Design Data 1M. Highway Live Loads on Concrete Pipe
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1 Design Dt 1M Highwy Live Lods on Concrete Pipe Foreword Thick, high-strength pvements designed for hevy truck trffic substntilly reduce the pressure trnsmitted through wheel to the subgrde nd consequently, to the underlying concrete pipe. The pressure reduction is so gret tht generlly the live lod cn be neglected. In 1926, Westergrd presented pper surizing the results of n extensive study of the effects of loding conditions, subgrde support, nd boundry conditions on concrete pvements (1). These results formed the bsis by which Westergrd developed method to clculte the stresses in concrete slbs. Bsed upon the work of Westergrd nd others, the Portlnd Cement Assocition (PCA), developed method to determine the verticl pressure on buried pipe due to wheel lods pplied to concrete pvements (2). The PCA method is presented in the Americn Concrete Pipe Assocition, ACPA, Concrete Pipe Hndbook (3), Concrete Pipe Design Mnul (4) nd the Ontrio Concrete Pipe Assocition, OCPA, Concrete Pipe Design Mnul (5). Intermedite nd thin thicknesses of sphlt or flexible pvements do not reduce the pressure trnsmitted from wheel to the pvement subgrde to ny significnt degree. For these pvements, there is no generlly ccepted theory for estimting lod distribution effects, nd, therefore, these pvements should be considered s unsurfced rodwys. This Design Dt ddresses the method of determining the live lod pressure trnsmitted through unsurfced rodwys to circulr nd ellipticl concrete pipe in ccordnce with the criteri of the Cndin Highwy Bridge Design Code, CHBDC (6). Introduction To determine the required supporting strength of concrete pipe instlled under intermedite nd thin thickness of sphlt or flexible pvements, or reltively shllow erth cover, it is necessry to evlute the effect of live lods, such s highwy truck lods, in ddition to ded lods imposed by the soil nd surchrge lods. Live Lods If rigid pvement or thick flexible pvement designed for hevy duty trffic is provided with sufficient buffer between the pipe nd pvement, then the live lod trnsmitted through the pvement to the buried concrete pipe is usully negligible t ny depth. If ny culvert or sewer pipe is within the hevy duty trffic highwy right-of-wy, but not under the pvement structure, then such pipe should be nlyzed for the effect of live lod trnsmission from n unsurfced rodwy, becuse of the possibility of trucks leving the pvement. Ded Lods Vrious methods for nlyzing soil ded lods, which hve been developed over the yers, re presented in the ACPA Concrete Pipe Technology Hndbook (7) nd the OCPA Concrete Pipe Design Mnul (5). Surchrge Lods A coon type of surchrge lod is dditionl soil fill plced fter the pipe hs been instlled for period of time. If the surchrge lod is building or other surfce lod, the resultnt uniformly distributed lod cn be converted to n equivlent height of fill, nd then evluted s n dditionl soil lod. When concrete pipe hs been instlled underground, the soil-structure system will continully show n increse in lod cpcity. Dt on concrete pipe, which hve been removed from service nd tested, indicte n increse in concrete strength nd n increse in lod crrying cpcity of 10 to 40 percent. Settlement nd consolidtion will improve the soil structure surrounding the pipe, which lso improves lod crrying cpcity. Live Lods The CHBDC design lods re the CL-ruck nd CL-625 ONT Truck (Figure 2). The verge pressure intensity cused by wheel lod is clculted by Eqution 2. The CL-ruck nd CL-625 ONT Truck design xles re crried on dul wheels (Figure 1). The contct re of the dul wheels with the ground is ssumed to be rectngle (Figure 1), with dimensions presented in Tble 1. Are 1 Wheel Surfce Contct Are 1
2 Figure 1 CHBDC Wheel Lod Surfces Contct Are (Foot Print) 0.25m b Wheel Lod 0.60m Tble (width), 1 Wheel m Surfce Contct b(length), Are m IMPACT FACTORS The CHBDC pplies dynmic lod llownce to ccount for the truck lod being non-sttic. The dynmic lod llownce, IM, is determined by Eqution 1: IM = 0.40 ( D E ) 0.10 [1] where: D E = height of erth cover over the top of the pipe, m. LOAD DISTRIBUTION The surfce lod is ssumed to be uniformly spred on ny horizontl subsoil plne. The spred lod re is developed by incresing the length nd width of the wheel contct re for lod configurtion s illustrted in Figure 3 for dul wheel; in Figure 4 for dul wheels of two trucks in pssing mode; nd in Figure 5 for two dul wheels of xles 2 nd 3 in pssing mode. On horizontl soil plne, the dimensionl increses to the wheel contct re re bsed on height of erth cover over the top of the pipe. The dimensionl increse fctor is 1.75H for depths of cover greter thn 0.6 meters. CHBDC sttes tht for depths of cover less thn 0.6 meters, no distribution beyond the footprints of the wheels shll be considered. As indicted by Figures 3, 4 nd 5, the spred lod res from djcent wheels will overlp s the height of erth cover over the top of the pipe increses. At less thn 0.6 meters of cover, the mximum pressure will be developed by the fourth xle dul wheel, since t 87.5kN it pplies greter lod thn ny other wheel (Figures 2 nd 3), nd no dimensionl increse is llowed beyond the footprint of the wheel. At intermedite depths, the mximum pressure will be developed by the fourth xle wheels of two trucks in the pssing mode, since t 87.5kN ech, these two wheels pply greter lod, 175kN, thn ny other two wheels in pssing mode (Figures 2 nd 4). At greter depths, the mximum pressure will be developed by wheels of xles 2 nd 3 in the pssing mode, since t 62.5kN or 70kN ech, the four wheels pply the gretest lod (250kN or 280kN) (Figures 2 nd 5). Intermedite depths occur when the spred re of dul wheels of two trucks in the pssing mode overlp. Greter depths occur when the spred re b of two single dul wheels of xles 2 nd 3 in the pssing mode overlp. Since the exct geometric reltionship of individul or combintions of surfce wheel lods cnnot be nticipted, the most criticl loding configurtions long with xle lods nd rectngulr spred lod re re presented in Tbles 2 nd 3 for the two CHBDC design trucks. DESIGN METHOD The design method encompsses 4 steps. 1. Obtin the following project dt: Pipe shpe, size nd wll thickness. Height of cover over the concrete pipe. Design lod criteri. 2. Clculte the verge pressure intensity of the wheel lods on the soil plne on the outside top of the pipe. 3. Clculte the totl live lod cting on the pipe. 4. Clculte the totl live lod cting on the pipe in kn/m. Project Dt Pipe shpe nd internl dimensions re shown on the project plns. Complete informtion on dimensionl detils re included in CAN/CSA-A257.1 for nonreinforced circulr concrete pipe, CSA-A257.2 for reinforced concrete circulr pipe nd ASTM C 507M for reinforced concrete ellipticl pipe (8). Internl size, wll thickness nd outside dimensions re presented in Tbles 6 nd 7 for circulr nd ellipticl pipe. The minimum erth cover over the concrete pipe cn be obtined from the project plns. A decision regrding whether the CHBDC or other criteri will be used should be obtined from the project uthority. Averge Pressure Intensity The wheel lod verge pressure intensity on the subsoil plne t the outside top of the concrete pipe is: 2
3 Figure 2 CHBDC Wheel Lods nd Wheel Spcings CL-W CL-625 [ [ W 0.08W W 0.2W W 0.2W CL-RUCK W 0.28W W 0.24W Axle No. Wheel Lods Axle Lods Wheel Lods, kn Axle Lods, kn 3.6m 1.2m 6.6m 18m 6.6m.025m (TYP.) 2.40m 1.80m.025m (TYP.).025m (TYP.) 0.60M (TYP.) CL-625-NT [ CL-625-ONT TRUCK Axle No. Wheel Lods, kn Axle Lods, kn 3.6m 1.2m 6.6m 18m 6.6m C 3.00m Curb 0.6m 1.8m 0.6m 3
4 Figure 3 Spred Lod Are - Single Dul Wheel Direction of Trvel b Wheel Lod Are H Spred Lod Are Spred b Spred Figure 4 Spred Lod Are - Two Single Dul Wheels of Trucks in Pssing Mode Wheel Lod Ares b 1.2m Direction of Trvel Wheel Lod Ares H Spred Spred b Distributed Lod Are 4
5 Figure 5 Spred Lod Are - Two Single Dul Wheels of Axles 2 & 3 in Pssing Mode Wheel Lod Ares b b 1.2m 1.2m Direction of Trvel Wheel Lod Ares H Spred Spred b Distributed Lod Are Tble 2 2 CL-W Criticl Vlues Vlues H, meters P, kn Spred, meters Spred b, meters Figure H < b H < H b H H H b H 5 Tble Figure 3 5 CL-625-ONT. Spred Lod Criticl Are Vlues - Two Single Dul Wheels of Axles 2 & 3 in Pssing Mode H, meters P, kn Spred, meters Spred b, meters Figure H < b H < H b H H H b H 5 w = P(1 + IM) / A [2] where: w = wheel lod verge pressure intensity, kn/m 2 P = totl live wheel lod pplied t the surfce, kn A = spred wheel lod re t the outside top of the pipe, m 2 IM = dynmic lod llownce From the pproprite Tble 2 or 3, select the criticl wheel lod nd spred dimensions for the height of erth cover over the outside top of the pipe, H. The spred live lod re is equl to Spred times Spred b. Select the pproprite dynmic lod llownce, using Eqution 1. 5
6 Totl Live Lod A designer is concerned with the mximum possible lods, which occur when the distributed lod re is centered over the buried pipe. Depending on the pipe size nd height of cover, the most criticl loding orienttion cn occur either when the truck trvels trnsverse or prllel to the centerline of the pipe. Figure 6 illustrtes the dimensions of the spred lod re, A, s relted to whether the truck trvel is trnsverse or prllel to the centerline of the pipe. Figure 6 Direction of Trvel Spred Lod Are Dimensions vs Direction of Truck Spred b Spred Pipe Pipe Centerline Spred b Direction of Trvel Spred Unless you re certin of the pipeline orienttion, the totl live lod in pounds,, must be clculted for ech trvel orienttion, nd the mximum clculted vlue must be used in Eqution 4 to clculte the live lod on the pipe in kn per meter. Figure 7 Effective Supporting Length of Pipe The totl live lod cting on the pipe is: = w L [3] where: WT =totl live lod, kn w=wheel lod verge pressure intensity, kn/m 2 (t the top of the pipe) L=dimension of A prllel to the longitudinl xis of pipe, meters =outside horizontl spn of pipe,, or dimension of A trnsverse to the longitudinl xis of pipe, whichever is less, meters Totl Live Lod in kn per Liner Meter The totl live lod in kn per liner meter,, is clculted by dividing the Totl Live Lod,, by the Effective Supporting Length, (See Figure 7), of the pipe: = / [4] where: WL =live lod on top of pipe, kn per liner meter =effective supporting length of pipe (see Figure 7), meters The effective supporting length of pipe is: = L (3/4R o ) [5] where: Ro =outside verticl Rise of pipe, meters EXAMPLES Four Exmple clcultions re presented on the following pges to illustrte the four steps of the Design Method, nd the effect of vrying the depth of fill nd design truck. The live lods per liner meter clculted in the four Exmples re surized in Tble 4. Tble 4 Sury of Exmples Wheel Surfce Contct Are H L 3R 0 4 R 0 Pipe Centerline = L (3/4R 0 ) 6
7 Tble 4 Sury of Exmples Truck D, H, m P, kn Live Lod, kn/m CL-W CL-W CL-W CL-625-ONT EXAMPLE 1 Given: A 750 dimeter, C wll, concrete pipe is to be instlled s storm drin under flexible pvement nd subjected to CHBDC highwy loding. The pipe will be instlled in trench with minimum of 0.45m of cover over the top of the pipe. Find: The mximum live lod on the pipe in kn/m Solution: 1. Review project dt. A 750 dimeter, C wll, circulr concrete pipe hs n I.D. of 762 nd wll thickness of 107, therefore is 0.976m nd R o is 0.976m. Height of erth cover is 0.45m. Use CHBDC CL-W loding. 2. Clculte verge pressure intensity of the live lod on the plne t the outside top of the pipe. From Tble 3, the criticl lod, P, is 87.5 kn nd the Spred Are is: A=(Spred )(Spred b) A=(.25)(0.6) A=0.15 m 2 I.M.=0.40( H) I.M.=0.31 w=p(1 + IM)/A w=87.5( )/0.15 w=764 kn/m 2 3. Clculte totl live lod cting on the pipe. = w L Assuming truck trvel trnsverse to pipe centerline. L=Spred = 0.6 meters Spred b=0.25 meters =0.976m, which is greter thn Spred b, therefore =0.25 meters = 764x0.60x0.25 = kn Assuming truck trvel prllel to pipe centerline. Spred =0.6 meters L=Spred b = 0.25 meters =0.976m, which is greter thn Spred, therefore =0.6 meters = 764 x0.25 x 0.60 = kn Mximum = kn; nd the truck is trvelling prllel to the pipe centerline, s this gives the shortest length for the supporting length clcultion. 4. Clculte live lod on pipe in kn per liner meter. R o =0.976m =L (3/4R o ) = (0.75x0.976) = m = / =114.6/1.531 = kn per liner meter EXAMPLE 2 Given: Sme s Exmple 1, except minimum depth of cover is 0.605m. Find: The mximum live lod on the pipe in kn/m. Solution: 1. Review project dt. A 750 dimeter, C wll, circulr concrete pipe hs n I.D. of 762 nd wll thickness of 107, therefore is 0.976m nd R o is 0.976m. Height of erth cover is 0.605m. Use CHBDC CL-W loding. 2. Clculte verge pressure intensity on the plne t the top of the pipe. From Tble 4, the criticl lod, P, is 175kN from xle 4 single dul wheels in pssing mode, nd the Spred Are is: A = (Spred )(Spred b) A = ( x0.605)( x0.605) A = (2.859)(1.309) A = 3.74 m 2 I.M. = 0.40( H) I.M. =
8 w = P(1 + IM)/A w = 175( )/3.74 w = 59.8 kn/m 2 3. Clculte totl live lod cting on the pipe. = w L Assuming truck trvel trnsverse to pipe centerline. L=Spred = meters Spred b=1.309 meters, which is less thn Spred b, therefore =59.8 x x = kn Assuming truck trvel prllel to pipe centerline. Spred =2.859 meters L=Spred b = meters, which is less thn Spred, therefore = 59.8 x x = 76.4 kn Mximum = 166.9kN; nd truck trvel is trnsverse to pipe centerline 4. Clculte live lod on pipe in kn per liner meter. R o =L (3/4R o ) = (.75x0.976) = 4.14 meters = / =166.9/4.14 = 40.3 kn per liner meter EXAMPLE 3 Given: Sme s Exmple 1, except minimum depth of fill is 1.5 meters. Find: Solution: The mximum live lod on the pipe in kn per liner meter. 1. Review project dt. A 750 dimeter, C wll, circulr concrete pipe hs n I.D. of 762 nd wll thickness of 107, therefore is 0.976m nd R o is 0.976m. Height of erth cover is 1. 5m. Use CHBDC CL-W loding. 2. Clculte verge pressure intensity t the outside top of the pipe. From Tble 3, the criticl lod, P, is 250 kn two single dul wheels of xles 2 & 3 in the pssing mode, nd the Spred Are is: A = (Spred )(Spred b) A = ( x1.5)( x1.5) A = (4.425)(4.075) A = 18.0 m 2 I.M. = 0.40( H) I.M. = w = P(1 + IM)/A w = 250( )/18 w = 15.3 kn/m 2 3. Clculte totl live lod cting on the pipe. = w L Assuming truck trvel trnsverse to pipe centerline. L=Spred = meters Spred b=4.075 meters, which is less thn Spred b, therefore =15.3 x x = 66.1 kn Assuming truck trvel prllel to pipe centerline. Spred =4.425 meters L=Spred b = meters, which is less thn Spred, therefore = 15.3 x x = kn Mximum=66.1 kn; nd truck trvel is trnsverse to pipe centerline 4. Clculte live lod on pipe in kn per liner meter. R o =L (3/4R o ) = (0.75x0.976) = 5.71 meters 8
9 = / =66.1/5.71 = 11.6 kn per liner meter EXAMPLE 4 Given: Sme s Exmple 3, except design lod is CHBDC CL-625-ONT Truck. Find: Solution: The mximum live lod on the pipe in kn per liner meter. 1. Review project dt. A 750 dimeter, C wll, circulr concrete pipe hs n I.D. of 762 nd wll thickness of 107, therefore is 0.976m nd R o is 0.976m. Height of erth cover is 1.5m. Use CHBDC CL-625-ONT loding. 2. Clculte verge pressure intensity t the outside top of the pipe. Spred =4.425 meters L=Spred b = meters, which is less thn Spred, therefore = 17.1 x x = 68 kn Mximum = kn; nd truck trvel is trnsverse to pipe centerline 4. Clculte live lod on pipe in kn per liner meters. R o =L (3/4R o ) = (0.75x0.976) = 5.71 meter = / =73.85/5.71 = kn per liner meter From Tble 3, the criticl lod, P, is 280 kn two single dul wheels of xles 2 & 3 in the pssing mode, nd the Spred Are is: A = (Spred )(Spred b) A = ( x1.5)( x1.5) A = (4.425)(4.075) A = 18.0 m 2 I.M. = 0.40( H) I.M. = w = P(1 + IM)/A w = 280( )/18 w = 17.1 kn/m 2 3. Clculte totl live lod cting on the pipe. = w L Assuming truck trvel trnsverse to pipe centerline. L=Spred = meters Spred b=4.075 meters, which is less thn Spred b, therefore = 17.1 x x = kn Assuming truck trvel prllel to pipe centerline. 9
10 Tble 6 Dimensions of Circulr Concrete Pipe Designted Internl Dimeter, Actul Internl Dimeter, Wll A Wll B Wll C Miniml Wll Thickness, Miniml Wll Thickness, Miniml Wll Thickness, Tble 7 Dimensions of Ellipticl Concrete Pipe Equivlent Round Size, Minor Axis, Mjor Axis, Minimum Wll Thickness, Westergrd, H.M., Stresses in Concrete Pvements Computed by Theoreticl Anlysis, Public Rods, April, Verticl Pressure on Culverts Under Wheel Lods on Concrete Pvement Slbs, Portlnd Cement Assocition, Concrete Pipe Hndbook, Americn Concrete Pipe Assocition, Concrete Pipe Design Mnul, Americn Concrete Pipe Assocition, Concrete Pipe Design Mnul, Ontrio Concrete Pipe Assocition, Cndin Highwy Bridge Design Code, CAN/CSA-S6-00, CAS Interntionl Concrete Pipe Technology Hndbook, Americn Concrete Pipe Assocition, ASTM Stndrd C 507M, Specifiction for Reinforced Concrete Ellipticl Culvert, Storm Drin, nd Sewer Pipe, Americn Society for Testing nd Mterils. Technicl dt herein is considered relible, but no gurntee is mde or libility ssumed. 10
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