2013 AP Human Geography Exam Review

Transcription

1 2013 AP Human Geography Exam Review Ok folks, here we go! This review is difficult, but then again so is the AP exam. Use your textbook, notebook, the internet, your review books, whatever you want. Answer each question as completely as possible. Remember that you are on your own when you are taking the exam, so answer thoroughly. You will receive credit for doing this review. Directions: Answer on lined notebook paper. Number you paper in the following manner: I.a.; II.b., etc. I. Its Nature and Perspectives (Human Geography) a. Explain Map Scale b. Why type of map would be most useful demonstrating varying levels of oceanic elevation? c. If two cities are three inches apart on a map with a scale of 1:60,200 how far apart are they on the surface of the earth? d. If you were measuring the concentration of Native Americans using a dot density map, what would you do to the put the most visual emphasis on those Native Americans living in rural areas? e. Define Site f. Describe the physical (geographic) division between Europe and Asia g. What does the earth complete in 365 ¼ days? h. Define distortion i. What is the study of human geography? j. Define absolute location k. Define relative location l. Define functional regions m. Define formal regions n. Explain the following map projections: i. Gall-Peters ii. Robinson iii. Mercator iv. Molleweide v. Fuller (A.K.A. Buckminster Fuller) o. Explain each of the Five Themes of Geography II. Population (Population) a. Define pronatalist policy b. List 5 countries whose life expectancy may drop in the next five years c. List 5 countries who have the highest arable land percentages d. Define carrying capacity

2 e. Why does the rate of natural increase (RNI) not accurately demonstrate population change for subglobal regions? f. Using the data in the following table what stage of the demographic transition model best fits this country in 1990? Year CBR CDR g. What measures would a demographer analyze to predict the reproductive behavior in a fecund woman in a country? h. By 2050, what country is projected to have the highest population in the world? i. In the 1990s, which factor was identified at the United Nations population conference as the key to controlling population growth? j. Margaret embarked on her move to California. En route to San Diego from her home of Louisville, Kentucky, she stopped in Santa Fe, New Mexico. While in Santa Fe, she fell in love with the city and decided to stay there. IN Margaret s migration, Santa Fe represents a(n). k. List the countries that make up the region with the highest concentration of people. l. Explain the urban migration patterns of the 1880s as noted by Ernst Ravenstein. m. What region(s) produced the largest migration stream into Germany in the period ? n. What is the subglobal population accounting equation? o. In which stage of the demographic transition model does the medical revolution take place? p. Approximately 81% of the earth s population lives in the poorer, less-developed countries in which three regions? q. When does overpopulation occur within a country? r. What do population pyramids tell us? III. Cultural Pattern and Processes (Culture) a. A formal caste system of socioeconomic segregation based on family and occupation was prominent in which country s tradition? b. If a Spanish speaker and a French speaker come together to conduct trade and revert to the authentic form of English they both learned in the schools, English is known to them as a(n). c. IN the 1800s, Czar Peter the Great of Russia returned to Russia from his travels in Europe and taught his people Western-style dance. This diffusion of Western-style dance is most closely and example of. d. What major religions began in Southwest Asia? e. What is the dominate language family in India?

3 f. If a major fast food chain buys out and replaces a local family restaurant in Beijing, China, some might argue this is an example of. g. Define cultural ecology h. What country is faced with widespread threats of secession due to conflict related to its multilingualism? i. Explain nonmaterial culture j. Explain material culture k. List 5 areas of high Muslim concentrations l. The excitement created by attending a Bon Jovi concert diffused in a pattern with an epicenter, or (node), that followed Bon Jovi s band as it toured Europe between large and small towns in no particular order. About two weeks after Bon Jovi s visit, the excited crowds in each city died down and returned to normal lifestyles, while sometimes listening to his CDs in their homes. The pattern of excitement surrounding the traveling Bon Jovi concert is best classified as diffusion. (This was a real question I found in an old review book!) m. What are universalizing religions? Examples? n. In which region does shamanism currently have the highest presence? o. An adherent (follower) of what religion would most likely make a pilgrimage to the holy place in Amritsar, India? (Hint: Not Hinduism) p. Why is Carl Sauer so important to cultural geography? q. What are the two major branches of Islam? r. What is the simplest component of a culture? s. Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the holiest site for what religion? IV. Organization of Space (Political) a. Define devolution b. What are the six morphological classifications of states? Give an example of each in your definitions. c. Define gerrymandering d. What country(ies) are not permanent members of the UN Security Council? e. Define and give an example of a forward capital. f. Define and give examples of stateless nations. g. According to world-systems analysis (theory), what countries are best classified as being in the global economic periphery? (List several countries) h. The current Canadian governmental organizational structure is best characterized as. i. In its application to the European Union, which state faced criticisms by some of its opponents for not being European enough to gain admission to the EU? j. The political boundary that divides much of India from China is classified as what type of boundary?

4 k. The US and its allies entered the Vietnam conflict in part to prevent Communists from gain control of the Eurasian periphery, because that control would have led to domination of the world, according to some geopolitical thinkers of the time. This justification is most closely associated to which geographic concept? l. Egypt and Ethiopia have developed a tense relationship related to water from the Nile River. This conflict is best classified as which type of boundary dispute? m. Explain the Law of the Sea. n. The state borders drawn by the US government over what used to be Native American lands are examples of what type of borders? o. What European country(ies) were not members of the Warsaw Pact established during the cold war? p. In order, list and define the steps in boundary creation between countries. q. Define centripetal forces, give examples r. Define centrifugal forces, give examples s. What type of boundary does the Berlin Wall represent today? V. Agricultural and Rural Land Use (Agriculture) a. What type of agricultural practices is most likely to be found in the Tibetan plateau? b. According to the Von Thunen model of rural land use, what agricultural products would most likely be produced farthest from its London marketplace? c. Explain the Second Agricultural Revolution d. What modern states make up agricultural hearths? e. What world regions produce the most amount of wheat? f. Beef consumption is at the lowest level in what world regions? g. Explain the opposition to the Green Revolution h. The seasonal movement from highlands to lowland pastures is known as. i. What export-oriented cash crops are often grown in formerly European colonial regions? j. Explain the Von Thunen model k. Who is Ester Boserup and why are they important to Agriculture Geography? l. A farmer in China is statistically most likely to be a(n) farmer. m. What was the earliest form of agriculture? n. The use of large amounts of land to grow food to feed only the farmer s family is o. The term swidden refers to a plot of land formed by what type of agriculture? p. The loss of the nutrient-rich top layer in soil is called. q. Explain the Third Agricultural Revolution. r. Agriculture has been evolving since its inception some 12,000 years ago i. Explain the major trends in innovation that characterize the third agricultural revolution.

5 ii. Define agribusiness and relate it to the third agricultural revolution. iii. Explain one positive effect of agribusiness on the individual farmer in the periphery. iv. Explain one negative effect of agribusiness in the individual farmer in the periphery. VI. Industrialization and Economic Development (Economics) a. A factory process transforming raw corn into processed baby food falls into which economic category? (Primary, secondary, etc.) b. Where did the industrial revolution begin and why? c. Define and give an example of commodification d. Define and give an example of a footloose industry e. What is the human development index equation? f. Who are the Asia Tigers? g. Define maquiladora. What are the advantages and disadvantages of maquiladora? h. What are backwash effects? i. What countries have been high-volume destinations for global firms from the US outsourcing their tertiary-sector jobs? j. Explain the world-systems analysis (theory). k. Explain special economic zones. l. What makes up the informal sector of the economy? m. Define structural adjustments, give examples n. What sectors of the economy currently claims the highest percentage of workers in the US? o. In Weber s Least Cost theory, what are the two major factors he assumed controlled cost of transportation? p. Explain market orientation and how it relates to Weber s Least Cost theory. q. Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP). r. Allowing multinational corporations to outsource without any regulation except for the basic forces of market capitalism is known as. s. As a country industrializes, a decrease in jobs usually occurs in which sector? (primary, secondary, etc.) t. Globalization has been praised and criticized by geographers and economists. i. Define the concept of multinational corporation (MNC) and relate it to the new international division of labor. Give an example to illustrate this relationship. ii. Define outsourcing, and explain its effect on economic conditions both in the core and the periphery with reference to two of the following regions: 1. North America 2. Latin America 3. East Asia 4. Western Europe

6 VII. Cities and Urban Land Use (Urbanization) a. Define situation as it relates to cities and urban land use, give an example b. Define gentrification c. Define Ghetto d. What processes have contributed to ghettoization in North America? e. Define primate city, give an example f. Define second-rank city, give an example g. What are the common preconditions found in areas that became urban hearths? h. What processes most influence the existence of a zone of transition in concentric urban growth patterns? i. The Latin American city typically differs from the North American city in what ways? j. What is the smallest scale of geographic inquiry by the US Census Bureau? k. Explain Central Place Theory. l. Which central place theory is most likely to have the highest range of goods and highest threshold population? m. Define and give an example of postmodern urban landscape. n. According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in Country X has 100,000 inhabitants, how many people will live in Country X s fourth-largest city? o. Explain the concept of exurbanization. p. Define nonbasic employment sector, give an example. q. Explain the concept of a shock city. r. Planned communities would most likely be found in what type of urban setting? s. What model is based on the assumption that growth occurred independently around several major foci, many of which were far away from the CBD and on marginally connected to it. t. The star-shaped city pattern resulted from the dominance of which transportation system? u. The area serviced by a central place is called a(n). v. Urban sprawl has contributed to inner-city decay in many North American urban places. i. Define Urban Sprawl ii. Explain how urban sprawl has contributed to inner-city decay in some North American urban places. iii. Choose two of the following categories of solution to uneven development, and for each, explain one related approach to reducing uneven development: 1. Political 2. Urban morphology 3. Cultural 4. Legal