Copernicus for Coastal Zone Monitoring and Management

Transcription

1 Copernicus for Coastal Zone Monitoring and Management DG-Grow, 29 June 2017 User Requirement Perspective: Monitoring of coastal zones, pressures and impacts on nature and people Courtesy: J. Ekebom storm surge in Latvia Markus Erhard & Andrus Meiner, European Environment Agency (EEA)

2 High value for nature Why are coasts special? o Habitats of high value for biodiversity but often small spatial extent o High productivity and biodiversity in coastal and transitional waters High value for people o High population density o High value for living and economy (e.g. recreation, trading, etc.) High pressures on natural resources and people o Land/sea cover/use change o Water pollution / Algae blooms o Climate change impacts (SST, SLR, storm surges, coastal erosion...) o Invasive alien species High risks and vulnerability

3 Coastal sustainability issue Coastal development at expense of natural systems that normally act as buffer between the sea and the land... leads to Conflict between protecting socio-economic activity and sustaining the ecological functioning of coastal zones in Europe

4 Selected EU policies and policy instruments related to the land-coast-sea nexus

5 Some coast related environmental policies Nature Directives Favourable status of species and habitats in the Coastal zone (land and sea) Water Framework Directive (WFD) Good ecological and chemical status of transitional and coastal water bodies Floods Directive hazard mapping for coastal floods Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) - good environmental status across 11 descriptors Procedural regulations: Maritime Spatial Planning Directive, Council decision on Barcelona Convention ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) Protocol, EU ICZM Recommendation, Climate Change Adaptation, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive

6 Chemical status General applicability of EU policy, Marine and Coastal zone Land Water Framework Directive RBD, Water bodies Inner waters Territorial waters Member States sovereignty or jurisdiction waters Marine Strategy Framework Directive Marine (Sub-)Regions Coastline Baseline 1 nautical mile limit (WFD) Territorial water limit (4-12 nm) High Seas (UN Conventions) EEZ limit Courtesy: ICES, ETC/ICM

7 Coherent policy alliance for sustainable coastal areas

8 Maritime dimension - coastal regions of EU Sea basins Relative size of sea basin catchments Source: Eurostat, GISCO

9 Economic importance and ecological threats In 2011, 41 % (206 mill) of Europe's population lived in the 378 EU coastal regions; Ca 40% of EU s GDP is generated in maritime regions 75% pf EU s foreign trades is conducted by sea Only 13% of coastal species are in favourable conservation status (HD) 73% of the coastal habitats show bad or inadequate conservation status (HD) 80 % of marine species and habitats and 100 % of marine ecosystems being classified as unknown status (MSFD) EEA, 2013: coastal report EEA, 2016: ecosystem condition assessment

10 Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment

11 Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment

12 Net changes in coastal zones land cover (land cover 0-10 km) Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] 1.1. Land cover 2006 [% of total] 1.2. Net change in land cover [ha] Net change in land cover [% of initial year 2000] 5% 14% 6% 17% % 12% 14% % Land cover Consumption of initial LC Formation of new LC Net Formation of LC Net formation as % of initial year Total turnover of LC Total turnover as % of initial year Land cover

13 Example of Europe s coastal land cover trend monitoring Wetland and water areas

14 The importance of spatial and thematic resolution Corine VHRL (urban atlas) Corine Urban Atlas

15 The importance of spatial and thematic resolution Urban extension next to Palma de Mallorca airport Copernicus HRL Imperviousness, 20 m Change mapping, 100 m

16 Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment

17 Coastal and transitional waters of WFD Note: Maritime boundaries outdated!!! For updated version please see URL below Source: BIOMES Marine Ecosystem Services, JRC/IES Ca 3800 reporting water bodies Total area km2 Source: EEA, 2012 based on WFD See also EU-Hydro Maritime boundaries

18 EU Water Framework Directive - river basin districts include coastal waters - status statement: chemical and ecological - status assessments by Member states Figure: Share of water bodies not achieving good chemical status of transitional and coastal waters per river basin district

19 Pressures & impacts MSFD annex III, table 2 8 major groups of pressures and impacts 18 minor groups of pressures and impacts 100+ activities / pressures identified for the North Sea Source: HELCOM HOLAS

20 Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment

21 Vulnerability to coastal floods and need for adaptation population European population below 5 m elevation and inside 1 km coastal zone Coastal regions Mapping vulnerability

22 Updating the current baseline Coastal Erosion: Eurosion project A European initiative for sustainable coastal erosion management Final report Eurosion vision, 4 key recommendations Findings and technical results Shoreline Management Guide Coastal erosion management solutions in Europe, 60 case studies GIS database Update of CORINE Coastal Erosion data 14 data layers for Europe Brochure Living with coastal erosion in Europe PORTAL:

23 Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment

24 Ecosystem mapping and assessment DPSIR approach Ecosystem Mapping Condition assessment Service assessment Integration Policy integration

25 12 Ecosystems Terrestrial (7) freshwater (1) marine (4) Ecosystem Map (GIS database) Ca. 50 Habitats Terrestrial (>40) freshwater (3) marine (>15) Ecosystem type EUNIS Level 1 EUNIS Level 2 Area (km 2 ) Attributed to sparsely vegetated land Wetlands Marine inlets and transitional waters, coastal, shelf, open ocean B Coastal habitats D Mires, bogs and fens A Marine habitats B1 Coastal dunes and sandy shores B2 Coastal shingle B3 Rock, cliffs, ledges and shores, including supralittoral MAES, n/a n/a n/a D1 Raised and blanked bogs D2 Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires D3 Aapa, palsa and polygon mires D4 Base-rich fens and calcareolus spring mires D5 Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water D6 Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds A1 Littoral rock and other hard substrate A2 Littoral sediment A3 Infralittoral rock and other hard substrate A4 Circalittoral rock and other hard substrate A5 Sub-littoral sediment A6 Deep sea-bed A7 Pelagic water column A8 Ice-associated marine habitats n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

26 Integrated approach assessment of coastal areas development and pollution pressures that impact coastal and marine areas; services that are provided by ecosystems of the coastal and marine areas; vulnerability to environmental change (incl. climate) and need for adaptation; policy responses and coastal areas management (e.g. ICZM and Maritime spatial planning).

27 Vision of integrative approach: also for coast Reporting Statistics Indicators Proxies for envir. pressures & state Ecosystem maps and assessment Monitoring on accounting frame Source: Adapted from ESRI, EEA/ETC (Manuel Lago, Benjamin Boteler and Alejandro Iglesias-Campos)

28 Conclusions monitoring requirements What is needed? Land/sea cover/use and habitat mapping and monitoring Land sea interaction : coastal erosion/accumulation, sediment transport, wave height, water level, storm surges, flooding Land/sea habitat quality, habtat change, species distribution and migration Water color / chlorophyll biomass, algae blooms Water photic depth / transparency Water/land pollution monitoring including litter

29 Conclusions monitoring requirements Spatial and temporal resolution Very high spatial resolution for land monitoring land/sea cover/use changes delineation of EUNIS coastal habitats terrrestrial and (shallow) sea-bed (tidal areas, dynamics of beaches, sand banks etc.) overlap & consistency existing VHRL layers: urban atlas and riparian zones, N2K Very? high temporal resolution for monitoring seasonal changes coastal erosion, sediment transport, water color / chlorophyll, pollution Overlap monitoring systems land sea e.g. coastal erosion monitoring, (shallow water) sea-beds Spatial coverage Consistency with reporting obligations of Directives Selection of focus areas for cost benefit (e.g.sediment transport, erosion)

30 Thematic refinement Questions monitoring requirements Land cover classification see VHRL layers urban, riparian, N2K Habitat delineation EUNIS classes Coastal erosion dynamics (see also Copernicus Emergency Response Service) from event based assessment to monitoring effects and trends Sediment distribution and transport, river/seabed morphology and dynamics Water color/chlorophyll (transitional and marine productivity) Provider User interaction needed evaluate what is needed (user) versus what is feasible (provider) boundaries core vs. downstream services discussion between providers and users along classifications, modelling approaches, thematic, spatial accuracy etc.

31 Thank you