domestic exports c re-exports c South Africa Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey c Ukraine United Arab Emirates c United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c Or nearest year. Includes significant exports from processing zones. Includes Secretariat estimates. 81

97 Table II.44 Imports of office and telecom equipment of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a Algeria Argentina Australia b Bangladesh c, d Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Brazil e Canada b Chile China f Colombia Costa Rica f Croatia Ecuador Egypt El Salvador f European Union (27) g extra-eu (27) imports Guatemala f Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of d Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan d Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait d Macao, China d Malaysia f Mexico b, f Morocco f New Zealand Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines d Qatar Russian Federation b, d Saudi Arabia Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore retained imports d South Africa b Sri Lanka d Sudan Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey d Ukraine United Arab Emirates d United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports a b c d e f g Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 82

98 EDP equipment Table II.45 Imports of EDP and office equipment of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) European Union (27) United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value S Share change Region Region World World Europe Asia Asia North America North America Europe South and Central America Middle East Middle East South and Central America Africa Africa CIS CIS Economy Economy European Union (27) China China Malaysia United States Japan Japan Mexico Taipei, Chinese Singapore Above Above Malaysia European Union (27) Singapore Thailand Thailand Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Costa Rica Canada Philippines Philippines Hong Kong, China Israel Canada Indonesia Switzerland Costa Rica Mexico Viet Nam Indonesia Hong Kong, China Israel Switzerland Viet Nam Dominican Republic Norway Australia India Norway Above Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 83

99 Table II.45 (continued) Imports of EDP and office equipment of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II China a Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Asia Asia North America North America Europe Europe Middle East Middle East South and Central America South and Central America Africa Africa CIS CIS Economy Economy China China Thailand United States Korea, Republic of Thailand Japan Singapore Philippines European Union (27) Above Above United States Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Singapore Philippines European Union (27) Malaysia Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia Mexico Mexico Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Canada Viet Nam Viet Nam Israel Israel Canada Switzerland India Costa Rica Switzerland Australia Australia India Costa Rica Norway Above Above Japan a In 2007, China reported imports from China accounting for nearly 34 per cent of its EDP and office equipment imports. For further information, see the Metadata. 84

100 Table II.46 Leading exporters and importers of EDP and office equipment, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters China a European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports United States Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Singapore domestic exports b re-exports b Malaysia a Japan Korea, Republic of Thailand Mexico a Taipei, Chinese Philippines a, b Canada United Arab Emirates b Indonesia Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States China a, c Hong Kong, China retained imports Japan Singapore retained imports b Canada d Mexico a, d Malaysia a Korea, Republic of Australia d Thailand United Arab Emirates b Russian Federation b, d Taipei, Chinese Above 15 e MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d e Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. In 2007, China reported imports of EDP and office equipment imports from China amounting to $15.3 billion. For further information, see the Metadata. Imports are valued f.o.b. Excludes retained imports of Hong Kong, China. 85

101 Table II.47 Exports of EDP and office equipment of selected economies, MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II (Million dollars and percentage) a World Australia Brazil Canada China b Costa Rica b Croatia European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Israel Japan Jordan Korea, Republic of Macao, China Malaysia b Mexico b New Zealand Norway Philippines b, c Russian Federation c Saudi Arabia Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore domestic exports c re-exports c South Africa Sri Lanka Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey c Ukraine United Arab Emirates c United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports a b c Or nearest year. Includes significant exports from processing zones. Includes Secretariat estimates. 86

102 Table II.48 Imports of EDP and office equipment of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a Algeria Argentina Australia b Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Brazil c Canada b Chile China d Colombia Costa Rica d Croatia Ecuador Egypt European Union (27) e extra-eu (27) imports Guatemala d Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of f Israel Japan Kazakhstan f Korea, Republic of Kuwait f Malaysia d Mexico b, d Morocco d New Zealand Norway Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines f Qatar Russian Federation b, f Saudi Arabia Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore retained imports f South Africa b Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey f Ukraine United Arab Emirates f United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d e f Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. Includes Secretariat estimates. 87

103 Telecommunications equipment Table II.49 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Imports of telecommunications equipment of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) European Union (27) United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Europe Asia Asia North America North America Europe Middle East Middle East CIS South and Central America Africa Africa South and Central America CIS Economy Economy European Union (27) China China Mexico Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of United States Japan Japan Malaysia Above Above Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Malaysia European Union (27) Turkey Canada Thailand Thailand Hong Kong, China Singapore Indonesia Indonesia Canada Israel Mexico Hong Kong, China Israel Philippines Singapore Brazil Switzerland Norway Norway Viet Nam Philippines India Ukraine Australia United Arab Emirates Dominican Republic Above Above

104 Table II.49 (continued) Imports of telecommunications equipment of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) China a Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Asia Asia Europe North America North America Europe Middle East Middle East South and Central America CIS Africa South and Central America CIS Africa Economy Economy China China Japan United States Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of European Union (27) Malaysia Taipei, Chinese Thailand Above Above United States Taipei, Chinese Malaysia European Union (27) Hong Kong, China Philippines Thailand Mexico Philippines Indonesia Singapore Singapore Indonesia Viet Nam Mexico Hong Kong, China Canada Canada Israel Israel Viet Nam Norway Switzerland Australia Norway Switzerland Australia Bangladesh India Russian Federation Above Above Japan MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a In 2007, China reported imports from China accounting for nearly 38 per cent of its telecommunications equipment imports. For further information, see the Metadata. 89

105 Table II.50 Leading exporters and importers of telecommunications equipment, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports China a Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Korea, Republic of Mexico a United States Japan Singapore domestic exports b re-exports b Malaysia a Taipei, Chinese Canada United Arab Emirates b Thailand Israel Indonesia Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States Hong Kong, China retained imports China a, c Japan Mexico a, d Singapore retained imports b Canada d Russian Federation b, d India United Arab Emirates b Australia d Korea, Republic of Brazil Malaysia a Above 15 e a b c d e Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. In 2007, China reported imports of telecommunications equipment from China amounting to $13.4 billion. For further information, see the Metadata. Imports are valued f.o.b. Excludes retained imports of Hong Kong, China. 90

106 Table II.51 Exports of telecommunication equipment of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a World Argentina Australia Belarus Brazil Canada China b Costa Rica b Croatia European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Israel Japan Jordan Korea, Republic of Macao, China Malaysia b Mauritius b Mexico b Morocco b New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines b, c Russian Federation c Saudi Arabia Singapore domestic exports c re-exports c South Africa Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey c Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates c United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c Or nearest year. Includes significant exports from processing zones. Includes Secretariat estimates. 91

107 Table II.52 Imports of telecommunication equipment of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a Algeria Argentina Australia b Bangladesh c, d Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Brazil e Canada b Chile China f Colombia Costa Rica f Croatia Ecuador Egypt El Salvador f European Union (27) g extra-eu (27) imports Guatemala f Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of d Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan d Kenya Korea, Republic of Macao, China Malaysia f Mexico b, f Morocco f New Zealand Norway Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines d Russian Federation b, d Saudi Arabia Singapore retained imports d South Africa b Sri Lanka d Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Turkey d Ukraine United Arab Emirates d United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports a b c d e f g Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 92

108 Integrated circuits and electronic components Table II.53 Imports of integrated circuits and electronic components of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) European Union (27) United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Europe Asia Asia Europe North America North America Africa South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Middle East Africa CIS CIS Economy Economy European Union (27) Taipei, Chinese China Japan United States European Union (27) Japan Malaysia Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Above Above Singapore China Malaysia Philippines Korea, Republic of Singapore Philippines Thailand Thailand Canada Switzerland Mexico Hong Kong, China Indonesia Morocco Costa Rica Norway Israel India Switzerland Canada Morocco Mexico Hong Kong, China Costa Rica India South Africa New Zealand Croatia Australia Above Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 93

109 Table II.53 (continued) Imports of integrated circuits and electronic components of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II China a Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Asia Asia North America North America Europe Europe South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Africa Africa Middle East CIS CIS Economy Economy Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Japan United States Philippines China Malaysia Philippines Above Above China Malaysia United States Singapore European Union (27) European Union (27) Singapore Thailand Thailand Indonesia Hong Kong, China Costa Rica Costa Rica Canada Mexico Hong Kong, China Canada Viet Nam Indonesia Mexico Israel Switzerland Morocco Morocco Switzerland Israel Australia India India Australia Above Above Japan a In 2007, China reported imports from China accounting for nearly 10 per cent of its integrated circuits and electronic components imports. For further information, see the Metadata. 94

110 Table II.54 Leading exporters and importers of integrated circuits and electronic components, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters Singapore domestic exports a re-exports a European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports United States Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Japan Taipei, Chinese China b Korea, Republic of Malaysia b Philippines a, b Thailand Canada Mexico b Israel a Costa Rica b Above Importers China b, c European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports Hong Kong, China retained imports Singapore retained imports a Malaysia b Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of United States Japan Philippines a, d Mexico b, d Thailand Canada d Brazil Costa Rica b Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d Includes Secretariat estimates. Includes significant shipments through processing zones In 2007, China reported imports of integrated circuits and electronic components from China amounting to $14.2 billion. For further information, see the Metadata. Imports are valued f.o.b. 95

111 Table II.55 Exports of integrated circuits and electronic components of selected economies, MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II (Million dollars and percentage) a World Australia Belarus Brazil Canada China b Costa Rica b Croatia European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Israel c Japan Korea, Republic of Malaysia b Mexico b Morocco b New Zealand Norway Philippines b, c Russian Federation c Singapore domestic exports c re-exports c South Africa Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey c Ukraine United Arab Emirates c United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports a b c Or nearest year. Includes significant exports from processing zones. Includes Secretariat estimates. 96

112 Table II.56 Imports of integrated circuits and electronic components of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a Algeria Argentina Australia b Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Brazil c Canada b Chile China d Colombia Costa Rica d Croatia Egypt European Union (27) e extra-eu (27) imports Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of f Israel Japan Korea, Republic of Malaysia d Mexico b, d Morocco d New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines f Russian Federation b, f Saudi Arabia Singapore retained imports f South Africa b Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey f Ukraine United Arab Emirates f United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d e f Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. Includes Secretariat estimates. 97

113 4.4. Automotive products Table II.57 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Exports of automotive products of selected regions and economies by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region/economy's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Europe World Europe North America Asia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East South and Central America Asia World North America Asia Europe Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America Africa Japan World North America Asia Europe Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America Africa Other economies in Asia World Asia North America Europe Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) South and Central America Africa North America World North America Europe Asia South and Central America Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

114 Table II.58 Imports of automotive products of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) Canada a United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value S Share change Region Region World World North America North America Asia Asia Europe Europe South and Central America South and Central America Africa Africa Middle East Middle East CIS CIS Economy Economy United States Canada Japan Japan European Union (27) European Union (27) Mexico Mexico Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Above Above China China Canada Taipei, Chinese Brazil Brazil Taipei, Chinese South Africa Australia India India Thailand Thailand Switzerland Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Australia Malaysia Indonesia Viet Nam Philippines Switzerland Argentina Turkey Turkey Argentina Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela South Africa Singapore Honduras Malaysia Indonesia Israel Singapore Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Honduras Norway Viet Nam Sri Lanka Dominican Republic Israel Chile Chile Norway Costa Rica Costa Rica Dominican Republic Pakistan Philippines Colombia United Arab Emirates Uruguay New Zealand United Arab Emirates Colombia New Zealand Georgia Russian Federation Uruguay Jamaica Above Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 99

115 Table II.58 (continued) Imports of automotive products of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Mexico European Union (27) Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World North America Europe Asia Asia Europe North America South and Central America South and Central America Africa Africa CIS CIS Middle East Middle East Economy Economy United States European Union (27) European Union (27) Japan Japan Turkey Brazil United States Canada Korea, Republic of Above Above Korea, Republic of Mexico Argentina China China Thailand Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Brazil India Switzerland Taipei, Chinese South Africa Chile India Turkey Norway Thailand Taipei, Chinese Switzerland Canada Indonesia Argentina South Africa Tunisia Costa Rica Russian Federation Philippines Morocco Malaysia Croatia Hong Kong, China Malaysia Australia Australia Honduras Indonesia Singapore Philippines Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Israel Belarus Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of Israel Colombia Bosnia and Herzegovina Viet Nam Singapore Norway Egypt United Arab Emirates Gibraltar Hong Kong, China Ukraine Serbia Iran, Islamic Rep. of Iceland Viet Nam New Zealand Bahrain Above Above a Imports are valued f.o.b. 100

116 Table II.59 Leading exporters and importers of automotive products, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports Japan United States Canada Korea, Republic of Mexico a China a Turkey b Brazil Thailand United Arab Emirates b Argentina South Africa Taipei, Chinese Russian Federation b Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States Canada c Russian Federation b, c Mexico a, c China a Australia c Japan Turkey b South Africa b, c Saudi Arabia Switzerland United Arab Emirates b Brazil Ukraine Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. 101

117 Table II.60 Exports of automotive products of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a World Argentina Australia Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Brazil Canada Chile China b Colombia Côte d'ivoire Croatia Ecuador European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Israel Japan Jordan Korea, Republic of Malaysia b Mexico b Morocco b Norway Philippines b Qatar Russian Federation c Saudi Arabia Singapore domestic exports c re-exports c South Africa Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey c Ukraine United Arab Emirates c United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports a b c Or nearest year. Includes significant exports from processing zones. Includes Secretariat estimates. 102

118 Table II.61 Imports of automotive products of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a Algeria Argentina Australia b Bahrain Bangladesh c, d Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Brazil e Canada b Chile China f Colombia Croatia Ecuador Egypt Ethiopia European Union (27) g extra-eu (27) imports Ghana d Guatemala Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of d Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan d Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait d Lebanon b, d Malaysia f Mexico b, f Morocco f New Zealand Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines b, d Qatar Russian Federation b, d Saudi Arabia Singapore retained imports d South Africa b, d Sudan Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey d Ukraine United Arab Emirates d United States Viet Nam Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d e f g Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 103

119 4.5. Textiles Table II.62 MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Textile exports of selected regions and economies by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region/economy's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East Africa South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) China World Asia Europe North America Africa Middle East South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Other economies in Asia World Asia Europe North America Middle East South and Central America Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Europe World Europe Asia Africa North America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Middle East South and Central America North America World North America South and Central America Asia Europe Middle East Africa Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

120 Table II.63 Textile imports of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) Canada a United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value S Share change Region Region World World North America Asia Asia Europe Europe North America South and Central America South and Central America Middle East Middle East Africa Africa CIS CIS Economy Economy United States China China European Union (27) European Union (27) India India Canada Mexico Mexico Above Above Pakistan Pakistan Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Turkey Turkey Taipei, Chinese Bangladesh Japan Japan Brazil Indonesia Israel Israel Thailand Brazil Indonesia Canada Egypt Viet Nam Bangladesh Thailand Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt Viet Nam Switzerland Dominican Republic Iran, Islamic Rep. of Switzerland Colombia Philippines Australia Colombia Nepal Hong Kong, China Malaysia Malaysia New Zealand Bahrain Argentina Nepal Hong Kong, China United Arab Emirates Uruguay Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Australia Philippines Sri Lanka Chile South Africa South Africa New Zealand Peru Peru Cambodia El Salvador Dominican Republic Turkmenistan El Salvador Ukraine Saudi Arabia Norway Norway Guatemala Russian Federation Chile Tunisia Cambodia Above Above MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 105

121 Table II.63 (continued) Textile imports of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Mexico a European Union 27 Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World North America Europe Asia Asia Europe North America South and Central America Africa Middle East Middle East Africa CIS CIS South and Central America Economy Economy United States European Union (27) European Union (27) China China Turkey Korea, Republic of India Canada Pakistan Above Above Taipei, Chinese Switzerland Brazil United States India Korea, Republic of Colombia Japan Indonesia Indonesia Japan Taipei, Chinese Pakistan Egypt Turkey Thailand Guatemala Tunisia Thailand Bangladesh Chile Israel Malaysia Viet Nam Israel Iran, Islamic Rep. of Dominican Republic Morocco El Salvador Malaysia Uruguay Norway Bangladesh United Arab Emirates Switzerland South Africa Hong Kong, China Belarus Philippines Russian Federation Peru Brazil Viet Nam Croatia Argentina Canada Costa Rica Uzbekistan Sri Lanka Ukraine South Africa Hong Kong, China Ukraine Syrian Arab Republic Honduras Mexico Egypt Nepal Nepal Moldova Cambodia Sri Lanka Iran, Islamic Rep. of Philippines Australia Peru Bolivia Serbia Singapore Bahrain Above Above

122 Table II.63 (continued) Textile imports of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) China b Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Asia Asia Europe Europe North America North America Middle East Middle East South and Central America South and Central America CIS Africa Africa CIS Economy Economy China China Japan European Union (27) Taipei, Chinese Indonesia Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Above Above European Union (27) United States Pakistan Thailand United States India Thailand Viet Nam Indonesia Malaysia India Pakistan Malaysia Turkey Viet Nam Philippines Turkey Switzerland Singapore Iran, Islamic Rep. of Philippines Bangladesh Australia Hong Kong, China Switzerland Macao, China Canada Australia Macao, China Brazil Mexico Canada Saudi Arabia Mexico Israel United Arab Emirates Brazil South Africa Russian Federation Israel Cambodia Egypt Bangladesh Peru South Africa Uzbekistan Belarus Russian Federation New Zealand Singapore Peru Sri Lanka United Arab Emirates New Zealand Uruguay Tanzania Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of Belarus Egypt Dominican Republic Norway Nepal Sri Lanka Myanmar Ukraine Tunisia Mauritius Nepal Above Above Japan MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a Imports are valued f.o.b. b In 2007, China reported imports from China accounting for 20 per cent of its textile imports. For further information, see the Metadata. 107

123 Table II.64 Leading exporters and importers of textiles, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports China a Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports United States Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese India Turkey b Pakistan Japan United Arab Emirates b Indonesia Thailand Canada Mexico a Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States China a, c Hong Kong, China retained imports Japan Turkey b Mexico a, d Viet Nam b Canada d Russian Federation b, d Korea, Republic of United Arab Emirates b Brazil Morocco a Thailand Above a b c d Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. In 2007, China reported imports of textiles from China amounting to $3.3 billion. For further information, see the Metadata. Imports are valued f.o.b. 108

124 Table II.65 Textile exports of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a World Argentina Australia Bangladesh b, c Belarus Brazil Canada Chile China d Colombia Croatia Egypt c El Salvador d European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports Guatemala Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of c Israel Japan Korea, Republic of Macao, China Malaysia d Mauritius c, d Mexico d Morocco d Nepal c New Zealand Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines c, d Russian Federation c Saudi Arabia Singapore domestic exports re-exports South Africa c Sri Lanka c Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey c Ukraine United Arab Emirates c United States Viet Nam c Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d Or nearest year. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Includes significant exports from processing zones. 109

125 Table II.66 Textile imports of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a Argentina Australia b Bangladesh c, d Belarus Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela b Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil e Cambodia b, d Canada b Chile China f Colombia Costa Rica f Croatia Dominican Republic b, d, f Egypt d El Salvador d, f European Union (27) g extra-eu (27) imports FYR Macedonia Guatemala f Honduras d Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of d Israel Japan Jordan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait d Macao, China Madagascar b, d Malaysia f Mauritius d Mexico b, f Morocco f New Zealand Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines d Russian Federation b, d Saudi Arabia Singapore retained imports South Africa b Sri Lanka d Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey d Ukraine United Arab Emirates d United States Viet Nam d Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports a b c d e f g Or nearest year. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 110

126 4.6. Clothing Table II.67 Clothing exports of selected regions and economies by destination, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share in region/economy's exports Share in world exports Annual percentage change World Asia World North America Europe Asia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Middle East Africa South and Central America China World Asia Europe North America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Middle East Africa South and Central America Other economies in Asia World North America Europe Asia Middle East Africa South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Europe World Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) North America Asia Middle East Africa South and Central America South and Central America World North America South and Central America Europe Asia Africa Middle East Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II 111

127 Table II.68 Clothing imports of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Canada a United States Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value S Share change Region Region World World Asia Asia North America South and Central America Europe North America South and Central America Europe Africa Africa Middle East Middle East CIS CIS Economy Economy China China United States Mexico European Union (27) Viet Nam Bangladesh Indonesia India India Above Above Mexico Bangladesh Cambodia European Union (27) Viet Nam Honduras Indonesia Cambodia Turkey Thailand Thailand Hong Kong, China Pakistan Philippines Malaysia Sri Lanka Philippines Pakistan Hong Kong, China El Salvador Sri Lanka Guatemala Honduras Malaysia Korea, Republic of Jordan Taipei, Chinese Canada El Salvador Dominican Republic Macao, China Macao, China Peru Nicaragua Morocco Taipei, Chinese Tunisia Peru Guatemala Egypt Dominican Republic Korea, Republic of Haiti Turkey Jordan Haiti Egypt Costa Rica Switzerland Lesotho Nicaragua Colombia Madagascar Madagascar Singapore Kenya Japan Israel Israel Singapore Lesotho Swaziland Colombia United Arab Emirates Ukraine Mauritius Nepal Japan Costa Rica Brunei Darussalam Above Above

128 Table II.68 (continued) Clothing imports of selected economies by origin, 2007 (Million dollars and percentage) European Union (27) Annual percentage Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share change Region Region World World Europe Asia Asia Europe Africa North America CIS Africa North America South and Central America South and Central America CIS Middle East Middle East Economy Economy European Union (27) China China European Union (27) Turkey Viet Nam Bangladesh Thailand India Korea, Republic of Above Above Tunisia United States Morocco Malaysia Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Indonesia Viet Nam Myanmar Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Taipei, Chinese Thailand Turkey Switzerland Hong Kong, China Malaysia Tunisia Cambodia Bangladesh Mauritius Morocco FYR Macedonia Mexico Egypt Sri Lanka United States Switzerland Croatia Cambodia Ukraine Canada Korea, Republic of Peru Macao, China Macao, China Serbia Croatia Madagascar Pakistan Taipei, Chinese Brazil Philippines Madagascar Albania Honduras Myanmar Ukraine Moldova El Salvador Bosnia and Herzegovina Israel Japan Mauritius Lao People's Dem. Rep Nepal United Arab Emirates Australia Peru Colombia Belarus New Zealand Canada Serbia Israel Lao People's Dem. Rep Syrian Arab Republic Moldova Above Above Japan MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a Imports are valued f.o.b. 113

129 Table II.69 Leading exporters and importers of clothing, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change Exporters China a European Union (27) extra-eu (27) exports Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports Turkey b Bangladesh b India Viet Nam b Indonesia Mexico a United States Thailand Pakistan Morocco a Tunisia Sri Lanka b Above Importers European Union (27) extra-eu (27) imports United States Japan Hong Kong, China retained imports Russian Federation b, c Canada c Switzerland United Arab Emirates b Korea, Republic of Australia c Mexico a, c Singapore retained imports Norway China a Saudi Arabia Above 15 d a b c d Includes significant shipments through processing zones Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. Excludes retained imports of Hong Kong, China. 114

130 Table II.70 Clothing exports of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) a World Albania b Bangladesh b, c Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Cambodia b Canada China d Colombia Costa Rica d Croatia Dominican Republic d Egypt b El Salvador b, d European Union (27) intra-eu (27) exports extra-eu (27) exports FYR Macedonia Guatemala Haiti Honduras b Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Japan Jordan Kenya Korea, Republic of Lesotho b Macao, China Madagascar b Malaysia d Mauritius b, d Mexico d Moldova Morocco d Myanmar b Pakistan Peru Philippines b, d Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore domestic exports re-exports Sri Lanka b Swaziland Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey b Ukraine United Arab Emirates b United States Viet Nam b Value Share in economy's total merchandise exports MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a b c d Or nearest year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Figures refer to fiscal year. Includes significant exports from processing zones. 115

131 Table II.71 Clothing imports of selected economies, (Million dollars and percentage) MERCHANDISE TRADE BY PRODUCT II a Albania b Argentina Australia c Bangladesh b, d Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela c Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil e Canada c Chile China f Colombia Costa Rica f Croatia Ecuador Egypt b El Salvador b, f European Union (27) g extra-eu (27) imports Guatemala f Honduras b Hong Kong, China retained imports Iceland Israel Japan Jordan Korea, Republic of Kuwait b Macao, China b Malaysia f Mexico c, f Morocco f New Zealand Norway Peru Qatar Russian Federation b, c Saudi Arabia Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Singapore retained imports South Africa c Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tunisia Turkey b Ukraine United Arab Emirates b United States Viet Nam b Value Share in economy's total merchandise imports a b c d e f g Or nearest year. Includes Secretariat estimates. Imports are valued f.o.b. Figures refer to fiscal year. Beginning 2000, imports are valued f.o.b. Includes significant imports into processing zones. See the Metadata for information on intra-eu (27) imports. 116

132 III. III. TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY Transportation services China records impressive growth Exports of world transportation services reached $750 billion in 2007, an increase of 19 per cent, following a 9 per cent rise in Rising fuel prices and the inability of some major shipping routes to meet demand continued to have a significant effect on transportation costs. According to industry sources in the airline industry, fuel costs accounted for 29 per cent of operating expenses in 2007 compared with 14 per cent in In the shipping sector, the cost of fuel for a large container ship accounted for 63 per cent of operating expenses, compared with 33 per cent three years earlier. Sea transport accounted for 43 per cent of exports of world transportation services in 2006, while airborne freight accounted for only 7 per cent. World seaborne freight services have increased and currently represent more than four-fi fths of sea transport services. The Highlights IN THIS CHAPTER : Transportation services Travel Other commercial services Construction Royalties and licence fees Business, professional and technical services Audiovisual services TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Chart III.1 Structure of world transportation services exports, 1995 and 2006 (Percentage) Passenger 1% Passenger 1% Other transport 26% Air transport 38% Sea transport 36% Freight 26% Other transport 24% Air transport 33% Sea transport 43% Freight 35% Other 9% Other 7% In 2007, the European Union, the United States and Japan remained the leading exporters and importers of transportation services. China became the fi fth-largest world exporter of transportation services, recording $31.3 billion of exports. The Chinese transportation sector has recorded impressive growth since Exports have grown by 36 per cent on average per year, with a peak of 49 per cent in In 2007, Hong Kong China, the United States and the European Union were China's main export markets. However, China remains a net importer of transportation services. Chart III.2 China Exports and imports of sea freight transport services, (Billion dollars) Exports Imports 117

133 Sea freight represents the vast majority of China's trade in of transportation services (63 per cent of exports and 81 per cent of imports). In 2007, sea freight totalled $19.8 billion, a 59 per cent increase. This refl ects the rapid development of China's trade infrastructure in recent years. China has six of the top 20 container terminals in the world. By 2006, there were 12 ports in China with the capacity to handle over 100 million tons of cargo. Overall, China's handling of freight through its ports increased by 14.8 per cent in The number of containers handled in Chinese ports increased by 23.8 per cent. This represents around 20 per cent of world traffi c for container vessels in TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Travel International travel receipts increase, with Australia recording high growth in education-related travel International travel continued to increase in 2007 despite rising costs and lower disposable income in many developed economies. The number of international tourists reached 903 million (an increase of 6.6 per cent) and international travel receipts totalled $855 billion, a rise of 14 per cent. The leading travel exporters continued to be the European Union and the United States, accounting for 57 per cent of total exports. However, the most rapid export and import growth was in Russia and Australia. The travel industry is a major component of export diversifi cation for many developing countries. In 2007, travel receipts for developing countries reached $285 billion, around 33 per cent of their total exports of commercial services. The least-developed countries (LDCs), in particular, are an increasingly attractive destination for international tourists. Tourism in the LDCs has grown by an annual average of more than 13 per cent since Australia has become the fourth-largest world exporter of travel and the second among Asian countries behind China. In 2007 Australia's travel exports grew by 25 per cent. Education-related travel accounted for 46 per cent of the country's total travel exports in 2007, becoming the most important service category exported by the economy. Chart III.3 (Percentage) China 22% Australia Exports of education-related travel by partner, 2007 India 13% Korea, Rep. of 8% In 2007, overseas student enrolments were over 455,000, a 66 per cent increase compared with Foreign students spent over $10 billion in Australia, of which 39 per cent was on tuition fees while the remainder was on food, accommodation, local transport and leisure. The students are mostly from Asian countries, with China and India accounting for 35 per cent of total international enrolment. Other economies 38% Malaysia 6% Hong Kong, China 5% Thailand 4% Indonesia 4% Other commercial services The EU holds a particularly large share Other commercial services continues to be the largest component of commercial services exports. Growing by 20 per cent in 2007 to $1,685 billion, these services accounted for 51 per cent of the overall total for commercial services. In 2007 the European Union accounted for more than half of the total value of other commercial services exported to the world. Other business services and financial services accounted for 67 per cent of EU exports. The United States continued to be the second-largest exporter. However, its share of world exports declined to 15 per cent in 2007 from 20 per cent in The highest export and import growth was recorded by China and Russia. 118

134 Construction Building infrastructure World construction exports totalled $60 billion in 2006, representing about 4 per cent of other commercial services exports. Since 2000, construction exports have grown by an annual average of 11 per cent. The European Union, Japan, the United States, Russia and China account for approximately 80 per cent of world construction exports. In 2006, growth of exports of construction from the European Union and China were below the world average. In contrast, Japan recorded growth of 24 per cent, while Russia and the United States registered an increase of around 40 per cent. Russia's construction exports have grown by an annual average of 53 per cent since With exports of $3.5 billion, construction was the second-largest exported other commercial service in Russia in Russian construction companies are active in building oil production facilities and power plants abroad. In 2006, more than one-third of construction work was carried out in EU countries, (mainly Germany, Austria and Cyprus), Turkey, Japan and Tajikistan. Chart III.4 (Percentage) Extra-EU (27) 25% Intra-EU (27) 23% Chart III.5 (Billion dollars) World exports of construction by economy, 2006 Japan 15% United States 9% Russia 5% China 5% Russian Federation Exports of construction, 2007 Other economies 18% TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Japan's construction sector is particularly active in the Middle East, undertaking a number of projects in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia where the demand for infrastructure, hotels and industrial buildings is very high. Asian economies, especially Thailand, Chinese Taipei, Indonesia and Viet Nam, represented onethird of Japan's construction exports in Chart III.6 Japan and Extra-EU(27) Exports of construction by destination, 2006 (Percentage) Japan Extra-EU (27) Asia 36% Middle East 18% Europe 5% Africa 3% North America 4% CIS 9% South & Central America 2% CIS 3% South & Central America 7% Asia 14% Other Europe 14% Unallocated 5% Middle East 47% North America 10% Africa 23% Extra-EU(27) exports are less concentrated. Some 23 per cent are destined for Africa (of which, one-third go to Nigeria) and 18 per cent to the Middle East. Much of the construction work carried out in Africa and Central Asian countries is related to the energy and tourism sectors. Asian economies (mainly China and India) attract 14 per cent of construction undertaken by EU construction enterprises. Germany is the leading supplier of construction, accounting on average for over 40 per cent of EU exports. 119

135 In 2006, Chinese building companies were engaged in Asian and African countries, working on the construction of electric power plants, oil pipelines, housing and other infrastructure projects. These figures do not take into account the large amount of construction services provided through foreign affi liates. Sales of construction in foreign countries by affi liates of U.S. fi rms reached $13.9 billion in By comparison, the value of construction exports in the U.S. Balance of Payments was only $3.8 billion in Within the European Union, Germany's sales of construction through foreign affi liates reached $16.2 billion in 2005, a 12 per cent increase. Sales of construction by the affi liates of Japanese construction enterprises established abroad totalled around $4.4 billion in TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Royalties and licence fees Transactions are concentrated in developed economies World receipts of royalties and licence fees amounted to $155 billion in This represents about 11 per cent of world exports of other commercial services". World receipts have grown by an annual average of 10 per cent since However, in recent years these growth rates have been declining, from 29 per cent in 2004 to 12 per cent in 2005 and 5 per cent in In 2006, US national authorities registered 173,000 patents attributed to residents and non-residents. During the same period trademarks registered in the United States amounted to 154,000 while the European Union registered 71,000. Chart III.7 (Percentage) European Union (27) 33% World receipts of royalties and licence fees, 2006 Japan 13% Switzerland 5% Canada 2% Korea, Rep. of 1% Other 5% EU receipts rose twice as fast as North America's, United States 41% resulting in North America's share dropping from 54 to 43 per cent. Nevertheless, in 2006 the major recipient of royalties and licence fees remained the United States, followed by the EU(27), Japan, Switzerland, Canada and the Republic of Korea, which collectively amassed approximately 95 per cent of world receipts. Three-quarters of transactions were carried out between these countries (including intra-eu(27). The largest payments within the EU were made by Ireland, with half going to the United States and nearly a third to other EU countries, mainly the Netherlands. Business, professional and technical services A dynamic sector Business, professional and technical services are among the most thriving services sectors in developed countries. These services range from legal to management services, and from architectural to advertising services. In 2005 there were 3.7 million enterprises engaged in the production of these services in the EU(27), employing over 18 million people and generating $1,628 billion in turnover and $842 billion in value added, more than 6 per cent of GDP. With around $257 billion worth of exports in 2006, the European Union was the leading world exporter of business, professional and technical services. Extra- EU (27) exports represented $121 billion. Architectural engineering and other technical consultancy services (19 Chart III.8 (Billion dollars) Brazil Exports of business, professional and technical services,

136 per cent), legal, accounting, management, consulting and public relations services (18 per cent) and research and development services (16 per cent) were the largest services sectors exported to extra-eu countries. The United States and Switzerland were the main export markets, absorbing more than half of the exports bound for non-eu states. The United States is the second-largest exporter of business, professional and technical services, with $61 billion worth of exports. In 2006, over 16 million people were employed in this sector in the United States, more than in manufacturing, generating $1,414 billion in value added, around 11 per cent of GDP. In certain developing economies such as India and Brazil, business, professional and technical services have become one of the main export sectors. In 2006, they accounted for 42 per cent of Brazil's total commercial services exports. In 2007, they accounted for 45 per cent of Brazil's total commercial services exports, totalling $10 billion. Architectural, engineering and other technical consultancy services was the largest sector, followed by legal services. Audiovisual services EU exports decline In 2006, EU exports of audiovisual services decreased by 9 per cent. Since 2004, exports have declined by an annual average of 8 per cent. Within the European Union, the largest exporters of audiovisual services are the United Kingdom and France, which together account for 41 per cent of EU audiovisual services exports. The United Kingdom's receipts from these services declined by 7 per cent in 2006, partly due to lower receipts for the United Kingdom fi lm industry. French exports of audiovisual services lost 32 percentage points. Receipts from French fi lms distributed in other countries decreased by 15 per cent as audience numbers declined. Chart III.9 (Million dollars) 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 EU(27) Exports of audiovisual services by destination, Intra Extra TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III 121

137 122

138 1. Overview Table III.1 World trade in commercial services by category, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Exports All commercial services Transportation services Travel Other commercial services Imports All commercial services Transportation services Travel Other commercial services Note : For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II.2. TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Table III.2 Growth of commercial services exports by category and by region, (Annual percentage change) World North America South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia Commercial services Transportation services Travel Other commercial services

139 2. Transportation services Table III.3 World trade in transportation services by region, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Note : For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

140 Table III.4 Leading exporters and importers of transportation services, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports United States Japan Korea, Republic of China Hong Kong, China Singapore Norway Russian Federation Canada India Australia Malaysia Egypt Taipei, Chinese Above Importers European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) imports United States Japan China India Korea, Republic of Singapore Canada Thailand United Arab Emirates a Australia Norway Hong Kong, China Malaysia Taipei, Chinese Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III a Secretariat estimate. 125

141 Table III.5 Trade in transportation services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III European Union (27) World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Switzerland Switzerland Japan Russian Federation China China Above Above Norway Japan Russian Federation Norway Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Canada Turkey Singapore Singapore Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Australia Canada India Egypt Brazil Brazil Turkey India Above Above United States World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan Canada Taipei, Chinese Mexico Canada China Korea, Republic of Above Above Korea, Republic of China Taipei, Chinese Hong Kong, China Brazil Mexico Hong Kong, China Singapore India Switzerland Switzerland Norway Israel Bermuda Australia Australia Singapore Israel Norway New Zealand Above Above Japan World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States China Singapore Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China China Above Above Singapore Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Thailand Australia Australia Philippines Indonesia Thailand Malaysia Malaysia Canada Switzerland Switzerland Canada Philippines United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates South Africa Above Above

142 Table III.5 (continued) Trade in transportation services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change Korea, Republic of a World World United States United States China European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan China Above Above Hong Kong, China World World United States China European Union (25) European Union (25) China United States Taipei, Chinese Japan Japan Singapore Above Above Australia Australia Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Canada Thailand Malaysia India Israel Korea, Republic of Singapore United Arab Emirates Switzerland Canada United Arab Emirates Malaysia Thailand Philippines India Indonesia Above Above Singapore b, c World World European Union (25) United States United States European Union (25) Japan Japan Australia China China Hong Kong, China Above Above Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Australia Above Above Russian Federation d World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Switzerland Ukraine United States Belarus Kazakhstan Switzerland China United States Above Above British Virgin Islands Kazakhstan Ukraine British Virgin Islands Japan Uzbekistan Korea, Republic of China Canada United Arab Emirates Turkey Turkey Belarus Korea, Republic of Azerbaijan Hong Kong, China Uzbekistan Tajikistan Panama Azerbaijan Above Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III a In 2006, trade in transportation services not allocated geographically accounted for 10 per cent of exports and 7 per cent of imports. b Imports of transportation freight services on goods imports are not allocated geographically. c In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 12 per cent of transportation services exports and 6 per cent of imports. d In 2006, trade in transportation services not allocated geographically accounted for 10 per cent of exports and 47 per cent of imports. Note: For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

143 3. Travel Table III.6 World trade in travel by region, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Note : For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

144 Table III.7 Leading exporters and importers of travel, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exporters European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports United States China Australia Turkey Canada Thailand Hong Kong, China Macao, China a Malaysia Mexico Switzerland India Russian Federation Japan Above Importers European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) imports United States China Japan Canada Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Australia Norway Singapore Switzerland United Arab Emirates a Taipei, Chinese India Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III a Secretariat estimate. 129

145 Table III.8 Trade in travel of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III European Union (27) World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Switzerland Switzerland Norway Turkey Russian Federation Croatia Above Above Canada Australia Australia Egypt Japan Thailand China Canada Brazil China Mexico Norway Turkey Russian Federation India Morocco South Africa South Africa Croatia India Above Above United States a World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Mexico Canada Canada Mexico Japan Korea, Republic of China Above Above India India China Australia Australia Hong Kong, China Brazil Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Brazil Israel Thailand Switzerland New Zealand Hong Kong, China Argentina Philippines Switzerland Above Above Australia World World European Union (25) European Union (25) China United States New Zealand New Zealand Japan Thailand United States China Above Above Korea, Republic of Fiji India Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Canada Malaysia Singapore Singapore Malaysia Indonesia Indonesia Thailand Viet Nam Canada Japan Taipei, Chinese India Viet Nam Philippines Above Above

146 Table III.8 (continued) Trade in travel of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change Hong Kong, China World World China China European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Taipei, Chinese Australia Japan Japan Above Above Australia Canada Singapore Thailand Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Philippines Macao, China Thailand Singapore Malaysia Korea, Republic of Canada Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Macao, China New Zealand India Indonesia Above Above Japan World World China United States Korea, Republic of European Union (25) Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of United States China European Union (25) Australia Above Above Hong Kong, China Taipei, Chinese Australia Thailand Canada Hong Kong, China Thailand Canada Singapore Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Philippines Philippines Indonesia Malaysia India New Zealand Russian Federation Switzerland Above Above Russian Federation b World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Ukraine Turkey United States Egypt China Ukraine Turkey China Above Above Kazakhstan United States Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Tajikistan Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Switzerland Moldova Thailand Armenia Israel Japan Bulgaria Kyrgyz Republic Georgia Belarus Japan Korea, Republic of Serbia and Montenegro Above Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III 131

147 III Table III.8 (continued) Trade in travel of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY Korea, Republic of c World World Japan United States China Japan United States China European Union (25) European Union (25) Above Above a Health-related expenditure and expenditure by seasonal and border workers are not allocated geographically. In 2006, they accounted for 6 per cent of travel exports and 0.5 per cent of imports. b In 2006, trade in travel not allocated geographically accounted for 1 per cent of exports and 5 per cent of imports. c In 2006, trade in travel not allocated geographically accounted for 12 per cent of exports and 14 per cent of imports. Note: For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

148 4. Other commercial services Table III.9 World trade in other commercial services by region, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia Imports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Africa Middle East Asia TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Note : For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

149 Table III.10 Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services, 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Exporters European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports United States Japan India China Hong Kong, China Switzerland Singapore Canada Korea, Republic of Taipei, Chinese Norway Russian Federation Brazil Israel Above Importers European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) imports United States Japan China India Canada Singapore Korea, Republic of Russian Federation Brazil Saudi Arabia a Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Thailand Hong Kong, China Above a Secretariat estimate. 134

150 Table III.11 Trade in other commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change European Union (27) World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Switzerland Switzerland Japan Japan Singapore Norway Above Above Russian Federation China Norway Russian Federation China Singapore Canada Canada Australia Hong Kong, China India India Nigeria Australia Hong Kong, China Brazil Korea, Republic of Turkey Turkey Korea, Republic of Above Above United States World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Canada Bermuda Japan Japan Switzerland Switzerland Mexico Canada Above Above Australia India Singapore Mexico China Australia Bermuda Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Singapore Brazil Brazil Hong Kong, China China Taipei, Chinese Israel India Korea, Republic of Saudi Arabia Philippines Above Above Japan World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Singapore Singapore Taipei, Chinese China Thailand Switzerland Above Above China Taipei, Chinese Canada Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China United Arab Emirates Thailand Indonesia United Arab Emirates Switzerland Indonesia Australia Australia Saudi Arabia Philippines India Saudi Arabia Philippines Canada Above Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III 135

151 Table III.11 (continued) Trade in other commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Hong Kong, China a World World United States United States European Union (25) China China European Union (25) Japan Japan Singapore Singapore Above Above Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Australia Australia Korea, Republic of Switzerland Malaysia Thailand Switzerland Canada Thailand India Indonesia Indonesia Canada Malaysia Philippines Macao, China Macao, China Above Above Singapore b, c World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China China Australia Above Above Korea, Republic of China Australia Korea, Republic of Above Above Korea, Republic of d World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan China China Japan Above Above Russian Federation e World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Turkey Turkey United States Switzerland Panama Kazakhstan Switzerland Above Above Ukraine Ukraine British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Japan Belarus Belarus Korea, Republic of India Serbia and Montenegro Panama Kazakhstan Korea, Republic of China Tajikistan Israel China Canada Canada Norway Above Above a Financial intermediation services are not allocated geographically. In 2006, they accounted for 3 per cent of other commercial services exports and 1 per cent of imports. b The following transactions are not allocated geographically: financial services exports related to foreign exchange trading and imports of insurance on goods imports. c In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 16 per cent of other commercial services exports and for 5 per cent of imports. d In 2006, trade in other commercial services not allocated geographically represented 10 per cent of exports and 8 per cent of imports. e In 2006, trade in other commercial services not allocated geographically represented 5 per cent of exports and 3 per cent of imports. Note: For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

152 4.1. Communications services Table III.12 World exports of communications services by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.13 Major exporters and importers of communications services, 2006 TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports United States United States Kuwait a Canada Canada Hong Kong, China India Korea, Republic of Indonesia Singapore Switzerland Russian Federation Hong Kong, China India Russian Federation Switzerland China China Australia Japan Korea, Republic of Malaysia a Malaysia a Australia Singapore Indonesia Philippines Taipei, Chinese Above Above a Telecommunications services. Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. See the Metadata, Section II

153 4.1.1 Telecommunications services Table III.14 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications services, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports United States United States Kuwait Russian Federation India Malaysia Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Malaysia India Philippines Australia Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Mexico Israel Korea, Republic of Argentina Turkey Turkey Morocco South Africa Croatia Norway Norway Lebanon Lebanon Colombia Above Above Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in communications services do no report the item telecommunications services separately, they may not appear in the list. Transactions on telecommunications services are often reported on a net rather than a gross basis. See the Metadata, Section II.2. Table III.15 Exports of telecommunications services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change European Union (27) United States World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Brazil Switzerland Canada Norway Mexico Russian Federation Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Above Above Canada Philippines Australia Argentina Turkey Switzerland Japan Korea, Republic of India Japan South Africa Australia China India Hong Kong, China China Brazil South Africa Israel Saudi Arabia Above Above

154 4.2. Construction Table III.16 World exports of construction by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.17 Major exporters and importers of construction, 2006 TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports Japan Japan United States Russian Federation Russian Federation Kazakhstan China China Malaysia Angola Turkey Malaysia Singapore Azerbaijan Israel Indonesia Indonesia India Egypt Thailand India United States Thailand Iraq Norway Taipei, Chinese Hong Kong, China Singapore Above Above Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report this item separately, they may not appear in the list (e.g., Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates). See the Metadata, Section II

155 Table III.18 Exports of construction of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III European Union (27) Japan World World European Union (25) United Arab Emirates United States Saudi Arabia Nigeria Thailand Russian Federation Taipei, Chinese Norway Indonesia Above Above Switzerland Viet Nam China European Union (25) Brazil Russian Federation Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela United States Egypt Iran, Islamic Rep. of Canada Singapore Croatia China India Philippines South Africa Malaysia Singapore Mexico Above Above Russian Federation a Singapore b World World European Union (25) China Turkey European Union (25) United States United States Japan Australia Tajikistan Japan Above Above a In 2006, construction not allocated geographically represented 6 per cent of exports. b In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 34 per cent of construction exports. 140

156 4.3. Insurance services Table III.19 World exports of insurance services by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.20 Major exporters and importers of insurance services, 2006 TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) United States Extra-EU (27) exports European Union (27) United States Extra-EU (27) imports Switzerland Mexico Canada China Japan Canada Singapore Japan Mexico Singapore India India China Thailand Taipei, Chinese Turkey Australia Taipei, Chinese Turkey Egypt Hong Kong, China Iraq Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Brazil Brazil Above Above Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

157 Table III.21 Exports of insurance services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III European Union (27) United States World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Canada Argentina Japan Switzerland Bermuda Japan Switzerland Above Above Canada Mexico Australia Australia South Africa Korea, Republic of Norway Hong Kong, China Mexico Taipei, Chinese Turkey Brazil Russian Federation Chile Hong Kong, China China Singapore Singapore Korea, Republic of Argentina Above Above Japan Singapore a World World European Union (25) Australia United States Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China Japan China European Union (25) Taipei, Chinese China Above Above Australia b Hong Kong, China World World United States China European Union (25) European Union (25) New Zealand Korea, Republic of Singapore Japan Japan Singapore Above Above Russian Federation c World European Union (25) Switzerland Kazakhstan Ukraine Panama Above a In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 28 per cent of insurance services exports. b In 2006, insurance services not allocated geographically accounted for 21 per cent of exports. c In 2006, insurance services not allocated geographically accounted for 3 per cent of exports. 142

158 4.4. Financial services Table III.22 World exports of financial services by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.23 Major exporters and importers of financial services, 2006 TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports United States United States Switzerland Japan Hong Kong, China Canada Japan Hong Kong, China Singapore Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of India India Switzerland Canada Singapore Taipei, Chinese Russian Federation Norway China Australia Norway Brazil Brazil South Africa Korea, Republic of Russian Federation Turkey Above Above Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

159 Table III.24 Exports of financial services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III European Union (27) United States a World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Canada Switzerland Bermuda Japan Japan Russian Federation Australia Above Above Hong Kong, China Switzerland Australia Mexico Norway Brazil Canada Hong Kong, China Singapore China Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of Singapore China Taipei, Chinese South Africa Norway Turkey Chile Above Above Hong Kong, China b Japan World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Singapore Hong Kong, China Japan Cayman Islands Korea, Republic of Singapore Above Above Singapore c, d Australia World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Hong Kong, China Singapore Japan Hong Kong, China Australia New Zealand Above Above Russian Federation e World European Union (25) United States British Virgin Islands Switzerland Ukraine Above a Transactions between affiliated companies are not allocated geographically. In 2006, they accounted for 13 per cent of financial services exports. b Financial intermediation services are not allocated geographically. In 2006, they accounted for 15 per cent of financial services exports. c Financial services exports related to foreign exchange trading are not allocated geographically. d In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 8 per cent of financial services exports. e In 2006, financial services not allocated geographically accounted for 2 per cent of exports. 144

160 4.5. Computer and information services Table III.25 World exports of computer and information services by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.26 Major exporters and importers of computer and information services, 2006 TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports India a United States United States Japan Israel b India Canada Canada China Brazil Norway b China Australia Norway b Japan Australia Singapore Russian Federation Russian Federation Korea, Republic of Malaysia b Indonesia Costa Rica Malaysia b Hong Kong, China Singapore Argentina Hong Kong, China Above Above a Secretariat estimate. b Computer services. Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report this item, they may not appear in the list. For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

161 Table III.27 Exports of computer and information services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III European Union (27) United States a World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Canada Switzerland Australia Russian Federation Japan Norway Switzerland Above Above Japan Brazil South Africa Mexico Canada South Africa Australia Saudi Arabia Israel Singapore India China Turkey India Brazil Korea, Republic of Singapore Hong Kong, China Mexico Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Above Above Australia b Japan World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Singapore New Zealand Switzerland Singapore China Above Above Singapore c Russian Federation d World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Japan Switzerland Australia British Virgin Islands Hong Kong, China Kazakhstan Above Above Hong Kong, China World China United States European Union (25) Singapore Taipei, Chinese Above a Transactions between affiliated companies are not allocated geographically. In 2006, they accounted for 25 per cent of computer and information services exports. b In 2006, computer and information services not allocated geographically accounted for 40 per cent of exports. c In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 26 per cent of computer and information services exports. d In 2006, computer and information services not allocated geographically accounted for 3 per cent of exports. 146

162 4.5.1 Computer services Table III.28 Major exporters and importers of computer services, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports India a United States b United States b India Israel Brazil Canada Canada Norway Norway Australia Australia Russian Federation Malaysia Malaysia Russian Federation Costa Rica Korea, Republic of Argentina Hong Kong, China Hong Kong, China Argentina Korea, Republic of Colombia Uruguay Syrian Arab Republic Sri Lanka Philippines Above Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III a Secretariat estimate. b Includes affiliated information services transactions. Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in computer and information services do not report the item computer services separately, they may not appear in the list. For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II.2. Table III.29 Exports of computer services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change European Union (27) United States a World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Canada Switzerland Australia Russian Federation Japan Norway Switzerland Above Above Japan South Africa South Africa Mexico Australia China Israel Korea, Republic of India Brazil Canada Singapore Brazil India Turkey Hong Kong, China Singapore Norway Mexico Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Above Above Russian Federation b World European Union (25) United States Switzerland Kazakhstan British Virgin Islands Above a Transactions between affiliated companies are not allocated geographically. Total exports of computer services include exports of information services between affiliated companies. b In 2006, computer services not allocated geographically accounted for 2 per cent of exports. 147

163 4.6. Royalties and licence fees Table III.30 World receipts of royalties and license fees by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.31 Major economies for receipts and payments of royalties and license fees, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 United States European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) imports Extra-EU (27) exports United States Japan Japan Switzerland Singapore Canada Switzerland Korea, Republic of Canada Singapore China Norway Korea, Republic of Australia Taipei, Chinese Israel Australia Russian Federation Thailand Hong Kong, China Russian Federation Taipei, Chinese Brazil Paraguay Hong Kong, China China South Africa Above Above Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

164 Table III.32 Receipts of royalties and licence fees of selected economies by origin, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change United States European Union (27) World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan United States Switzerland Singapore Canada Switzerland Singapore Japan Above Above Korea, Republic of China Mexico Korea, Republic of China Australia Taipei, Chinese Norway Australia Canada Brazil Mexico Hong Kong, China Brazil South Africa South Africa Bermuda Taipei, Chinese Norway Russian Federation Above Above Japan Korea, Republic of a World World United States China European Union (25) United States Thailand European Union (25) China Japan Canada Above Above Singapore b Australia World World Japan United States China European Union (25) Hong Kong, China New Zealand Australia Japan United States China Above Above Russian Federation c World United States European Union (25) Ukraine Switzerland Kazakhstan Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III a In 2006, receipts of royalties and licence fees not allocated geographically accounted for 4 per cent of receipts. b In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 16 per cent of receipts of royalties and licence fees. c In 2006, receipts of royalties and licence fees not allocated geographically accounted for 10 per cent of receipts. 149

165 4.7. Other business services Table III.33 World exports of other business services by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.34 Major exporters and importers of other business services, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports United States United States India a Japan Japan India China China Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Singapore Canada Canada Singapore Taipei, Chinese Taipei, Chinese Korea, Republic of Brazil Switzerland b Russian Federation Norway Thailand d Brazil Norway Russian Federation Israel c Israel c Hong Kong, China Above Above a Secretariat estimate. b Includes construction and computer and information services. c Includes financial services, and personal, cultural and recreational services. d Includes financial services, computer and information servicesand personal, cultural and recreational services. Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata, Section II

166 Table III.35 Exports of other business services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change European Union (27) Japan a World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Switzerland Singapore Russian Federation Taipei, Chinese Japan Korea, Republic of Above Above China China Singapore Switzerland Norway Australia India Canada Nigeria Thailand Hong Kong, China India Canada Philippines Korea, Republic of Indonesia Turkey Cayman Islands Australia Mexico Above Above Singapore b, c Korea, Republic of d World World United States United States European Union (25) European Union (25) Japan Japan Hong Kong, China China Korea, Republic of Above Above Hong Kong, China Russian Federation e World World United States European Union (25) European Union (25) United States Japan Switzerland Taipei, Chinese Kazakhstan Switzerland British Virgin Islands Above Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III a In 2006, exports of other business services are offset by negative values for merchanting. b The geographical breakdown includes communications services. c In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 14 per cent of other business services exports. d In 2006, other business services not allocated geographically accounted for 8 per cent of exports. e In 2006, other business services not allocated geographically accounted for 6 per cent of exports. 151

167 Table III.36 Trade in other business services by category in selected economies, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Value Share Miscellaneous business, professional and technical services TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Total other business services Merchanting and other traderelated services Operational leasing services Total Legal, accounting, management and public relations Advertising, market research and public opinion polling Research and development Architectural, engineering and other technical services Agricultural, mining and other onsite processing services Exporters European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports United States b India c Japan China Hong Kong, China Singapore Canada Korea, Republic of Norway Brazil Russian Federation Australia Malaysia Argentina Importers European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports United States b Japan India c China Korea, Republic of Canada Singapore Brazil Russian Federation Norway Hong Kong, China Australia Kazakhstan Croatia Other a Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. See the Metadata, Section II.2. a Covers other services not included elsewhere as well as services between related enterprises n.i.e. b Market research and public opinion polling are included in "miscellaneous business, professional and technical services, other". c Secretariat estimates. Exports of "miscellaneous business, professional and technical services, other" includes information technology enabled services. 152

168 4.8. Personal, cultural and recreational services Table III.37 World exports of personal, cultural and recreational services by region, 2006 (Billion dollars and percentage) Value Share Annual percentage change Exports World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Asia Table III.38 Major exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, 2006 TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) exports Extra-EU (27) imports United States a Canada Canada Malaysia Turkey Japan Malaysia Australia Australia United States a Norway Korea, Republic of Mexico a Norway Korea, Republic of Russian Federation Hong Kong, China Brazil Russian Federation Mexico a Argentina Singapore India Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Singapore Taipei, Chinese New Zealand Argentina a Above Above a Audiovisual and related services. Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. See the Metadata, Section II

169 Table III.39 Exports of personal, cultural and recreational services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III European Union (27) Australia World World European Union (25) European Union (25) United States United States Switzerland New Zealand Japan Singapore Norway China Above Above Australia Japan Brazil Hong Kong, China Russian Federation Malaysia Hong Kong, China Indonesia Singapore Canada Canada India Korea, Republic of Korea, Republic of South Africa Above Turkey Mexico Above Russian Federation a Singapore b World World European Union (25) Australia Switzerland Korea, Republic of United States Hong Kong, China Kazakhstan China Gibraltar European Union (25) Above Above Japan World United States European Union (25) Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Switzerland Above a In 2006, personal, cultural and recreational services not allocated geographically accounted for 3 per cent of exports. b In 2006, ASEAN countries accounted for 45 per cent of exports. 154

170 4.8.1 Audiovisual services Table III.40 Major exporters and importers of audiovisual and related services, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Rank Exporters Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change Rank Importers Value Share in 15 economies Annual percentage change 1 United States European Union (27) European Union (27) Extra-EU (27) imports Extra-EU (27) exports Canada Canada Japan Mexico United States Hong Kong, China Australia Norway Russian Federation Argentina Brazil Korea, Republic of Norway Russian Federation Mexico Australia Korea, Republic of China Argentina Japan China Ecuador Ecuador Albania Colombia Colombia Hong Kong, China Above Above TRADE IN COMMERCIAL SERVICES BY CATEGORY III Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in personal, cultural and recreational services do not report the item audiovisual and related services separately, they may not appear in the list. See the Metadata, Section II.2. Table III.41 Exports of audiovisual and related services of selected economies by destination, 2006 (Million dollars and percentage) Annual percentage Value Share change Value Share Annual percentage change United States European Union (27) World World European Union (25) European Union (25) Canada United States Japan Japan Australia Switzerland Brazil Norway Above Above Mexico Australia South Africa Brazil Korea, Republic of Singapore Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Korea, Republic of Norway South Africa New Zealand Canada Switzerland Hong Kong, China Taipei, Chinese Russian Federation Hong Kong, China Turkey Singapore Israel Above Above

171 156

172 IV. METADATA This chapter details the methodology and sources for the statistics used in International Trade Statistics Composition of geographical and economic groupings WTO members are frequently referred to as countries, although some members are not countries in the usual sense of the word but are offi cially customs territories. The defi nition of geographical and other groupings in this report does not imply an expression of opinion by the Secretariat concerning the status of any country or territory, the delimitation of its frontiers, nor the rights and obligations of any WTO member in respect of WTO agreements. The colours, boundaries, denominations, and classifi cations in the maps of this publication do not imply, on the part of the WTO, any judgement on the legal or other status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of any boundary. Throughout this report, South and Central America and the Caribbean is referred to as South and Central America; the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, the Republic of Korea and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu are referenced as Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela; Hong Kong, China; Korea, Republic of; and Taipei, Chinese respectively. Table IV.1 Composition of regions and other economic groupings Regions North America Bermuda Canada* Mexico* United States of America* Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified South and Central America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda* Brazil* Ecuador* Jamaica* Saint Lucia* Argentina* Chile* El Salvador* Netherlands Antilles Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* Bahamas** Colombia* Grenada* Nicaragua* Suriname* Barbados* Costa Rica* Guatemala* Panama* Trinidad and Tobago* Belize* Cuba* Guyana* Paraguay* Uruguay* Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela* Dominica* Haiti* Peru* Bolivia* Dominican Republic* Honduras* Saint Kitts and Nevis* Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Europe Andorra** Denmark* Iceland* Montenegro** Slovenia* Austria* Estonia* Ireland* Netherlands* Spain* Belgium* Finland* Italy* Norway* Sweden* Bosnia and Herzegovina** France* Latvia* Poland* Switzerland* Bulgaria* FYR Macedonia* Liechtenstein Portugal* Turkey* Croatia* Germany* Lithuania* Romania* United Kingdom* Cyprus* Greece* Luxembourg* Serbia** Czech Republic* Hungary* Malta* Slovak Republic* Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia* Georgia* Moldova* Turkmenistan Azerbaijan** Kazakhstan** Russian Federation** Ukraine* Belarus** Kyrgyz Republic* Tajikistan** Uzbekistan** Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Africa Algeria** Congo* Guinea* Morocco* South Africa* Angola* Congo, Dem. Rep. of* Guinea-Bissau* Mozambique* Sudan** Benin* Côte d'ivoire* Kenya* Namibia* Swaziland* Botswana* Djibouti* Lesotho* Niger* Tanzania* Burkina Faso* Egypt* Liberia Nigeria* Togo* Burundi* Equatorial Guinea** Libyan Arab Jamahiriya** Rwanda* Tunisia* Cameroon* Eritrea Madagascar* Sao Tome and Principe** Uganda* METADATA IV 157

173 Table IV.1 (continued) Composition of regions and other economic groupings Regions (continued) Cape Verde* Ethiopia** Malawi* Senegal* Zambia* Central African Republic* Gabon* Mali* Seychelles** Zimbabwe* Chad* Gambia* Mauritania* Sierra Leone* Comoros Ghana* Mauritius* Somalia Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Middle East Bahrain* Israel* Lebanon** Saudi Arabia* Yemen** Iran, Islamic Rep. of** Jordan* Oman* Syrian Arab Republic Iraq** Kuwait* Qatar* United Arab Emirates* Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified Asia Afghanistan** Hong Kong, China* Malaysia* Papua New Guinea* Tonga* Australia* India* Maldives* Philippines* Tuvalu Bangladesh* Indonesia* Mongolia* Samoa** Vanuatu** Bhutan** Japan* Myanmar* Singapore* Viet Nam* Brunei Darussalam* Kiribati Nepal* Solomon Islands* Cambodia* Korea, Republic of* New Zealand* Sri Lanka* China* Lao People's Dem. Rep.** Pakistan* Taipei, Chinese* Fiji* Macao, China* Palau Thailand* Other territories in the region not elsewhere specified * WTO members ** Observer governments METADATA IV Regional integration agreements Andean Community Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) / AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Cambodia Lao People's Dem. Rep. Myanmar Singapore Viet Nam CACM (Central American Common market) Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua CARICOM (Caribbean Community and Common Market) Antigua and Barbuda Belize Guyana Montserrat Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Bahamas Dominica Haiti Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname Barbados Grenada Jamaica Saint Lucia Trinidad and Tobago CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa) Cameroon Chad Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Central African Republic COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) Burundi Egypt Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Namibia Swaziland Comoros Eritrea Madagascar Rwanda Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. of Ethiopia Malawi Seychelles Zambia Djibouti Kenya Mauritius Sudan Zimbabwe ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African States) Angola Central African Republic Congo, Dem. Rep. of Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Burundi Chad Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Cameroon Congo ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) Benin Côte d'ivoire Guinea Mali Senegal Burkina Faso Gambia Guinea- Bissau Niger Sierra Leone Cape Verde Ghana Liberia Nigeria Togo EFTA (European Free Trade Association) Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland European Union (27) Austria Estonia Ireland Netherlands Spain Belgium Finland Italy Poland Sweden Bulgaria France Latvia Portugal United Kingdom Cyprus Germany Lithuania Romania Czech Republic Greece Luxembourg Slovenia Denmark Hungary Malta Slovak Republic 158

174 Table IV.1 (continued) Composition of regions and other economic groupings Regional integration agreements (continued) GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) Bahrain Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Kuwait MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Canada Mexico United States SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)/ SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement) Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Bhutan Maldives SADC (Southern African Development Community) Angola Madagascar Mauritius South Africa Zambia Botswana Lesotho Mozambique Swaziland Zimbabwe Congo, Dem. Rep. of Malawi Namibia United Republic of Tanzania WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) Benin Côte d'ivoire Mali Senegal Togo Burkina Faso Guinea- Bissau Niger Other groups ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific countries) Angola Cook Islands Guyana Nauru Somalia Antigua and Barbuda Côte d Ivoire Haiti Niger South Africa Bahamas Cuba Jamaica Nigeria Sudan Barbados Djibouti Kenya Niue Suriname Belize Dominica Kiribati Palau Swaziland Benin Dominican Republic Lesotho Papua New Guinea Timor Leste Botswana Equatorial Guinea Liberia Rwanda Togo Burkina Faso Eritrea Madagascar Saint Kitts and Nevis Tonga Burundi Ethiopia Malawi Saint Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Cameroon Fiji Mali Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Tuvalu Cape Verde Gabon Marshall Islands Samoa Uganda Central African Republic Gambia Mauritania Sao Tome and Principe United Republic of Tanzania Chad Ghana Mauritius Senegal Vanuatu Comoros Grenada Micronesia Seychelles Zambia Congo Guinea Mozambique Sierra Leone Zimbabwe Dem. Rep. of the Congo Guinea-Bissau Namibia Solomon Islands Africa North Africa Algeria Egypt Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Morocco Tunisia Sub- Saharan Africa Western Africa Benin Gambia Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Senegal Burkina Faso Ghana Liberia Niger Sierra Leone Cape Verde Guinea Mali Nigeria Togo Côte d Ivoire Central Africa Burundi Central African Republic Congo Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Cameroon Chad Dem. Rep. of the Congo Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Eastern Africa Comoros Ethiopia Mauritius Somalia United Republic of Tanzania Djibouti Kenya Seychelles Sudan Uganda Eritrea Madagascar Southern Africa Angola Lesotho Mozambique South Africa Zambia Botswana Malawi Namibia Swaziland Zimbabwe Territories in Africa not elsewhere specified Asia East Asia (including Oceania): Australia Indonesia Mongolia Samoa Tuvalu Brunei Darussalam Japan Myanmar Singapore Vanuatu Cambodia Kiribati New Zealand Solomon Islands Viet Nam China Lao People s Dem. Rep. Papua New Guinea Taipei, Chinese METADATA IV 159

175 Table IV.1 (continued) Composition of regions and other economic groupings Other groups (continued) Fiji Macao, China Philippines Thailand Hong Kong, China Malaysia Republic of Korea Tonga West Asia: Afghanistan Bhutan Maldives Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh India Nepal Other countries and territories in Asia and the Pacific not elsewhere specified LDCs (Least-developed countries) Afghanistan Chad Haiti Mozambique Somalia Angola Comoros Kiribati Myanmar Sudan Bangladesh Congo, Dem. Rep. of Lao People's Dem. Rep. Nepal Timor Leste Benin Djibouti Lesotho Niger Togo Bhutan Equatorial Guinea Liberia Rwanda Tuvalu Burkina Faso Eritrea Madagascar Samoa Uganda Burundi Ethiopia Malawi Sao Tome and Principe United Republic of Tanzania Cambodia Gambia Maldives Senegal Vanuatu Cape Verde Guinea Mali Sierra Leone Yemen Central African Republic Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Solomon Islands Zambia Six East Asian traders Hong Kong, China Republic of Korea Singapore Taipei, Chinese Thailand Malaysia METADATA IV 160

176 2. Definitions and methodology 2.1 Merchandise trade Exports and imports Two systems of recording merchandise exports and imports are in common use. They are referred to as general trade and special trade and differ mainly in the way warehoused and re-exported goods are treated. General trade fi gures are larger than the corresponding special trade fi gures because the latter exclude certain trade fl ows, such as goods shipped through bonded warehouses. To the extent possible, total merchandise trade is defi ned in this report according to the general trade defi nition. It covers all types of inward and outward movement of goods through a country or territory including movements through customs warehouses and free zones. Goods include all merchandise that either add to or substract from the stock of material resources of a country or territory by entering (imports) or leaving (exports) the country s economic territory. For further explanations, see United Nations International Trade Statistics, Concepts and Defi nitions, Series M, N 52, Revision 2. Unless otherwise indicated, exports are valued at transaction value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting country or territory ( free on board valuation). Imports are valued at transaction value plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing country or territory ( cost, insurance and freight valuation) Products All product groups are defi ned according to Revision 3 of the Standard International Trade Classifi cation (SITC). Table IV.2 METADATA IV Products A. Primary products (i) Agricultural products (SITC sections 0, 1, 2 and 4 minus divisions 27 and 28) of which, - Food (SITC sections 0, 1, 4 and division 22) of which, 0 - Food and live animals 1 - Beverages and tobacco 4 - Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 22 - Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits - - Fish (SITC division 03) - - Other food products and live animals ( SITC sections 0, 1, 4 and division 22 minus division 03) - Raw materials (SITC divisions 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29) of which, 21 - Hides, skins and furskins, raw 23 - Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) 24 - Cork and wood 25 - Pulp and waste paper 26 - Textile fibres (other than wool tops and other combed wool) and their wastes (not manufactured into yarn or fabric) 29 - Crude animal and vegetable materials, not elsewhere specified (ii) Fuels and mining products (SITC section 3 and divisions 27, 28, 68) of which, - Ores and other minerals (SITC divisions 27, 28) of which, 27 - Crude fertilizers, other than those of division 56, and crude minerals (excluding coal, petroleum and precious stones) 28 - Metalliferous ores and metal scrap - Fuels (SITC section 3) - Non-ferrous metals (SITC division 68) B. Manufactures (SITC sections 5, 6, 7, 8 minus division 68 and group 891) (i) Iron and steel (SITC division 67) (ii) Chemicals (SITC section 5) of which, - Pharmaceuticals (SITC division 54) 161

177 Table IV.2 (continued) Products METADATA IV - Other chemicals (SITC divisions 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59) of which, 51 - Organic chemicals 52 - Inorganic chemicals 53 - Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials 55 - Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, polishing and cleaning preparations 56 - Fertilizers (other than those of Group 272, i.e Fertilizers, crude) 57 - Plastics in primary forms 58 - Plastics in non-primary forms 59 - Chemical materials and products, not elsewhere specified (iii) Other semi-manufactures (SITC divisions 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69) of which, 61 - Leather, leather manufactures, not elsewhere specified and dressed furskins 62 - Rubber manufactures, not elsewhere specified 63 - Cork and wood manufactures (excluding furniture) 64 - Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 66 - Non-metallic mineral manufactures, not elsewhere specified 69 - Manufactures of metals, not elsewhere specified (iv) Machinery and transport equipment (SITC section 7) - Office and telecommunication equipment (SITC divisions 75, 76 and group 776) of which, - - Electronic data processing and office equipment (SITC division 75) - - Telecommunications equipment (SITC division 76) - - Integrated circuits, and electronic components (SITC group 776) - Transport equipment (SITC group 713, sub-group 7783 and divisions 78, 79) of which, 78 - Road vehicles (including air-cushion vehicles) 79 - Other transport equipment - - Automotive products (SITC groups 781, 782, 783, 784 and subgroups 7132, 7783) of which, Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than public-transport type vehicles), including station wagons and racing cars Motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles Road motor vehicles, not elsewhere specified Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles and tractors Internal combustion piston engines for propelling vehicles listed above - -Other transport equipment (SITC division 79, groups 713, 785, 786 minus sub-group 7132) of which, 79 - Other transport equipment Internal combustion piston engines, and parts thereof, not elsewhere specified Motorcycles and cycles, motorized and non-motorized Trailers and semi-trailers, other vehicles (not mechanically propelled), and specially designed and equipped transport containers - Other machinery (SITC divisions 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 minus groups 713, 776 minus sub-group 7783) of which, - - Power generating machinery (SITC division 71 minus group 713) of which, 71 - Power generating machinery and equipment minus Internal combustion piston engines, and parts thereof, not elsewhere specified - - Non-electrical machinery (SITC divisions 72, 73, 74) of which, 72 - Machinery specialized for particular industries 73 - Metal working machinery 74 - General industrial machinery and equipment, not elsewhere specified and machine parts, not elsewhere specified - - Electrical machinery (SITC division 77 minus group 776 and subgroup 7783) of which, 77 - Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, not elsewhere specified and electrical parts thereof minus Thermionic, cold cathode or photo-cathode valves and tubes Electrical equipment, not elsewhere specified, for internal combustion engines and vehicles; and parts thereof (v) Textiles (SITC division 65) (vi) Clothing (SITC division 84) (vii) Other manufactures (SITC divisions 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89 excluding group 891) of which, - Personal and household goods (SITC divisions 82, 83 and 85) of which, 82 - Furniture and parts thereof, bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings 83 - Travel goods, handbags and similar containers 162

178 Table IV.2 (continued) Products 85 - Footwear - Scientific and controlling instruments (SITC division 87) - Miscellaneous manufactures (SITC divisions 81, 88 and 89 minus group 891) of which, 81 - Prefabricated buildings, sanitary plumbing, heating and lighting fixtures and fittings, not elsewhere specified 88 - Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, not elsewhere specified; watches and clocks 89 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles, not elsewhere specified C. Other products: commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere (including gold); arms and ammunition (SITC section 9 and group 891) 9- Commodities and transactions not classfied elsewhere in SITC Arms and Ammunition Throughout this report, other food products and live animals; beverages and tobacco; animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes; oilseeds and oleaginous fruit are referred to as other food products; electronic data processing and offi ce equipment is referred to as EDP and offi ce equipment; and integrated circuits and electronic components is referred to as integrated circuits World trade network The world merchandise trade network by region and product from which Appendix tables A2 and A10 are derived is based on export data. The network is constructed in the following way: First, total merchandise exports from each of the seven regions are aggregated from the individual country or territory figures published in Appendix table A6. Next, the total merchandise exports of each region are distributed by destination and then by product. The regional and commodity breakdown is based on UNSD Comtrade database, EUROSTAT, national statistics and Secretariat estimates. During this process, the principal adjustments to the fi gures are as follows: METADATA IV (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Exports of ships to the open registry countries Panama and Liberia are re-allocated from each region s exports to South and Central America and Africa to unspecifi ed destinations (a category not shown separately). China s exports are adjusted to approximate their fi nal destination. Exports of non-monetary gold, where known, are included. When they cannot be broken down by destination, they are allocated to unspecifi ed destinations. South Africa s trade does not include trade with the former Southern African Customs Union members Merchandise trade of selected major traders by product, region and major trading partner (Appendix tables A18 to A28) These tables are derived from UNSD Comtrade and EUROSTAT. For trade by product, world totals include shipments which have not been distinguished by origin or destination. For trade by region and partner, world totals include goods which have not been specified by product. The following adjustment has been made to the fi gures: Exports of ships to the open registry countries Panama and Liberia are reallocated from each economy s exports to South and Central America and Africa to unspecifi ed destinations (a category not shown separately). The selection of each economy s major trading partners is based on a ranking of total trade (exports plus imports) of each economy with their trading partners in 2007 (member States of the EU (27) are counted as one trading partner) Merchandise trade and the goods account in balance of payments statistics Merchandise trade statistics serve as an input for the compilation of the goods account in the balance of payments (BOP) and the rest of the world account in the System of National Accounts (SNA). 163

179 The compilation of international merchandise trade statistics (IMTS) relies principally on customs records complemented, as appropriate, by additional sources to enhance their coverage (for instance, to include electricity, or trade in vessels and aircrafts). These statistics essentially refl ect the physical movement of goods across borders, while National Accounts and BOP statistics record transactions that involve change in ownership. The goods account in the BOP is generally compiled on the basis of IMTS after they have been adjusted for coverage, timing, and valuation. Coverage differences between BOP statistics and IMTS concern mainly: items such as blueprints, videos, and tapes which are regarded as services within the BOP (hence are excluded from goods) whereas they are included in merchandise trade statistics at the value of the material support; goods that for practical reasons are excluded from merchandise trade but should in theory be recorded in BOP statistics, such as fish and salvage sold abroad by resident vessels, or imports of bunkers and stores acquired abroad for mobile equipment operated by residents; goods under the improvement and repair trade regime should be excluded from IMTS, but they are to be included in the goods account at the value of the repair under the BPM5; Another coverage difference concerns goods that are imported in an economy where they undergo processing operations, and are thereafter re-exported. IMTS recommends that these movements be recorded on a gross basis, whereas BPM5 distinguishes between goods that return to the country of origin (included within the goods account but reported separately) and those that are sent to a third economy (such fl ows are considered as trade in general merchandise between the economy of origin and final destination, and should be excluded from the goods account of the economy where the processing takes place) METADATA IV The physical movement of goods across border measured in IMTS do not necessarily coincide in timing with changes in the ownership of goods. BPM5 therefore recommends the application of specifi c adjustments for such cases. As far as valuation is concerned, the issue that affects most data comparability concerns the point of valuation, namely, whether goods are valued at the importer s border - that is at the cost, insurance and freight value - or at the free on board value at the exporter s border. IMTS guidelines recommend the adoption of the c.i.f. valuation for imports whereas the fi fth edition of the IMF s Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5) requires the f.o.b. valuation. Additional adjustments may be made by BOP compilers to conform to the BPM5 requirement for a market price for valuing trade, processing trade, and with respect to currency conversion. Once adjusted, merchandise trade is recorded in the goods category of the current account, along with services, income, and current transfers. Therefore, within the balance of payments framework transactions in both goods and services are harmonized and provide for comparable statistical series. Strictly speaking, it is not correct to aggregate the fi gures for commercial services and merchandise shown elsewhere in this report. It should be noted that some economies still apply the concepts of the fourth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual, and thus do not include goods for processing and goods procured in port carriers in the goods account. 2.2 Trade in commercial services Depending on the location of the supplier and the consumer, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defi nes four modes of supply. In addition to the cross-border supply (mode 1), where both the supplier and the consumer remain in their respective home territories, GATS also covers cases where consumers are outside their home territory to consume services (mode 2 consumption abroad), or cases where service suppliers are in the territory of the consumers to provide their services, whether by establishing affiliates through direct investment abroad (mode 3 commercial presence), or through the presence of natural persons (mode 4). A country s balance of payments, that is the services account, can be used to derive estimates covering trade in commercial services for modes 1, 2 and 4. The Balance of Payments does however not include most of the information on the local deliveries of services through foreign affi liates that is required to estimate the size of mode 3. A framework for collecting these data, the Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics, has been developed and adopted by the international statistical community in Further information on these new statistics is developed below. 164

180 2.2.1 Trade in commercial services between residents and non residents of an economy Exports and imports Exports (credits or receipts) and imports (debits or payments) of commercial services derived from statistics on international service transactions are included in the balance of payments statistics, in conformity with the concepts, defi nitions and classification of the fifth (1993) edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual. Definition of commercial services in the balance of payments In the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual, the current account is subdivided into goods, services (including government services, not included elsewhere), income (investment income and compensation of employees), and current transfers. The commercial services category in this report is defi ned as being equal to services minus government services, not included elsewhere. Commercial services is further sub-divided into transportation services, travel, and other commercial services. Transportation services covers sea, air and other including land, internal waterway, space and pipeline transport services that are performed by residents of one economy for those of another, and that involve the carriage of passengers, the movement of goods (freight), rentals (charters) of carriers with crew, and related supporting and auxiliary services Travel includes goods and services acquired by personal travellers, for health, education or other purposes, and by business travellers. Unlike other services, travel is not a specifi c type of service, but an assortment of goods and services consumed by travellers. The most common goods and services covered are lodging, food and beverages, entertainment and transportation (within the economy visited), gifts and souvenirs. Other commercial services corresponds to the following components defi ned in BPM5: (i) communications services includes telecommunications, postal and courier services. Telecommunications services encompasses the transmission of sound, images or other information by telephone, telex, telegram, radio and television cable and broadcasting, satellite, electronic mail, facsimile services etc., including business network services, teleconferencing and support services. It does not include the value of the information transported. Also included are cellular telephone services, Internet backbone services and on-line access services, including provision of access to the Internet; METADATA IV (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) construction covers work performed on construction projects and installation by employees of an enterprise in locations outside the territory of the enterprise (the one-year rule to determine residency is to be applied fl exibly). In addition goods used by construction companies for their projects are included which implies that the true services component tends to be overestimated; insurance services covers the provision of various types of insurance to non residents by resident insurance enterprises, and vice versa, for example, freight insurance, direct insurance (e.g. life) and reinsurance; financial services covers fi nancial intermediation and auxiliary services provided by banks, stock exchanges, factoring enterprises, credit card enterprises, and other enterprises; computer and information services is subdivided into computer services (hardware and software related services and data processing services), news agency services (provision of news, photographs, and feature articles to the media), and other information provision services (database services and web search portals); royalties and licence fees, covering payments and receipts for the use of intangible non-fi nancial assets and proprietary rights, such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial processes, and franchises; other business services, comprising trade-related services, operational leasing (rentals), and miscellaneous business, professional and technical services such as legal, accounting, management consulting, public relations services, advertising, market research and public opinion polling, research and development services, architectural, engineering, and other technical services, agricultural, mining and on-site processing; and (viii) personal, cultural, and recreational services is subdivided into two categories, (i) audiovisual services and (ii) other cultural and recreational services. The fi rst component includes services and fees related to the production of motion pictures, radio and television programmes, and musical recordings. Other personal, cultural, and recreational services includes services such as those associated with museums, libraries, archives, and other cultural, sporting, and recreational activities. 165

181 Coverage and comparability With the implementation of BPM5, the coverage and comparability of services trade data have improved over time. However, given that these improvements have been made gradually, they also resulted in a number of breaks in series and are subject to significant distortions. First, some countries do not collect statistics for certain service categories. Second, some service transactions are simply not registered. If central bank records are used, situations where no fi nancial intermediaries are employed are not counted. In the case of surveys, the coverage of trading establishments is often incomplete. A particularly serious problem is that services transmitted electronically are frequently unregistered as well as when the transactions take place within multinational corporations. Third, statistics may be reported on a net rather than on a gross basis, often as a result of compensation arrangements such as in rail transport or in communication services. Fourth some services transactions may be diffi cult to capture. It is often easier for compilers to collect more complete and reliable information on trade in services exports rather than on imports given the large number and diversity of importers compared to that of exporters, e.g. fi nancial services, computer services. Fifth, some particular service transactions may not be classifi ed to the appropriate BPM5 services classifi cation. Methodologies to build estimates for certain service categories may also differ between economies, notably due to the continuing efforts to improve these statistics. Some economies have made progress in the estimation of insurance services to take into account premium supplements and claim volatility (i.e. in the case of catastrophic events). Sixth, the alternate sources used for countries which are not members of the IMF do not necessarily comply with the IMF concepts and defi nitions. Seventh, misclassifi cation of transactions may lead to an underestimation of commercial services when service transactions are registered as income, transfers or trade in merchandise rather than trade in services or, conversely, to an overestimation of commercial services when transactions pertaining to income, transfers or official transactions are registered in the private service categories. These distortions may be particularly signifi cant at the detailed level, i.e., for a detailed service category, and may lead to considerable asymmetries between countries reported trade fl ows by origin and destination. METADATA IV The estimation of world trade by services components has been based on reported economy data as shown in the following table: Table IV.3 Number of economies reporting Balance of Payments services components for 2006 Exports Imports Total commercial services Transportation services Travel Other commercial services Communications services Telecommunications services Construction Insurance services Financial services Computer and information services Computer services Royalties and license fees Other business services Personal, cultural, and recreational services Audiovisual and related services First, total trade in commercial services from each of the seven regions is aggregated from the individual economy fi gures published. The breakdown of these data is then applied to missing countries before aggregating regional and world totals. Tables on major traders are based on reported data only. Intra-trade of the European Union The principal source for trade in commercial services are the IMF s Balance-of-Payments statistics. Intra-EU trade fi gures have been estimated from statistics included in the New Cronos database, July

182 2.2.2 Foreign affiliates trade in services statistics The new statistical framework on Foreign Affi liates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics is developed in the Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services. The acronym FATS is also used for foreign affi liates statistics. Both refer to the same statistical framework, the former focusing on services trade. It analyses the universe of foreign affi liates for which foreign investors own more than 50 per cent of the voting power or equity interest. Depending on the compiler s view, one can distinguish inward FATS, that is, activities of foreign-owned affi liates in the compiling economy, or, outward FATS, that is, foreign affi liates of the compiling economy active abroad. Variables such as sales, value added, number of employees, etc. are used to describe the affiliates activities. These variables are broken down by country of origin or destination of investments and also by type of primary activity. Australia and the United States also provide a breakdown of sales into total goods and total services products. FATS statistics are currently available mainly for OECD and a small number of non-oecd economies. However, given the recent development of these statistics, comparability and coverage of individual economy data may not always be complete. Availability of detailed data and long-time series varies considerably between economies. From a GATS perspective, the size of mode 3 in a given country can be approximated through the sales of foreign-owned affi liates. 2.3 Other definitions and methods Annual changes Throughout this report, average annual percentage changes are analogous to compound interest rates. In calculating the average annual rate of change between 2000 and 2005, for example, data for calendar year 2000 were taken as the starting point, and data for calendar year 2005 as the end point Prices Commodity price movements are primarily described by indices largely based on spot market prices, and therefore exclude transactions governed by longer-term contracts. Price indices for such commodities as food, beverages, agricultural raw materials, minerals, non-ferrous metals, fertilizers and crude petroleum are obtained from IMF International Financial Statistics. Aggregates for all primary commodities and for non-fuel primary commodities are calculated using IMF weights (Appendix table A29). METADATA IV Export and import prices by commodity group of Germany, Japan and the United States are sourced from national statistics. Aggregates are calculated by weighting the countries price indices with the respective export and import values of the previous year (Appendix tables A30 and A31) World merchandise trade indices The volume and unit value indices are taken from a range of different international and national sources. The reported volume and unit value indices may not always be available for the most recent years or may differ in product coverage from the corresponding value indices. Aggregation of the indices to obtain a world total is a two-tier process. First, export and import unit values from national and international sources are completed with Secretariat estimates for missing data. They are then aggregated to obtain regional totals. The volume index for each region is obtained by dividing the respective trade value index for each region by the corresponding regional unit value index. Second, to obtain the total world merchandise volume index, regional unit value indices are aggregated and the world trade value is deflated by the world unit value index. Throughout the aggregation process trade values of the previous year are used as weights World production Production of agriculture (including hunting, forestry and fi sh), mining and manufacturing is defi ned according to major Categories A, B, C and D of the International Standard Industrial Classifi cation of all Economic Activities Revision 3 (ISIC). World production in these sectors is estimated by combining production indices published by the FAO, OECD, UNIDO and UNSD. The world index is derived through aggregation of the three sectors by using value added shares in 2000 as weights. 167

183 2.3.5 World gross domestic product World GDP growth is estimated as a weighted average of economies real GDP growth. The weights used are shares of economies in 2000 world nominal GDP converted to dollars at market exchange rates. The use of official exchange rates which are not market-based for some major economies, together with the fl uctuations of the United States dollar vis-à-vis major currencies, can have a signifi cant impact on the weighting pattern. The increasing use of weights based on purchasing power parities (PPP) by other international organizations is meant to attenuate anomalies linked to these factors. In a period of widely diverging growth rates among countries and regions, the choice of the weighting pattern can have a marked influence on the global growth estimate. For the period, global growth estimates based on PPP-weights indicate a significantly faster growth than estimates using weights based on GDP data measured at market exchange rates. This is because of differences in the two weighting patterns. Relative to weights based on GDP at market exchange rates, PPP weights are low for the transition economies - especially the successor States of the former USSR with a poor growth record, and high for major developing countries (in particular China) with above average growth Re-exports and re-imports Under the system of general trade adopted in this report, re-exports are included in total merchandise trade (see Section II.1). METADATA IV However, in the case of Hong Kong, China, the magnitude of its re-exports (amounting in 2007 to $331 billion), if included in regional or world aggregates, would adversely affect the analytical value of the statistics by introducing a signifi cant element of double counting. Therefore, Hong Kong, China s re-exports are excluded from the world and from Asia aggregates (unless otherwise indicated); only Hong Kong, China s domestic exports and retained imports are included in the totals. For this reason, the fi gures for world exports and for exports of Asia shown in Appendix tables A2 and A10 are smaller than those in Appendix table A6. When retained imports are not published, an approximation is made on the basis of re-export values. China reports imports from China (re-imports), a trade fl ow which accounted for 9.0 per cent ($85.8 billion) of its total merchandise imports in These imports consist of products which have been produced in China and thereafter temporarily exported. The product structure of China s imports from China indicates that in absolute terms offi ce and telecom equipment is the largest category ($42.9 billion) in this particular trade fl ow. The share of re-imports is particularly large in the imports of telecommunications equipment (37.5 per cent), EDP and offi ce equipment (33.7 per cent), electrical machinery (25.8 per cent) and in textiles (20.0 per cent). Further information on these imports is provided in Box 2 of the International Trade Statistics

184 3. Specific notes for selected economies 3.1 Merchandise trade statistics of the European Union Beginning with the 2002 report, EU data compiled according to national statistical practices have been replaced, starting 1993, with data compiled by Eurostat in accordance with EU legislation. The concepts and defi nitions adopted by the EU are in line with the United Nations International Trade Statistics, Concepts and Defi nitions, Series M, N 52, Revision 2. As a result, the conceptual differences between EU member states data have been substantially reduced. Moreover, for the EU as a whole, Eurostat data are more timely than the previous source, thus reducing substantially the amount of estimation included in the EU aggregate. Since January 1993, statistics on the trade between the member states of the EU have been collected through the Intrastat system (see GATT 1994, International Trade Trends and Statistics). The coverage of this system, which relies on reports submitted by firms for transactions above a minimum value, is not as wide as the previous one, which was based on customs declarations. This is particularly noticeable on the import side. For example, prior to the adoption of the Intrastat system, reported intra-eu imports (c.i.f.) closely matched reported intra-eu exports (f.o.b.). However, from 1993 onwards, the reported value of intra-eu imports has been on average around 3 per cent lower than the value of intra-eu exports, indicating a substantial under-reporting of intra-eu imports. As a result of this inconsistency, the Secretariat has substituted intra-eu exports data for intra-eu imports at the aggregate EU level when estimating regional and world totals. However, this adjustment is not allocated between EU member countries. Hence, the sum of reported imports of individual EU members does not add to the fi gure for EU imports as a whole. This adjustment is also reflected in the volume estimates for the EU as a whole. 3.2 Egypt s export processing zone Egypt s merchandise trade statistics are based on the special trade system, and exclude processing zone exchanges with the rest of the world. These have increased markedly in recent years. In 2006, processing zone imports from and exports to the rest of the world amounted to $4.6 billion and $4.6 billion respectively. If Egypt s merchandise trade data were adjusted accordingly, the size of its exports of manufactures (in particular clothing) would be signifi cantly higher. METADATA IV 3.3 Trade of South Africa with SACU (South African Customs Union) South Africa s merchandise exports (and imports) exclude shipments to (from) other SACU members (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland). Partner statistics indicate that South African shipments amount to 80 percent of these countries total merchandise imports in This share most likely increased thereafter and represents an important trade fl ow for the African region. If South Africa s exports would be adjusted for these shipments to SACU members, its total exports would increase by at least $5 billion in 2007 and intra-african trade would be substantially higher, with intra-sacu trade being the largest intra trade flow for regional trade agreements in Africa. 3.4 Major breaks in data continuity of merchandise trade Between 1997 and 1998 for the Russian Federation due to the use of Balance of Payments methodology by GOSKOMSTAT starting Beginning 2003, Singapore includes merchandise trade with Indonesia. Between 1994 and 1995 for Ukraine, due to a change in data collection procedures. Between 1996 and 1997 for the Slovak Republic, and between 1997 and 1998 for Poland, due to the introduction of new arrangements in customs procedures to harmonize with the standards of the European Union. With respect to the Russian Federation, considerable uncertainty remains about the accuracy of foreign trade statistics, especially as regards imports. A large proportion of the reported data on imports consists of offi cial estimates of infl ows of goods which enter the economy without being registered by the customs authorities. Such adjustments to import data accounted for 11 per cent of the offi cially reported totals in 2007; and, on the export side, for about 1 per cent of total reported exports. Merchandise trade fl ows between the European Union member States include trade associated with fraudulent VAT declaration, which concerns mainly offi ce and telecommunications equipment. Between 2006 and 2007, intra-eu merchandise trade statistics have been particularly affected by a considerable reduction in this fraudulent trade in the United Kingdom. 169

185 3.5 Trade in insurance services of the United States In 2003, the United States revised its methodology for estimating trade in insurance services. The new methodology measures insurance services as premiums less normal claims. Normal claims comprise two components: regularly occurring claims that are calculated as an average of all claims paid during the previous six years, and a share of catastrophic claims that is added-on to regularly occurring claims in equal increments over the two decades following their event. As comprehensive data collection on insurance services started in 1986, the fi rst six-year average of regularly occurring claims could only be calculated for As a result, time series on trade in insurance services, and consequently on other commercial services, have been revised back to To complete the 2003 revision, in 2004 the United States added to insurance services an estimate of premium supplements (or income earned on technical reserves of insurance companies). Insurance companies provide financial protection to policy holders through the pooling of risk and provide fi nancial intermediation services through the investment of reserves. The income is treated as accruing to the policy holders who pay it back to the insurers as supplements to premiums to cover the full cost of insurance. The investment income of insurance companies is not output in and of itself; it is used to impute the value of the implicit component of insurance services attributable to fi nancial intermediation. 3.6 Travel exports and transportation services exports and imports of Japan METADATA IV In order to enhance the coverage of estimates of travel exports and imports, the Bank of Japan and the Japanese Ministry of Finance reviewed their compilation methodology, notably by including results from a new expenditure survey of foreign travellers as of This revision had a major impact on the estimates for travel exports. This methodology was reviewed in 2007 based on the results of a new survey (International Travelers Survey on Expenditures) which are used in the new compilation method to directly estimate the amounts spent by travelers to pay for goods and services. This applies to exports and imports data as from In order to maintain consistent growth rates, data shown in this report for Japanese travel trade and trade in commercial services include provisional Secretariat estimates referring to the new compilation methodology (i.e. after January 2006) applied by the Japanese authorities and therefore they differ from fi gures available elsewhere. Data shown for transportation services in this report are consistent with revised data published in 2006 by the Bank of Japan (based on a new methodology for measuring sea freight fares). 3.7 Trade in other commercial services of India In the course of 2004, the Reserve Bank of India released new data following the introduction of a new reporting system to improve the coverage of Indian trade in services statistics (mainly affecting the item other business services). 3.8 Trade in commercial services of United Arab Emirates Commercial services trade statistics of United Arab Emirates only cover transportation and travel. 3.9 Trade in commercial services of Nigeria New data from 2005 compiled on the basis of BPM5 recommendations were released by the Bank of Nigeria in This results in a break in series for Nigerian data in

186 4. Statistical sources Most frequently used sources for statistics are: EUROSTAT, Comext and New Cronos databases FAO, FAOSTAT Agriculture database FAO, Production Yearbook IMF, Balance of Payments Statistics IMF, International Financial Statistics IMF, World Economic Outlook database OECD, Main Economic Indicators OECD, Measuring Globalisation: The Role of Multinationals in OECD Economies OECD, Monthly Statistics of International Trade OECD, National Accounts OECD, Statistics on International Trade in Services OECD/IEA, Energy Prices & Taxes UNECE, Economic Survey of Europe UNECLAC, Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean UNIDO, National Accounts Statistics Database UNSD, Comtrade database (for OECD members the UNSD-OECD Joint Trade Data Collection and Processing system) UNSD, International Trade Statistics Yearbook UNSD, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics World Bank, World Development Indicators These sources are supplemented by national publications and other international databases such as the Global Trade Atlas of Global Trade Information Services, Inc. and Secretariat estimates. Figures for total merchandise trade are largely derived from IMF, International Financial Statistics. Data on merchandise trade by origin, destination and product are mainly obtained from Eurostat s Comext database and UNSD s Comtrade database. Some inconsistencies in the aggregate export and import data for the same country or territory between sources are inevitable. These can be attributed to the use of different systems of recording trade, to the way in which for example IMF and UNSD have converted data expressed in national currencies into dollars, and revisions which can be more readily incorporated in the IMF data. METADATA IV Statistics on trade in commercial services are mainly drawn from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics. For economies that do not report to the IMF (e.g., Chinese Taipei) data are drawn from national sources. Estimations for missing data are mainly based on national statistics. Statistics on trade in commercial services by origin and destination are also derived from national statistics. GDP series in current dollars are mainly derived from the World Bank World Development Indicators, supplemented in some cases with statistics from the IMF World Economic Outlook database. Acknowledgements are due to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Statistical Offi ce of the European Communities, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the United Nations Statistics Division, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Bank whose assistance in supplying advance information has greatly facilitated the work of the Secretariat. Acknowledgements are also due to national institutions for providing advance statistics. Closing date for merchandise trade statistics (Customs basis) and commercial services (Balance of Payments basis) is 15 July For foreign affi liates trade in services statistics the closing date is 31 August

187 172

188 Appendix Table A1 World merchandise exports, production and gross domestic product, (Index, 2000=100) Value Volume Exports Exports Production GDP Total a Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total a Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total Agriculture Mining Manufacturing APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP. 173

189 Table A.1 (continued ) World merchandise exports, production and gross domestic product, (Annual percentage change) Value Volume Exports Exports Production GDP APPENDIX Total a Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total a Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total Agriculture Mining Manufacturing a Includes unspecified products. Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP. 174

190 APPENDIX 175

191 Table A2 Network of world merchandise trade by region, (Billion dollars) Destination World a North America South and C. America United Other Origin Total States Total EU (27) Europe Total Europe CIS Russian Federation World North America United States South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe CIS APPENDIX Russian Federation Africa Middle East Asia Japan China Australia & New Zealand Other Asia

192 Table A2 (continued) Network of world merchandise trade by region, (Billion dollars) Africa Middle East Asia Destination South Australia/ Other Asia Total Africa Other Africa Total Japan New Zealand Total China Other Origin World North America United States South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe CIS Russian Federation Africa APPENDIX Middle East Asia Japan China Australia & New Zealand Other Asia a Includes unspecified destinations. Note : For sources and methods see the Metadata. 177

193 Table A3 Merchandise trade of selected regional trade agreements, (Billion dollars) APPENDIX European Union (27) Total exports Intra-exports Extra-exports Total imports Intra-imports Extra-imports NAFTA Total exports Intra-exports Extra-exports Total imports a Intra-imports Extra-imports ASEAN Total exports Intra-exports Extra-exports Total imports Intra-imports Extra-imports MERCOSUR Total exports Intra-exports Extra-exports Total imports Intra-imports Extra-imports Andean Community Total exports Intra-exports Extra-exports Total imports Intra-imports Extra-imports a Imports of Canada and Mexico are valued f.o.b. Note: The figures are not fully adjusted for differences in the way members of the arrangements in this table record their merchandise trade. 178

194 Table A4 Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies, (Billion dollars) Exports World a North America and Europe EFTA European Union (27) NAFTA South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC WAEMU Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (153) a Imports World a North America and Europe EFTA European Union (27) NAFTA South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS SADC WAEMU Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (153) a APPENDIX a Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. Note: Breaks in the continuity of the value series for particular countries and regional groupings are indicated by an 'I'. See the Metadata. 179

195 Table A5 Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies, (Billion dollars) APPENDIX Exports World North America and Europe EFTA European Union (27) I NAFTA South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS I SADC WAEMU Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (153) Imports World North America and Europe EFTA European Union (27) I NAFTA South and Central America Andean Community CACM CARICOM MERCOSUR Africa CEMAC COMESA ECCAS ECOWAS I SADC WAEMU Middle East and Asia ASEAN GCC SAPTA Memorandum: ACP LDCs WTO Members (153)

196 Table A6 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) World a North America Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Europe Albania Austria Belgium Belgium-Luxembourg Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France FYR Macedonia APPENDIX 181

197 Table A6 (continued) World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) APPENDIX Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom European Union (27) b extra-eu(27) exports European Union (15) extra-eu(15) exports Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo

198 Table A6 (continued) World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa c Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle East Bahrain Iran, Islamic Rep. of Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen APPENDIX 183

199 Table A6 (continued) World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) APPENDIX Asia a Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji Hong Kong, China domestic exports re-exports India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore domestic exports re-exports Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam Memorandum items: World excluding a intra-eu (27) exports intra-eu (15) exports Europe excluding intra-eu (27) exports intra-eu (15) exports a Includes significant re-exports. b Prior to 2004, European Union (27) individual country data do not add up to the reported aggregate due to Eurostat's use of different methodologies for Cyprus, Estonia and Lithuania. c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. Note: Breaks in the continuity of the value series for particular countries and regional groupings are indicated by an 'I'. They result mainly from changes in the methods of collecting and reporting merchandise trade statistics. It should be noted that the World and Asia totals contain a significant element of double counting due to the use of the general system of recording merchandise trade statistics which includes re-exports. Recent figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. 184

200 Table A7 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) World a North America Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic b Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Europe Albania Austria Belgium Belgium-Luxembourg Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic b Denmark Estonia Finland France FYR Macedonia APPENDIX 185

201 Table A7 (continued) World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) APPENDIX Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovak Republic b Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom European Union (27) extra-eu(27) imports European Union (15) extra-eu(15) imports Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation b Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Africa Algeria Angola b Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo b

202 Table A7 (continued) World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) Congo, Dem. Rep. of Côte d'ivoire b Djibouti b Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau b Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Madagascar b Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa c Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle East Bahrain Iran, Islamic Rep. of Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen APPENDIX 187

203 Table A7 (continued) World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) APPENDIX Asia a Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia b China Fiji Hong Kong, China retained imports India Indonesia Japan Kiribati Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Pakistan Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines b Samoa Singapore retained imports Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Viet Nam Memorandum items: World excluding a intra-eu (27) imports intra-eu (15) imports Europe excluding intra-eu (27) imports intra-eu (15) imports a Includes significant imports for re-export. b Imports are valued f.o.b. See the Metadata on f.o.b. valuation of other economies. c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union. Note: Breaks in the continuity of the value series for particular countries and regional groupings are indicated by an 'I'. They result mainly from changes in the methods of collecting and reporting merchandise trade statistics. It should be noted that the World and Asia totals contain a significant element of double counting due to the use of the general system of recording merchandise trade statistics which includes re-exports. Recent figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. 188

204 Table A8 World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) World North America Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Europe I Albania Austria Belgium I Belgium-Luxembourg Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faeroe Islands Finland France FYR Macedonia Germany Greece 9224 I I Hungary Iceland Ireland 6046 I Italy Latvia Lithuania APPENDIX 189

205 Table A8 (continued) World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) APPENDIX Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland I Turkey United Kingdom European Union (27) I Extra-EU (27) exports a European Union (15) I Extra-EU (15) exports a I Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Ukraine Africa I Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Congo Côte d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Kenya Lesotho Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria I Rwanda Senegal

206 Table A8 (continued) World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa I Sudan I Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle East Bahrain Iran, Islamic Rep. of Israel Jordan Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Fiji Hong Kong, China India I I Indonesia Japan b Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep I Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tonga Vanuatu Viet Nam Memorandum items: World excluding intra-eu (27) exports a intra-eu (15) exports a Europe excluding intra-eu (27) exports a intra-eu (15) exports a I APPENDIX a See the Metadata for estimation of intra and extra-eu trade. b Secretariat estimates for exports from 1995 to 2005 are based on the new methodology applied by the Bank of Japan. See the Metadata Note: Due to frequent revisions to the services data, there are numerous breaks in the continuity of the data series at the country and regional levels. See the Metadata. 191

207 Table A9 World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) APPENDIX World North America Canada Mexico United States South and Central America Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Europe I Albania Austria Belgium I Belgium-Luxembourg Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faeroe Islands Finland France FYR Macedonia Germany Greece 4196 I 4976 I Hungary Iceland Ireland I Italy Latvia Lithuania

208 Table A9 (continued) World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland I Portugal Romania Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland I Turkey United Kingdom European Union (27) I Extra-EU (27) imports a European Union (15) I Extra-EU (15) imports a I Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Ukraine Africa I Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Congo Côte d'ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Kenya Lesotho Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria I Rwanda Senegal APPENDIX 193

209 Table A9 (continued) World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, (Million dollars) Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa I Sudan I Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle East Bahrain Iran, Islamic Rep. of Israel Jordan Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Asia APPENDIX Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Fiji Hong Kong, China India I I Indonesia Japan b Korea, Republic of Lao People's Dem. Rep Macao, China Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Pakistan I Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taipei, Chinese Thailand Tonga Vanuatu Viet Nam Memorandum items: World excluding intra-eu (27) imports a intra-eu (15) imports a Europe excluding intra-eu (27) imports a intra-eu (15) imports a I a See the Metadata for estimation of intra and extra-eu trade. b Secretariat estimates for exports from 1995 to 2005 are based on the new methodology applied by the Bank of Japan. See the Metadata Note : Due to frequent revisions to the services data, there are numerous breaks in the continuity of the data series at the country and regional levels. See the Metadata.

210 APPENDIX 195

211 Table A10 Network of world merchandise trade by product and region, (Billion dollars) Destination World a North America South & Central America Europe Origin APPENDIX World Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b North America Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b

212 Table A10 (continued) Network of world merchandise trade by product and region, (Billion dollars) CIS Africa Middle East Asia Destination Origin World Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b North America Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b APPENDIX 197

213 Table A10 (continued) Network of world merchandise trade by product and region, (Billion dollars) Destination World a North America South & Central America Europe Origin APPENDIX South and Central America Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b Europe Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b

214 Table A10 (continued) Network of world merchandise trade by product and region, (Billion dollars) CIS Africa Middle East Asia Destination Origin South and Central America Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b Europe Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b APPENDIX 199

215 Table A10 (continued) Network of world merchandise trade by product and region, (Billion dollars) Destination World a North America South & Central America Europe Origin Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total merchandise exports b Africa Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total merchandise exports b Middle East Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total merchandise exports b APPENDIX Asia Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b

216 Table A10 (continued) Network of world merchandise trade by product and region, (Billion dollars) CIS Africa Middle East Asia Destination Origin Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total merchandise exports b Africa Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total merchandise exports b Middle East Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures Total merchandise exports b Asia Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise exports b APPENDIX a Includes unspecified destinations. b Includes unspecified products. Note : For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 201

217 Table A11 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, United States (Billion dollars) APPENDIX Exports World North America Canada Mexico South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China Japan Six East Asian traders Other Asia Imports World North America Canada Mexico South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China Japan Six East Asian traders Other Asia

218 Table A12 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, European Union (27) (Billion dollars) Value Annual percentage change Exports World North America United States Other North America South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China Japan Six East Asian traders Other Asia Imports World North America United States Other North America South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China Japan Six East Asian traders Other Asia APPENDIX 203

219 Table A13 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, Japan (Billion dollars) APPENDIX Exports World North America United States Other North America South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China Six East Asian traders Other Asia Imports World North America United States Other North America South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China Six East Asian traders Other Asia

220 Table A14 Merchandise trade by region and selected economies, China (Billion dollars) Exports World North America United States Other North America South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia Japan Six East Asian traders Other Asia Imports World North America United States Other North America South and Central America Brazil Other South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Other CIS Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China Japan Six East Asian traders Other Asia APPENDIX 205

221 Table A15 Merchandise trade of the United States by region and by product, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Value APPENDIX World Share World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia Japan China Six East Asian traders Other Asia Total merchandise Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures

222 Table A16 Merchandise trade of Europe by region and by product, (Billion dollars and percentage) Exports Imports Value World Share World Intra-Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Inter-regional trade North America South and Central America Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia Japan China Australia and New Zealand Six East Asian traders Other Asia Total merchandise Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures APPENDIX 207

223 Table A17 Merchandise trade of Japan by region and by product, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2007 (Billion dollars and percentage) Exports Imports APPENDIX Value World Share World North America South and Central America Europe European Union (27) Other Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Russian Federation Africa South Africa Other Africa Middle East Asia China a Six East Asian traders Australia and New Zealand Other Asia Total merchandise Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures a Includes significant shipments recorded as exports to Hong Kong, China with China as final destination. 208

224 APPENDIX 209

225 Table A18 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Canada (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

226 Table A18 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Canada (Billion dollars) United States EU (27) China Japan Mexico Norway World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: Imports are valued f.o.b. For sources and methods, see the Metadata 211

227 Table A19 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, United States (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

228 Table A19 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, United States (Billion dollars) EU (27) Korea, Canada China Mexico Japan Rep. of World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 213

229 Table A20 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Brazil (Billion dollars) South & Central North America America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp C exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

230 Table A20 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Brazil (Billion dollars) EU (27) United States Argentina China Japan Chile World b exp imp C exp imp C exp imp C exp imp C exp imp C exp imp C exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: Imports are valued f.o.b. For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 215

231 Table A21 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, European Union (27) (Billion dollars) South & Central North America America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

232 Table A21 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, European Union (27) (Billion dollars) Intra-EU (27) Extra-EU (27) United States China Russian Fed. Switzerland World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: The figures are affected by the "INTRASTAT" system of recording trade between EU member States. Unspecified products account for 1.4 per cent of total intra-eu trade, and intra-eu imports are underrecorded. To compensate for this under-recording, intra-eu exports have been used to obtain total (World) imports. Major trading partners were selected on the basis of 2007 data. For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 217

233 Table A22 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, China (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

234 Table A22 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, China (Billion dollars) EU (27) United States Japan Hong Kong, Korea, China Rep. of Taipei, Chinese World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: It should be noted that China Customs Statistics record the country of origin for imports and the country of final destination for exports. However, if the country of final destination cannot be ascertained, exports are attributed to the last known country of dispatch (see China's Customs Statistics, December 2003). For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 219

235 Table A23 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Hong Kong, China (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

236 Table A23 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Hong Kong, China (Billion dollars) China EU (27) United States Japan Taipei, Chinese Singapore World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 221

237 Table A24 Domestic exports and re-exports of merchandise by product, region and major trading partner, Hong Kong, China (Billion dollars) South & Central North America America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

238 Table A24 (continued) Domestic exports and re-exports of merchandise by product, region and major trading partner, Hong Kong, China (Billion dollars) China EU (27) United States Japan Taipei, Chinese Singapore World b dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. dom.exp re-exp. Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 223

239 Table A25 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Japan (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

240 Table A25 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Japan (Billion dollars) China United States EU (27) Korea, Rep. of Taipei, Chinese Australia World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 225

241 Table A26 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Korea, Rep. of (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

242 Table A26 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Korea, Rep. of (Billion dollars) China EU (27) United States Japan Saudi Arabia Taipei, Chinese World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 227

243 Table A27 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Malaysia (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

244 Table A27 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Malaysia (Billion dollars) United States Singapore EU (27) Japan China Thailand World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 229

245 Table A28 Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Singapore (Billion dollars) North America South & Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp APPENDIX Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a

246 Table A28 (continued) Merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner, Singapore (Billion dollars) Malaysia EU (27) China United States Indonesia Japan World b exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp exp imp Agricultural products Food Fish Other food products Raw materials Fuels and mining products Ores and other minerals Fuels Non-ferrous metals Manufactures Iron and steel Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Other chemicals Other semi-manufactures Machinery and transport equipment Office and telecom equipment EDP and office equipment Telecommunications equipment Integrated circuits Transport equipment Automotive products Other transport equipment Other machinery Power generating machinery Non-electrical machinery Electrical machinery Textiles Clothing Other manufactures Personal and household goods Scientific and controlling instruments Miscellaneous manufactures Total merchandise a APPENDIX a Includes unspecified products. b Includes unspecified destinations and origins. Note: For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 231

247 Table A29 Export prices of primary commodities, (Indices 2005=100) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 APPENDIX Food and beverages Food Cereals Wheat Maize Rice Barley Vegetable oils and protein meals Meat Beef Lamb Swine meat Poultry Seafood Fish Shrimp Sugar Bananas Oranges Beverages Coffee Cocoa beans Tea Agricultural raw materials Timber Cotton Wool Rubber Hides and skins Minerals and non-ferrous metals (excluding crude petroleum) Copper Aluminum Iron ore Tin Nickel Zinc Lead Uranium Total of above Energy Natural gas Crude petroleum Coal All primary commodities Note: The indices are period averages based on dollar prices. The quarterly figures are not seasonally adjusted. For sources and methods, see the Metadata. 232

248 Table A30 Export prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, (Indices 2000=100) Total Merchandise Germany Japan United States Agricultural Products Germany United States Fuels and mining products Germany United States Manufactures Germany Japan United States Iron and steel Germany Japan United States Chemicals Germany Japan United States Machinery and transport equipment Germany Japan United States Office and telecom equipment Germany Japan United States Automotive products Germany Japan United States Textiles Germany Japan United States Clothing Germany United States Memorandum item: World, unit value indices Total merchandise Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures APPENDIX Note: For sources and product group definitions, see the Metadata. 233

249 Table A31 Import prices of Germany, Japan and the United States by commodity group, (Indices 2000=100) APPENDIX Total merchandise Germany Japan United States Agricultural Products Germany Japan United States Fuels and mining products Germany Japan United States Manufactures Germany Japan United States Iron and steel Germany Japan United States Chemicals Germany Japan United States Machinery and transport equipment Germany Japan United States Office and telecom equipment Germany Japan United States Automotive products Germany Japan United States Textiles Germany United States Clothing Germany Japan United States Note : For sources and product group definitions, see the Metadata. 234

250 Asia Middle East Africa C.I.S. Europe South/Central America North America Composition of geographical regions Map 1 WORLD MAPS Note: Colours and boundaries do not imply any judgement on the part of WTO as to the legal status or frontier of any territory. World maps 235

251 236 (August 2008) Others Observers Members WTO Members and Observers Map 2 WORLD MAPS Note: Colours and boundaries do not imply any judgement on the part of WTO as to the legal status or frontier of any territory.

252 Data not available (Percentage based on current dollar values) WORLD MAPS Ratio of exports and imports of goods and commercial services to GDP, 2005 Map 3 Note: Colours and boundaries do not imply any judgement on the part of WTO as to the legal status or frontier of any territory.

253 238 (Current dollars) Data not available Exports of goods and commercial services per capita, 2005 Map 4 WORLD MAPS Note: Colours and boundaries do not imply any judgement on the part of WTO as to the legal status or frontier of any territory.